PowerWorld - Contingency Analysis

Contingency Analysis
Power systems are operated so that overloads do

not occur either in real-time or under any
statistically likely contingency.
This is often called maintaining system security
Simulator is equipped with tools for analyzing

contingencies in an automatic fashion
Contingencies can consist of several actions or
elements
Simple Example: outage of a single transmission line
Complex: outage of a several lines, a number of
generators, and the closure of a normally open
transmission line
2008 PowerWorld Corporation
I10-1
Contingency elements allowed in

PowerWorld Simulator
Contingency Elements allowed in Simulator

Opening/Closing of transmission lines and transformers
Loss or Recovery of a generator, load, or switched shunt
Movement of generation, load, injection group, or switched shunt
MWs or Mvars.
Changing or Setting of generation, load, injection group, or switched
shunt MWs or Mvars
Changing or Setting of generator or switched shunt voltage setpoint
Opening of all lines connected to a bus
Opening/Closing of all lines or transformers in an interface
Open/Close, Set/Change injection group values
Bypass/Inservice, Set impedance of series capacitors
Changing or Setting of phase-shifter setpoint
Open/Close 3-winding transformer
Open/Close DC lines, Set/Change DC line setpoints
Solve Power Flow
specification
make-up
power also
allowed
Note: Conditional Elements which only occur if a particular condition

is met are also allowed. These will be covered at the end of this section.
I10-2
Contingency Analysis Tool in

Simulator
Contingency Analysis tools can be accessed by
selecting Tools ribbon tab Contingency
Analysis in run mode.
Initially, no contingencies are defined for a case.
Right-click
and choose
Insert to
add a
contingency
Select to load
from a file
Select to allow Simulator to define
I10-3
Inserting a Contingency Definition

To insert a contingency
On the Case Information
Toolbar, choose
Records > Insert
Right-click to bring up
the local menu and
choose Insert
This opens the dialog to

the right.
I10-4
Auto Insertion of Contingencies

To automatically insert a set of
contingencies. This is available from
On the Case Information Toolbar, choose
Records > Auto Insert Contingencies
Right-click to bring up the local menu and
choose Insert Special > Auto Insert
Contingencies
Click on the Auto Insert Button at the bottom of
the Contingency Analysis Dialog
The Auto Insert Dialog is shown on the

following slide.
I10-5
Auto-Insertion of
Contingencies Dialog
Choose
types to
include
Select to include
only elements in
chosen areas
Apply Advanced
Filters for branches,
generators, or buses
Include only elements

that are near a
particular bus
Specify how to create

automatic names for the
2008
PowerWorld Corporation
new contingencies
I10-6
Contingency Analysis Dialog

with Contingencies Defined
List of
contingencies
now defined
A Description of the
selected contingency
appears in the Contingency
Definition Section
Click X to
hide the
Definition
Section
Click to save the contingencies to file
Click to process the contingencies
I10-7
Contingency Definition Dialog

To open the Contingency Definition dialog, right-click on
one of the contingencies and choose Show Dialog.
List of
contingency
elements
Right-click and choose

Insert to add a new
Element (or click Insert
New Element)
Click to specify power
flow solution options for
this contingency
I10-8
Contingency Element Dialog

To open, right-click on the Contingency Definition
Dialog and choose Insert or Show Dialog
Choose
element
type
Choose
action
type
Choose the
Element
Choose the
action
parameters
Add a comment
which will be
saved with
Auxiliary Files
I10-9
Contingency Analysis
Power Flow Solution Options
To Open this dialog click on Define Solution Options on
the Contingency Definition Dialog
This dialog allows you to specify custom solution options
for solving the post-contingency power flow
I10-10
What is the Reference State?

Contingency analysis always stores a Reference
State or pre-contingency state
Immediately before solving a contingency
(whether one at a time or using the automatic
processing), this reference state is always loaded
into memory
Done so that all contingencies start from a common
reference
When using the automatic processing of a list of

contingencies, the system is set back to the
reference state at the end of the processing
I10-11
Defining the Reference State

Initially, the reference state is defined as the power
system state that exists at the moment that the
Contingency Analysis Dialog is opened for the first
time
To change the reference at a later time, you may
choose the Set As Reference option from the
Other > button
Reference state can be reset each time that the
Contingency Analysis Dialog is opened
A dialog will appear asking you what to do each time
you reopen the Contingency Analysis Dialog
I10-12
What is stored in the Reference

