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Abstract
This paper is concerned with changes in bubble size and bubble size distribution in the froth phase of a flotation column. A
continuous flotation cell of special design is used in which deep froths can be formed. The effect of parameters such as degree
of hydrophobicity, gangue concentration (entrained solids), initial bubble size (pulp bubble size) and froth height has been
investigated. Special attention has been given to the use of particles of well-defined hydrophobicities so that their effect on the
behaviour of the froth phase could be assessed more accurately. Glass particles of different hydrophobicities (as reflected in the
contact angle) are prepared using controlled silanation. Contact angles chosen are 50j, 66j and 82j. The results suggest that the
size of the bubbles strongly depends on the degree of hydrophobicity of particles. In the presence of entrained solids, the bubble
coalescence rate substantially decreases mainly due to reduced liquid drainage in the bubble films.
D 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: froth flotation; bubble size; froth stability; froth properties
1. Introduction
Despite the importance of froth in the flotation
process, little attention has been paid to the details of
the mechanisms, which governs the bubble behaviour
in the froth column. The process is very difficult to
study because the presence of particles in the froth
column prevents the measurement of system parameters, such as gas holdup or even bubble size, accurately. As a result, attempts to model the flotation froth at a
macroscopic level rely much more on the knowledge
of two-phase froths rather than actual phenomena.
256
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Silica
Washed quartz obtained from Commercial Minerals, Australia, under the brand name Silica #400 was
used as the hydrophilic (gangue) solid. The average
particle size of the sample (d50), determined using a
Malvern Particle Sizer, was 5 Am.
2.1.2. Glass spheres
Glass spheres were used as the hydrophobic model
system. The glass particles used in this study were
Mill Spec-13 grade supplied by Godfrey Blast Clean-
3. Results
In this study, the Sauter-mean diameter is used as
the representative size for the bubble size distribution
in the froth phase. The Sauter-mean bubble diameter
257
258
Fig. 2. Variation of the Sauter-mean bubble diameter as a function of froth height for glass having various degree of hydrophobicities with the
Sparger 1 bubbles.
Fig. 3. The Sauter-mean bubble diameter in the froth for glass of different hydrophobicities and hydrophilic solid (silica) in the mixed system
with the Sparger 1 bubbles.
P value
h = 82j
h = 66j
h = 50j
0.0026
0.0203
0.2580
259
Fig. 4. Variation of the Sauter-mean bubble diameter as a function of froth height, for glass particles of various of hydrophobicity and
hydrophilic solid (silica) in the mixed system, with Sparger 0 bubbles.
260
Fig. 5. Bubble size distributions as a function of froth height for three hydrophobic glass particles with Sparger 1 bubbles. Froth height was
320 mm and flotation feed contained only glass spheres. (a) Weakly hydrophobic glass (h = 50j); (b) Intermediate hydrophobic glass (h = 66j);
(c) Strongly hydrophobic glass (h = 82j).
261
262
4. Discussion
The presence of solid particles is believed to have
a strong influence on froth stability. Dippenaar
(1982a) studied the mechanism of particle film
interactions on a thin film. He found that spherical,
highly hydrophobic particles, especially spheres, with
contact angles greater than 90j destabilize froth.
