Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Millimeter-wave Technology
References
1. Advanced Millimeter-wave Technologies: Antennas, Packaging
and Circuits - Duixian Liu, Ulrich Pfeiffer, Janusz Grzyb and Brian
Gaucher, Wiley.
2. Handbook of RF, Microwave, and Millimeter-Wave Components
- Sergey M. Smolskiy Author, Leonid A. Belov and Victor N.
Kochemasov, Artech House Microwave Library.
3. Millimeter Wave Communication Systems - Kao-Cheng Huang,
Zhaocheng Wang, Wiley.
4. Microwave and RF Design of Wireless Systems David M.
Pozar, Wiley.
5. Millimeter Wave and Optical Dielectric Integrated Guides and
Circuits Shiban K. Koul, Wiley.
2
M. K. Mandal, Department of E & ECE, IIT Kharagpur.
Band designation
Bands
Frequency range
Typical uses
1 - 2 GHz
2 - 4 GHz
4 - 8 GHz
8 - 12 GHz
Ku
K
Ka
12 - 18 GHz
18 - 26.5 GHz
26.5 - 40 GHz
33 - 50 GHz
V
E
50 - 75 GHz
60 - 90 GHz
75 - 110 GHz
90 - 140 GHz
Millimeter-wave system
Atmospheric attenuation
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M. K. Mandal, Department of E & ECE, IIT Kharagpur.
Rain attenuation
Attenuation increases with
frequency (mm-wave) and
rain rate.
A problem for long distance
communication (eg. satellite
links).
7
M. K. Mandal, Department of E & ECE, IIT Kharagpur.
4 r
20 log10
dB.
60 dB
82 dB
88 dB
102 dB
108 dB
100 dB
122 dB
128 dB
142 dB
148 dB
Millimeter-wave
antenna.
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@M.K. Mandal
mm-wave propagation
Pros and cons:
The small wavelength allows modest size antennas to have a small beam
width, increasing frequency reuse potential, small circuit size.
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M. K. Mandal, Department of E & ECE, IIT Kharagpur.
Applications
14
M. K. Mandal, Department of E & ECE, IIT Kharagpur.
Millimetre-wave applications
Scientific research:
15
Millimetre-wave applications
Telecommunications:
Kepler Mission
(Ka - downlink)
Secure data-link.
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Millimetre-wave applications
Passive imaging:
Effective radio metric temperature TE = Ts + Tsc
Surface brightness temp Ts = Physical temperature T0 emissivity
Scattered radiometric temp Tsc = reflectivity radiometric temperature TILLU
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Millimetre-wave applications
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Millimetre-wave applications
300
Tb (K)
250
200
Transmission windows
for radiometer
measurement:
150
30 50 GHz
100
Clear
70 100 GHz
Cloudy
50
50
100
150
200
Frequency (GHz)
Calculated brightness temp of the atmosphere for T0 = 293 K, water 0.1 gm/m3
Cloudy - water 10 gm/m3.
M. K. Mandal, Department of E & ECE, IIT Kharagpur.
19
Millimetre-wave applications
Weapon system:
Nonlethal weapon system called Active Denial
System (ADS) emits a beam of radiation with a
wavelength of 3 mm.
Fire control radar.
Security screening:
Clothing and other organic materials are translucent in
some mm-wave frequencies airport security scanner.
Medicine:
Low intensity (usually 10 mW/cm2 or less) radiation (40 70 GHz) for the treatment of many types of diseases
mm-wave imaging.
M. K. Mandal, Department of E & ECE, IIT Kharagpur.
20
Millimetre-wave applications
21
M. K. Mandal, Department of E & ECE, IIT Kharagpur.
FMCW
Avg. power
Antenna size
35 GHz
10 - 100 W
13m
95 GHz
0.1 15 W
0.3 2 m
95 GHz
0.1 1 W
Separate antennas
~1 m
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Other issues
23
M. K. Mandal, Department of E & ECE, IIT Kharagpur.
2.
3.
4.
5.
