Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Homo sapiens first appeared in the last of this phase and the Palaeolithic man belonged
to the Negrito race.
Sir Robert Bruce Foot discovered the first Palaeolithic stone tool in the Indian subcontinent near Madras in 1863 A.D. The discovery of Indian Pre-history got a boost after
the Yale-Cambridge expedition in 1935 under De Terra and Patterson.
In this age, climate changes brought about changes in the fauna and flora and made it
possible for human beings to move to new areas.
Worship of Yoni.
Cave Paintings
This is also the period when we find evidence of carefully burying the dead, which shows
the beginning of belief in life after death.
In the world context, the Neolithic age began around 9000 B.C. but in the Indian context
it began in 7000 B.C. Mehrgarh in Baluchistan is the only site belonging to that period.
Permanent marriages.
The end of the Neolithic period saw the use of metals of which copper was the first. A
culture based on the use of stone and copper arrived called the Chalcolithic phase
meaning the stone-copper phase.
Indus valley civilization or Bronze Age came under this time period.
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SITE
RIVER
EXCAVATION
EXCAVATOR
MAJOR FINDINGS
DR SAHNI
IN
HARRAPA
RAVI
1921
(Harappa is
situated in
Montogomery
workers.
district of
Punjab
(Pakistan))
of female genitals.
MOHENJODARO
INDUS
1922
RD BANERJEE
assembly hall.
district of Sind
(Pakistan)
CHANHUDARO
INDUS
1931
N.G
MAJUMDAR
and dog
ii.only site without citadel(high
ground)
LOTHAL
BHOGWA
1954
S.R. RAO
ROPAR
SATLUZ
1955
Y.D SHARMA
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human burial
DHOLAVIRA
1968
J.P JOSHI
Kalibangan
Ghaggar
RAKHIGARHI
Saraswati
1963
Mahajanapada
MAGDHA. (1200 BC TO 321 BC)
HARYANKA
DYNASTY
Bhimbisara
Ajatshatru
Udayin
Kala Ashok
Bhadrasal or
Dhanananda
Dhana Nanda
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Maurya
Bindusara
Bindusara did not make any territorial conquest and towards the time of
his death he joined the Ajivika sect
Ashoka
Kunal
Dasrath
Sampriti
Bridrath
SUNGH
DYNASTY(185 BC TO 73 BC)
Pushyamitra
He killed Bridrath
Sungh
Agnimitra
Buddhism is the middle way of wisdom and compassion. It stands for three pillars: a) Buddha
its founder; b) Dhamma his teachings and c) Sangha order of Buddhist monks and nuns.
Five Great Events of Buddhas Life and their Symbols:
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First Sermon Dharmachakra or wheel
Parinirvana or death Stupa
About Budha:
Also known as Sakyamuni (the Sage of the Sakyas), Jina (the Victorious) or Tathagata
(one who has reached the truth).
Born in 563 B.C. on the Vaishakha Poornima Day at Lumbini (near Kapilavastu) in
Nepal.
After seeing an old man, a sick man, a corpse and an ascetic, he decided to become a
wanderer.
First guru was Alarakalama, next was Udraka Ramputra. He later joined five asceticsKandana, Vappa, Bhadiya, Mohanama and Assagi.
Right Faith
Right Effort
Right Thought
Right Speech
Right Action
Right Remembrance
Right Livelihood
Right Concentration
Jainism:
Jainism was founded by Rishabhanath, the first Tirthankara.
There were 24 Tirthankara (Prophets or Gurus) and all of them were Kshatriyas.
Rishabhanaths reference is also there in the Rigveda. But there is no historical basis
for the first 22 Tirthankaras. Only the last two are historical personalities.
The 23rd TirthankaraParshwanath (symbol: snake) was the son of King Ashvasena
of Benaras. His main teachings were: Non-injury, Non-lying, Nonstealing, Non-possession.
The 24th and the last Tirthankara was Vardhman Mahavira (symbol: lion). He added
celibacy to his main teachings.