The destabilization was the result of the thinning of
the inter-bubble liquid bridged by the particle. Particles with irregular shapes could rupture the films
even when h < 90j. Johansson and Pugh (1992)
studied the influence of particles with varying hydrophobicity on froth stability. Both dynamic and
static froth stability measurements, as well as microinterferometric studies on thin aqueous films, were
carried out with quartz particles having various size
factions and degrees of hydrophobicities. For the
26 44 Am size fraction, they found that hydrophobic particles could be transformed into very effective
Contact
angle
Glass
spheres
recovery
(%)
Water
recovery
rate
(g/min)
Silica
recovery
rate
(g/min)
Sparger 1a
(glass spheres)
h = 82j
h = 66j
h = 50j
h = 82j
h = 66j
h = 50j
h = 82j
h = 66j
h = 50j
86
72
42
84
75
51
70
61
38
100
135
68
164
202
100
66
80
59
12.1
14.8
6.3
4.5
5.1
3.2
Sparger 1b
(glass spheres +
silica)
Sparger 0b
(glass spheres +
silica)
a
b
263
Table 3
Bubble size ratio in the froth obtained with Sparger 1 and Sparger 0 in the mixed system
Distance from the
interface (mm)
h = 82j
h = 66j
h = 50j
h = 82j
h = 66j
h = 50j
0
60
120
180
240
300
360
1.00
1.15
1.33
1.37
1.55
1.72
1.84
1.00
1.16
1.28
1.31
1.33
1.39
1.50
1.00
1.32
1.54
1.71
1.76
1.97
2.12
1.00
1.23
1.35
1.41
1.44
1.57
1.59
1.00
1.03
1.12
1.23
1.25
1.30
1.32
1.00
1.34
1.51
1.69
1.76
1.88
2.03
264
process is the rate-determining step for bubble coalescence in a dynamic mineralized froth.
Previous observations on the effect of particles on
the film rupture do not offer a unique conclusion.
Dippenaar (1982b) suggested that the rate-determining step for film rupture is the thinning of the
lamellae to a thickness near that of the particle size
(required for bridging). Once particles bridge the
films, they destroy them. Frye and Berg (1989)
proposed a mechanism for particle-induced film
rupture and performed a hydrodynamic analysis to
determine criteria for effective antifoam action by
solid particles. They calculated the thinning time,
which was compared with the rupture time, to
estimate the rate-determining step. For small particles
(b100 Am), rupture times were negligible and
thinning was the rate-determining step, in agreement
with the conclusion of Dippenaar (1982b). However,
if the particle size was bigger than 100 Am, then
thinning time declined and rupture became rate
determining.
Regarding the effect of particle size and concentration on the froth stability, Livshits and Dudenkov
(1965) proposed that there is an optimum particle size
range that promotes bubble coalescence. Coarse and
very fine hydrophobic particles may not destroy froth
because coarse particles act as buffers between two
bubbles, thus slowing down bubble coalescence while
very fine particles would drain back with liquid to the
pulp phase. Tao et al. (2000) showed that particles
< 150 Am destabilized froth at lower concentrations
and stabilized it at higher concentrations while particles < 30 Am always showed froth-breaking ability.
The froth-destabilizing effect of fine hydrophobic
particles was attributed to the consumption of frother
in the cell due to its adsorption on solids. Therefore, it
is not clear whether the particles or the lack of frother
caused froth collapse in their system. The work by
Livshits and Dudenkov (1965) and Tao et al. (2000)
does not provide any direct information on which
process is responsible for bubble coalescence in a
dynamic froth. However, it suggests that the characteristics of mineral particles (i.e., size, shape concentration) may be an important factor in deciding
whether film thinning or rupture is the rate-determining step.
It is apparent that there is no conclusive agreement
on which process primarily governs the bubble coa-
5. Conclusions
The bubble size as a function of height above the
froth pulp interface has been studied closely through
photography in a specially designed continuous laboratory cell. Special attention was paid to the effect of
surface hydrophobicity of particles, entrained solid
and initial bubble size (bubble size in the pulp zone)
on the sizes of bubbles in the froth. In order to assess
the real effect of hydrophobicity on the froth stability,
particles with a range of contact angles (50j, 66j and
82j) and hydrophilic solid were used in the experimental programme.
The results show that the Sauter-mean bubble
diameter in the froth increases with increasing height
above the froth pulp interface, which indicates that
bubble coalescence occurs at all levels of the froth.
The change in bubble size is essentially strong close
to the interface.
265
Acknowledgements
Seher Ata would like to acknowledge financial
support from the University of Newcastle. The authors
acknowledge the support of the Australian Research
Council in funding the Centre for Multiphase Processes, under its Special Research Centre Program.
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