State?
Bus State
Load State
Gen State
In or out of service
Voltage magnitude
Voltage angle
Boolean stating whether any load exists
at the bus (this is used because some of
the contingency actions such as MOVE
GEN will create a fictitious load if there
is no generation at the destination bus to
merge with.)
MW Marginal Cost
Constant power MW and MVAR
components of load
Constant current MW and MVAR load,
assuming one per unit voltage
Constant impedance MW and MVAR
load, assuming one per unit voltage
MW Scale
Mvar Scale
AGC status
Min/Max Load MW
MW output
MVAR output
Max/Min MW Output
Participation Factor
Max/Min Mvar output
Voltage Setpoint
AGC status (YES/NO)
AVR status (YES/NO)
Capability Curve
Whether to use Capability Curve
Line Drop Compensation Impedance
Line Drop Compensation Status
(YES/NO/POSTCTG)
Switched Shunt State

Nom Value MVAR
Control Mode
(FIXED/DISCRETE/CONTINUOUS)
Nom Value MW
All the setpoint values
Description of blocks
Low/high range for voltage control
Limit Group State

The original ratings sets for normal
operation (Line, interfaces A, B, etc..)
Line State
bypassed or not
whether transformer was on control
tap ratio
phase shift
High/Low desired setpoints
Series Reactance X (Only for Series
Caps because they can change)
DC Line State
Multi-Terminal DC Line State
Power Flow Solution Options
Area State and Super Area

Unspecified MW Transactions
MW Scale
Mvar Scale
AGC Status
Use Area Part Factors (for Super Area)
MW Transaction
MW Value
Enabled Status
I10-13
Options Tab:
Modeling
I10-14
Options Tab:
Modeling
Calculation Method
Full Power Flow
Linearized Lossless DC
similar to the DC Power Flow, but this is linearized around
present operating point
Linearized Lossless DC with Phase Shifters
Limit Monitoring Settings

Click this button to open the Limit Monitoring Settings dialog
For Linearized DC methods, allow amp limits by assuming

a constant voltage magnitude
The net effect is that line operating at higher than 1.0 per unit
voltage can carry more power
Treat Line as Equivalent Amps option must also be selected with
I10-15
Options Tab:
Modeling
Retry Solution using the Robust Solution Process
after a contingency failure
Attempts to solve the power flow in a series of steps
that involves turning on controls one type of control at
a time
Do Not Use Post Power Flow Solution Action List

Globally defined list set with the power flow solution
options and performed after every ac power flow
solution
Actions may interfere with contingency results if they
alleviate loadings caused by contingencies, thus
masking the impact of a contingency
I10-16
Options Tab:
Modeling Make-up Power
Describe which areas make up for a change
in the MW generation or load in the system.
Normally done use some sort of
participation from the areas or generation
in the case
Typically power systems control schemes like
AGC (or Economic Dispatch), do not respond
quickly enough to remove an overload after a
contingency. AGC acts on the 15 minute to 1
hour time frame (not tens of seconds)
I10-17
Options Tab:
Modeling Make-up Power
Area Participation Factors specified below
Each area is weighted according to the factors
specified. The total weight for the area is then spread
across all the area generation according to generator
participation factors.
The power flow is then solved using Island-Based AGC
Generator Participation Factors from the Entire

Case Directly
Generators are weighted by their participation factors
The power flow is then solved using Island-Based AGC
Same as the Power Flow case

Just uses the settings for the normal power flow area
interchange
I10-18
Options Tab:
Modeling
Define Contingency Solution Options
Allows you to specify different power flow solution
options for solving the post-contingency power flow.
This gives 3 levels of power flow solution options
1.
Contingency Specific Options (Contingency Definition Dialog)
2.
Contingency Analysis Tool (Contingency Analysis Options Tab)
3.
General Power Flow Options
When Simulator executes a particular contingency, it

will look at options in the precedent defined by the
order above.
First it looks to contingency-specific. If an option is
marked use default, it will look at the Contingency
Analysis Tool Options, etc
I10-19
Other > Button

Remaining Actions
Delete All Contingencies
Deletes all the presently defined contingencies
Clear All Contingency Results

Clears all the results of the presently defined contingencies, but
leaves the definitions
Set As Reference
Sets whatever the present power system state is as the reference
state for Contingency Analysis
Restore Reference
Restores the system to the reference state
Auto-fill Blank Contingency Element Comments

covered later
Sensitivity Calculations covered in a later section
Calculate OTDFs using existing PTDFs
Filter out violations using OTDFs
I10-20
Running Contingency Analysis