About Vardhman Mahavira:
He was born in Kundagram (district Muzaffarpur, Bihar) in 599 B.C.
His father Siddhartha was the head of Jnatrika clan.His mother was Trishla, sister of
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Lichchhavi PrinceChetak of Vaishali.
In the 13th year of his asceticism, outside the townof Jrimbhikgrama, he attained
supreme knowledge
Division in Jainism:
1) Bhadrabhan( Rule of Nudity)Digambaras
2) Sthulbhadra( Wear a white garment)Svetambaras
Teachings of Mahavira:
Rejected the authority of Vedas and sacrifice.
Refused to deny the importance of God. God was placed lower than Jina.
Three ratnas are given: 1) Right Faith 2) Right Knowledge 3) Right Conduct.
Muslim Empire
First Muslim invader was Muhammad bin-Kasim .When he attacked India Dahir was the King at
that time.(712 AD).
Mahmud of Ghazni (997-1030):
He was also known as But-Shikan(destroyer of the image) seventeen plundering expeditions
between 1000 and 1027 into northIndia.
He defeated Jaipalain First battle of Warhind(1002 AD) and Anandpala in Second battle of
Warhind(1008 AD).
Muhammad Ghori (Shahabuddin Muhammad):
In AD 1173 Shahabuddin Muhammad (AD 11731206) also called Muhammad of Ghor ascended
the throne of Ghazni.
He died in 1206 AD. Qutu I Din-Aibak took the crown from him and founded Delhi Sultanate.
DELHI SULTANATE.(1206 AD TO 1526 AD)
Qutub I Din Aibak
Iltutmish
Razia Sultan
(1206-10):
(1210-36):
(1236-40):
sultanate.
by Nasiruddin
Mahmud
1266.
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i.Only women
ii.Muslim emperor.
Balban(1266-87):
i.One of the Turkish
chiefs, Ulugh Khan,
known in history by
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Baksh.
Badayun (son-in-law of
ceremony of
Qutbuddin Aibak)
sijada(prostration)
Iltutmish to come to
and paibos(kissing of
Delhi
the monarchsfeet) in
the court.
2)Alauddin Khalji :
3) Nasiruddin Khusru
(1290 96):
shah :
dynasty.
ContructedAllaiDarwaza on QutubMinar.
Nasirudin
GhiyasuidnTuglaq:
Muhammad
taxes:
Tuglaq :
1) Khara
2)Jaziya
when Temur
indian History.
3) Zakat
attacked india
4) Kahams
Temur after defeating Tuglaq dynasty declared Khizr Shah as the protector of
india
LODHI DYNASTY
1)BahlulLodhi:
2)SikanderLodhi:
3) Ibrahim Lodhi:
Founder of Lodhi
dynasty
Panipat
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Mughal Empire (1526 1857)
Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in First Battle of Panipat and established Mughal Empire .
MUGHAL KINGS
1.
BABUR
ACHIEVEMENTS
Descendent of Temur .He took the title of Ghazi after
defeating RanaSanga in Battle of Khanwa. Burried at Aram
Bagh,Kabul
2.
HUMAYUN
He divided his empire for his brothers. Sher Shah Suri forced
exile of 15 years(1540-55) on him . His wife name was
HamidaBanu Begum. Akbar was born at Amarkot. Humayun
Tomb is called as prototype of Tajmahal was bult by Haj
Begum.
3.
AKBAR
4.
JAHANGIR
5.
SHAHJAHAN
6.
AURANGZEB
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Historical Battles of India
Year
War / Battle
Outcome
326 B.C.
Battle of Hydaspas
1191 A.D.
1192 A.D.
Second Battle of
Tarain
1194 A.D.
Battle of Chhandwar
1526 A.D.
1527 A.D.
Battle of Khanua
1529 A.D.
Battle of Ghaghara
1539 A.D.
Battle of Chausa
1540 A.D.
Battle of Kannauj
(or Bilgram)
1556 A.D.
Second Battle of
Panipat
Hemu
1576 A.D.
Battle of Haldighati
1658 A.D.
Battle of Dharmatt
and Samugarh
1757 A.D.
Battle of Plassey
1760 A.D.
Battle of Wandiwash
1761 A.D.
1764 A.D.
Battle of Buxar
1767-69 A.D.