0r
0r
Microstrip
CPW
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M. K. Mandal, Department of E & ECE, IIT Kharagpur.
Substrate parameters
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M. K. Mandal, Department of E & ECE, IIT Kharagpur.
vp =
where = k 2 k c2
= 2 g .
The group velocity of a wave is the velocity with which the overall shape of
the waves' amplitudes (envelope of the wave) propagates.
Group velocity can be thought of as the signal velocity (ven) of the waveform
(in non-absorptive medium)
vg = d d .
Group delay:
Group delay is a measure of the time delay of the amplitude envelopes of
the various sinusoidal components of a signal through a device under test.
d
d S 21
d =
.
d
d
D (nS)
Freq (GHz)
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Top view
At fixed f, g Vp
L (mm)
Electrical length = L.
Fast wave : Vp >c
Radiates continuously along its length. Examples: leaky wave antennas ( the
beam angle controls the beamwidth).
At fixed f, g Vp
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M. K. Mandal, Department of E & ECE, IIT Kharagpur.
Skin depth
The skin effect is due to opposing eddy
currents induced by the changing magnetic field
resulting from the alternating current.
Current density inside metal:
Skin depth: the depth below the surface of the
conductor at which the current density has fallen to
1/e ( 0.37) of JS.
AC current distribution.
For lower ,
cu |50 Hz = 8.5 mm, cu |10 kHz = 660 m, cu |10 GHz =
0.66 m, cu |100 GHz = 0.21 m.
General expression:
Opposite eddy currents.
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M. K. Mandal, Department of E & ECE, IIT Kharagpur.
Boundary conditions
Dielectric interface:
No charge or surface current density
Et1
r1
Et2
r2
Et1
r1
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M. K. Mandal, Department of E & ECE, IIT Kharagpur.
Challenges
30
M. K. Mandal, Department of E & ECE, IIT Kharagpur.
Challenges
Testing.
Challenges
Circuit:
Antenna:
Efficiency
Filtering function
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M. K. Mandal, Department of E & ECE, IIT Kharagpur.
Challenges
RF Electronics:
Close to antenna
Packaging:
33
M. K. Mandal, Department of E & ECE, IIT Kharagpur.
Challenges
Antenna
Cavity
Material properties
35
M. K. Mandal, Department of E & ECE, IIT Kharagpur.
36
M. K. Mandal, Department of E & ECE, IIT Kharagpur.
Material properties
Frequency variation of substrate parameters:
Quartz substrate
Rt/duroid 6010
S21 (dB)
Rt/duroid 5880
-2
-4
1
21
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Frequency (GHz)
61
Materials properties
Material
loss tangent
0.00008
0.00005
2.2
2.55
0.0009
0.003
0.0002
0.0003
Flexible nonplanar
polymers
0.0006
0.0007
9.6-9.9
0.0001
9.3-11.7
0.0004
Flexible nonplanar
polymers
38
Material properties
Material
Semi-insulating Si
loss tangent
12
0.001
11.7
0.013
16
0.016
= 7.8x107 -cm
(140 GHz)
12.9
0.005
39
M. K. Mandal, Department of E & ECE, IIT Kharagpur.
40
M. K. Mandal, Department of E & ECE, IIT Kharagpur.
Calculation of and
Complex propagation constant: = + j =j 1 j
2 z
Power flow along a lossy line (without reflection): P ( z ) = Po e
Leakage constant:
| S11 |2 + | S 21 |2 =
e 2 L
Phase constant by length difference method:
=
L .
Microstrip lines and slotlines K.C. Gupta, R. Garg, I. Bahl and P. Bhartia (Artech House).
Microwave Engineering D.M. Pozar, Wiley.
Department of E & ECE, I.I.T. Kharagpur.
41
@M.K. Mandal
Thank you
?
mkmandal@ece.iitkgp.ernet.in
mkmandal@ieee.org
Ph. +91-3222-283550 (o)
Department of E. & E.C.E.
I.I.T. Kharagpur, 721302.