Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Velammal College of Engineering and Technology,
Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.
A b s t r a c t : In Remote sensing applications, Hyperspectral Image(HSI) analysis is found more useful, compared
with other imaging techniques, due to high dimensionality. However, high dimensionality of hyperspectral image
leads to increase in computational complexity in their analysis. Hence, dimensionality reduction is an essential
preprocess in all hyperspectral image analysis. Dimensionality reduction can be achieved by either transform
based method or band selection method. To determine the number of bands to be selected Virtual
Dimensionality(VD) is used. This paper presents a novel approach of band selection using firefly algorithm for
hyperspectral image classification by interpreting the band selection as an optimization problem. Firefly algorithm
provides a global optimal solution much more efficiently, compared with other frequently searching strategies.
Support Vector Machine (SVM) is used in classification phase. The performance of our proposed method is
evaluated using accuracy as a measure and compared with PSO based band selection. Experimental results proved
that our proposed method outperforms the PSO based band selection by improving the classification accuracy by
2%.
Keywords: Band Selection, VD, FIREFLY, SVM
I. INTRODUCTION
Multispectral and Hyperspectral sensors have
been widely developed to observe the Earths surface in
remote sensing application ,hyperspectral images has
high spectral resolution compared to multispectral
images, vary by several number of spectral bands,
typically up to several hundreds. This unnecessary large
number of spectral bands implies high dimensionality of
hyperspectral image and causes several challenges to
process the image. Feature selection and feature
extraction are two methods involved for dimensionality
reduction. The original dimension of the hyperspectral
image has to be reduced without any loss of
information. Hence feature extraction method can be
used for band selection. VD provides the reliable
estimate of number of endmembers and hence the
number of bands to be selected [5][3]. Many band
selection technique such as Information Divergence
Band Selection (IDBS)[3], Maximum Ellipsoid Volume
(MEV)[2], Similarity based unsupervised band selection
(SUBS)[10],Affinity
propagation
based
band
selection(APBS)[16],Constrained
Band
Selection
(CBS)[4],Exemplar
Component
Analysis
(ECA)[8],Particle Swarm Optimization[5]are found in
the literature. In our work, FIREFLY is proposed in this
work for band selection because FIREFLY can find a
global optimal solution much more efficient than any
other searching strategies.
The rest of the paper describes about each
section as follows: In section II, Principal Component
Analysis (PCA), as a feature extraction technique, is
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II.PRINCIPAL
(PCA)
COMPONENT
ANALYSIS
(4)
1
Xt+1 =xt + +
(9)
- attraction
randomization
=1 ||Yj-Wxj m ||
(5)
3) Determine the light intensity Ii at xi via f(xi)
C = F
(6)
(7)
I = I0 er
(8)
2) generate initial population of fireflies
Initial population of fireflies (say n)
All Rights Reserved 2016 IJORAT
(10)
(11)
(12)
IV.PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
In this proposed method, the hyperspectral image is first
read and the dimension is roughly reduced by removing
low SNR bands.Salinas is a popular hyperspectral
image. It has 224 bands in original, but after removing
noisy bands due to dense of water and atmospheric
condition, only 198 bands remain for further processing.
Virtual Dimensionality (VD) estimates the number of
endmembers present in the HSI image. Two familiar
methods widely used for estimating VD are HarsanyiFarrand-Chang (HFC) method as well as a noise
whitened version (NWHFC). HFC method does not
have a noise-whitening process, an alternative is to
modify the HFC method by including a noise-whitening
process as preprocessing to remove the second-order
statistical correlation such that the noise variance in the
corresponding correlation eigen value and covariance
eigen value will be the same. As a result, the VD
estimate can be more accurate due to the fact that the
noise variances have been decorrelated and do not have
effects on the eigen value comparison. The resulting
HFC method will be referred to as noise-whitened HFC
method.PCA is a mathematical procedure that
transforms a number of possibly correlated variables
into a smaller number of uncorrelated variables called
principal components.It aims to find the project
directions along which the reconstructing error to the
original data is minimum, and projects the original data
into a lower dimensional space scanned by those
directions corresponding to the top eigenvalues. In face
recognition, those directions which are the eigenvectors
of the covariance matrix of face images are orthogonal
2
VD ESTIMATION
SVM CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFIED OUTPUT
pf=10^1
pf=10^2
pf=10^3
pf=10^4
pf=10^5
15
14
12
11
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Salinas is a popular hyper spectral data has been
considered for our work. This image is of size 217x 512
pixels. Each pixel is recorded at 224 bands covering the
wavelengths from 0.4 m to 2.5 m. The spectral
resolution is 10nm. As the original image is too large,
which is very expensive in terms of computational cost,
a region of Salinas comprising 83 x 86 pixels is used.
Specifically, there are six classes in this image,
i.e.("#1Brocoli_green_weeds","#2Corn_senesced_green
_weed","#3Lettuce_romaine_4wk","#4Lettuce_romaine
_5wk","#5Lettuce_romaine_6wk","#6Lettuce_romaine_
7wk) respectively. The Salinas image has been shown
in Fig.2 and its ground truth has been shown in Fig.3
VD
Method
FIREFLY
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
VI. CONCLUSION
Obtaining of correct spectral features is the major
task of Band Selection. This paper provides originality of
bands using Firefly based selection (FA) method. The FA is
one of the latest artificial intelligence algorithms developed.
This algorithm is intriguing because it is not only faster
than Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), but also it
provides better, more consistent results in existing method
(PSO), has classification accuracy of Salinas image with
SVM classifier is 94.4%. Using the proposed Firefly based
band selection method, the classification accuracy obtained
for Salinas image with SVM classifier is 96.3%.So FA is a
one of the best evolutionary algorithm compared with other
existing methods.
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