War
1780-84 A.D.
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1789-92 A.D.
1799 A.D.
War
signed
War
Serirangapatnam is signed.
War
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The main aim of this policy was to replace old and ancient education system which strengthens
Indian culture with new English system which made British culture supreme.
Event 6 (1848): Doctrine of lapse
Doctrine of lapse introduced by Lord Dalhousie, under which princely states without a heir had to
merge their empires with British Empire. Satara was the first state to merge with Britishers under
doctrine of lapse.
Event 7(1856): Widow Remarriage Act and Religious Diability Act
Widow Remarriage act was passed by Lord Dalhousie with the efforts of Iswar Chandra
vidyasagar in 1856.
Lord Dalhousie was replaced by Lord Canning .He passed theReligious Disability Act, 1856,
under which if anyone converts his/her religion, their parents cannot disown him/her from
their property. This was simply to promote christianity.
Final Event
There was a news in military that the newly introduced Enfieldrifles cartilage seal was made of
cows or pigs flesh, there were also news regarding mixing of animal bones into flour.19th
infantry from Bengal started this revolt.
This was immediately followed by revolt of 34th infantry,Mangalpandey was from this
battalion.
The revolt began, and Bahadur shah Zafar,last king of mughal empire was declared as the
leader. But this revolt came to an end after one year. It is also referred as Indias first war
of Independence( Ref: V.D Savarkar book).
So we can conclude that 1857 revolt was not due to enfield rifles issue but because of
culmination of various factors which were seen by Indians as an intrusion in their culture,
political space, economical activities, religion and personal life.
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A new post of Viceroy was created, who was the head of princely states in India and he
directly reported to the queen of England.
Governor General had to give his report to the British parliament. Normally, Both posts
were held by one person at one time.
Lord Canning was the governor general at that time, So he also become the first Viceroy
of India.
To handle the Indian affairs, Secretary of state post was created. Lord Stanley was the
first in 1858.
Event 2: Indian council Act, 1861
Portfolio(ministerial) system was introduced in India, 6-10 people were added into the
governor council for legislative purposes through nomination only.
Among them few can be Indians. First three Indians nominated are : 1) Maharaja of
Patiala 2) Raja of Banaras and 3) SirDinkarrao
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Congress Sessions and Presidents:
Modern History: Division of Bengal, Surat Split And Minto Morley Reforms
Bengal Division:
On 16th October, 1905, Lord Curzon through a royal proclamation reduced the old province of
Bengal in size by creating East Bengal and Assam out of rest of Bengal
Main objective of this move was to set up a communal gulf between the Hindus and the
Muslims.
Swadesi andolan was started against British in 1905 against Bengal division. People started
boycotting foreign goods.
In 1911, Bengal was reunited and Delhi was declared as new capital. Lord Hardinge was
the governor general at that time.
Separate electorate system for Muslims was introduced, which means only Muslims can
vote for Muslims.
Home rule movement:
The movement was started by B.G. Tilak in Poona in April 1916 and Annie Besant and
S.Subramania Iyer at Adyar near Madras in September 1916.
Main demand was not complete independence but self-government under the hand of
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British.
Lucknow pact, 1916
Congress first time recognized Muslim league. Mohammed Ali Jinnah, who was the member of
congress and Muslim league, broke the ice between these two parties. Sarojini Naidu called him
Ambassador of Hindu Muslim unity. Extremist rejoined congress after their Surat split.
In 1917 a Rowlatt committee was formed under Justice Rowlatt. This committee was
formed to curb revolutionary activities. The Rowlatt Bill sought to curtail the liberty of
the people.
It provided for speedy trial of offences by a special court of 3 High court judges. There
was to be no appeal.
After the Jalianwala case and the Rowlatt act, Mahatma Gandhi started non-cooperation
movement. The resolution for this movement was passed in 1920 by a specially called
session under the president ship of Lala Lajpat Rai.
Ravindernath Tagore returned his title of knighthood to Britishers. Gandhi also inspired
from him and returned Keshriya hind medal given to him by Britishers.
Mob of people at Chauri Chaura (near Gorakhpur) clashed with the police and burnt 22
policemen on 5th February,1922.
This compelled Gandhiji to withdraw the Non Cooperation Movement on 12th February,
1922.
Simon Commission:
In 1927, the British government appointed a Commission to look into the working of the
Government of India Act, 1919.
Indian leaders opposed the Commission as there were no Indian in it and the Congress
turned the boycott into a movement.
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Lala Lajpat Rai was severely beaten in lathi charge and he succumbed to his injuries
while doing protest.
On December 19, 1929, under the Presidentship of Jawaharlal Nehru, the INC at its
Lahore session declared Poorna Swaraj as its ultimate goal.
On 31 December, 1929 the newly adopted tricolour flag was unfurled and 26 January,
1930 was fixed as the First Independence Day, which was to be celebrated every year.
Dandi march or salt satyagrah And Civil Disobedience:
He travelled 240 miles in 24 days and reached at Dandi on 5th april, 1930.
The salt satyagraha movement was taken up by C. Rajagopalachari in Tamil Nadu and
the Vaikon Satyagraha by K. Kalappan in Malabar.
There were fifty-seven political leaders from British India and sixteen delegates from
the princely states.
Gandhiji represented the INC and went to London to meet the British PM Ramsay
Macdonald.
But due to opposition of Gandhiji by Muslim league and Hindu Mahasabha, this
conference was also a failure.
Ambedkar has attended first two conferences with great enthusiasm, Ramsay McDonald
has given separate electorate for Dalits. This was considered as communal awards.
Poona pact( September 1932): Gandhi went on fast in Yarwada jail, Pune against communal
awards.There was a meeting held at jail between B.R.Ambedkar and Gandhi.Ambedkar agreed not
to accept these awards,insteadGandhiji promised there will be a reservation for dalit in India.
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Third round table (December 1932)
This conference was also a failure because of less enthusiasm among participants and absence of
congress.However, Round table meetings reflected in Government of India act,1935.
This mission was sent by British to seek help from Indians in second world war.
Cripps worked to keep India loyal to the British war effort in exchange for a promise of full
self-government after the war.
This was the last and most violent agitation in Indian history,
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Parallel governments were set up at various placessuch as the one in Ballia in eastern
U.P. under theleadership of ChittuPande. Others were in Satara,Talcher, parts of Eastern
U.P. and Bihar.
This was the meeting between Governor general Lord Wavell, congress and Muslim
league.
He reached a potential agreement for the self-rule of India which provided separate
representation for Muslims and reduced majority powers for both communities in their
majority region. But dispute arose when Jinnah demanded that Muslim candidates can
be selected only by Muslim league.
Cabinet mission,1946:
The Cabinet Mission reached Delhi on 24th March 1946. Its members were-Lord Pethick
Lawrence, Stafford Cripps (President of the Board of trade) and Mr. A.V. Alexendar (the
first Lord of the Admiralty).
On 3rd June 1947, the Mountbatten plan was announced. It was essentially, plan for the
partition of India. The Congress and the Muslim League both accepted the plan of 3rd
June.
The Indian Independence Bill was introduced in the British Parliament on 4th July 1947. It
was passed as the Indian Independence Act on 18thJuly 1947.
Founder
Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Achievement
Ban on sati
Durgaram Mancharam
Crititcise cast.
Parmahansa mandali,1849
Dadoba Pandurang
K.C.Sen
Adibrahmosamaj
Debenderanath Tagore
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Prathanasamaj
Atmaram Panurang
Aryasamaj
Swami Dayanand
Saraswati
Ramkrishan mission
Swami Vivekananda
Jyotibha Phule
Aligarh movement
Ahrar movement
Theosophical Society
Helena Blavatsky,
Anniebeasant was the
follower
Revolutionaries
Chapekar brothers (Damodar and Balkrishna) murdered the unpopular Mr. Rand and Lt.
Amherst in 1897 at Pune.
MadanLalDhingra shot dead Curzon Wyllie, an officer of India Office in London in 1909.
Assistant Superintendent of Police, Saunders was shot dead by Bhagat Singh, Chandra
Shekhar Azadand Rajguru in 1928. They were convicted in the Lahore Conspiracy cas
Bhagat Singh and BatukeshwarDutt threw bombs in the Central Legislative Assembly in
April 1929during session.
Dutt, Hardayal and others in 1915 with the assistance of German foreign Ministry under the
Zimmerman Plan.
Execution of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru by the British on March 23, 1931 in
Lahoreconspiracy case.
Surya Sen was arrested in 1933 and was tried and hanged.
LalaHardayal: Most well-known for forming the Ghadar Party in America in 1913.. The Ghadar
Party is well-known for the Ghadar Conspiracy under which Indian soldiers were to be
instigated to start rebellion against the British during World War I. The plan was however foiled
by the British
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Important personalities
Mahatma Gandhi:
Stood 4th in ICS exam in 1921.But due to Non Cooperation Movement, he didnt join.
He became president of Congress at Haripura session in 1938.
He again won the election in 1939 but due to opposition from pro Gandhi group he
resigned and formed new party Forward group.
He was put under house arrest in Bengal from where he ran away to Peshawar to Kabul
to Russia to Berlin to Singapore. S.C.Bose took over Azad Hind Fauj in 1943 at
Singapore.
He attacked on India with the help of Japanese and captured Andaman and
Nicobar.Tiranga was hoisted firstly in mowdak(bangladesh).
INA trial on the soldiers of Azad Hind Fauj . Charges on P.K Sahgal, Shah Nawaj Khan
and G.S Dhillon were framed for open trial on red fort.Both muslim league and congress
defended these soldiers.
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan:
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Kamagatamaru case:Kamagatamaru was the Japanese ship.It was hired by the
Gurdittsingh. The passengers consisted of 340 Sikhs, 24 Muslims, and 12 Hindus.This ship
was forcefully reverted back to India from Canada.(there were originally 376 persons on
the ship,372 were not allowed to land in china)
Sir Aurobindo: was an Indian nationalist, philosopher, yogi, guru, and poet.he focused on
spirituality.
D.Savarkar: He was the founded student societies including Abhinav Bharat Society and the Free
India Society.
Henry Louis Vivian Derozio: Leader of young bengal movement.
Slogan given by Some famous Personalities
Slogan / Quotes
Given by
Abraham Lincon
the people
Just as I would not like to be a slave, so I would not like to be a
master
Eureka Eureka
Archimedes
Aristotol
Bankim Chandra
Chatterjee
Bankim Chandra
Chattopadhyay
Barack Obama
Benjamin Franklin
Bhagat Singh
BR Ambedkar
Buddha
G. B. Shaw
you get
Oh! Disrespectable democracy! I love you!
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Law grinds the poor and rich men rule the men
Gold Smith
Hitler
Iqbal
Jawaharlal Nehru
John Keats
Julius Caesar
Lakshi
Simon Go Back-
Quit India , Do or Die, Dont Pay Tax, Bharat Chodo and Humne
Mahathma Gandhi
Malala Yousafzay
world
I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation
where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by
the content of their character
One religion one caste and one god for mankind
Narayan Guru
Satyamev Jayathe
Faith is the bird that feels the light when the dawn is still dark
RC Das
Shakespeare
William Wordsworth
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Current Affairs
Current Affairs 2016
Current Affairs Today
Current Affairs PDF
Current Affairs Quiz
Current Affairs Mock Test
Study Materials PDF
Reasoning Questions
Quantitative Aptitude Questions
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