Run every contingency in the list
On the Case Information Toolbar, click Records > Run
Contingency Analysis (also on right-click local menu)
Press Start Run on Contingencies tab
Click Start on Summary tab
On Case Info Toolbar, under Records > there are

several other options
Solve selected contingency
Note: the system will remain in the post-contingency state after
solving the contingency
Then when you go to solve another contingency, the reference
case will be reinstated prior to solving
Solve and Set as Reference

Same as Solve Selected, but after completing solution, then the
post-contingency state will be saved as a new reference case
I10-21
Viewing Contingency Results:

Contingencies Tab
Total Violations for the contingency
Worst Violation of a various type for each contingency
A list of violations under the

selected contingency will appear
at the bottom of the dialog
Click O to show the
Definition Section
This updating can slow

down your analysis a
small amount, so uncheck
to stop refreshing
While processing the list of contingencies, the dialog will

update itself continuously if this checkbox is checked.
I10-22
Viewing Contingency Results:

Lines, Buses, Interfaces Tab
Branches, Buses, Interfaces, Nomogram Interfaces each have a tab
List of
elements
which
could be
monitored
A list of contingencies which cause a

violation on the selected contingency
will appear at the bottom of the dialog
Definition for Selected

Contingency
X/O for
showing or not
showing the
definition
I10-23
Navigating the Contingency

Results
Click Show related contingencies
to see other contingencies that
cause the same element violation
Click button, and the dialog will

switch to the Lines, Buses, Interfaces
tab and move to the violated element
that is selected.
Click button, and the dialog will

switch to the Contingencies tab and
move to contingency that is selected
Click Show Other Violations to

see other violations caused by the
same contingency
I10-24
Summary Tab
Provides a
summary of the
status of the present
contingency
analysis run
Also, Pause and
Abort buttons
available while
contingency is
running
I10-25
Contouring and Advanced

Visualization
Contouring
Underlay your oneline with an image
Geographic Data Views

Auto-created geographic data visualization
Emphasis of Display Objects

Make specific objects standout on your oneline
Dynamic Formatting
Allows for Conditional Dynamic Formatting of
Onelines and Case Information Displays
Geographic Information System (GIS) Support

Reading ESRI Shapefiles (*.shp/*.dbf/*.shx groups)
Read existing coordinate data
I6-1
Contouring Visualization
Contouring Visualization
What is Contouring used for?
Using the Contour Options Dialog
Examples
Bus Voltage Magnitudes

Line MVA Percentage Loadings
Line PTDFs
Many more
Recommendations on using Contouring
I6-3
Uses of Contouring
Analyze large amounts of information all at
once
Get an overview at a glance
Monitoring data
Presenting data
I6-4
Contour Options Dialog

Contour Options Dialog is used to control
the contouring used on a oneline
Note: Contouring is only available while in
Run Mode
Contour Options Dialog can be viewed by
Contouring option on oneline local menu
Onelines ribbon tab Contouring
I6-5
Contour Options Dialog Contour Type Left Side

Select object type to contour.
Only object types currently
present on the oneline will be
displayed.
Select the value you want
to contour
Used for doing line contours
Recalculate does the same

thing as OK, but does not
close the dialog.
I6-6
Contour Options Dialog Contour Type Right Side

Choose the Color
Map you want
Set the brightness
of the colors
Define the
range of
values in the
color map
I6-7
Contour Options Toolbar

Select the contouring drop-down to show the same
options available in the dialog.
Same Setting
I6-8
Contour Options Dialog Contour Type Options

Area of influence
about each
contoured point
Dynamic
contouring
adjusts
influence region
according to
density of data
points
If Use Fade To
Value is
checked, then
Percentage at
which contour
begins to fade
towards the
Fade To Value
Set contour
resolution
I6-9
Contour Type
Specify the type of display object that
should be used for contouring
Specify the value of the respective object to
use
Specify an Advanced Filter to reduce
what is contoured.
I6-10
Values
These define the values used in the color
maps. (The color key displays the values)
Maximum
(all values above are

mapped to dark red)
Break High
Nominal
Break Low
Minimum
(all values below are

mapped to dark blue)
I6-11
Color Maps
Simulator offers several default Color Maps
For contours for which both low and high
values are of significance (such as Bus
Voltages) the following color maps are
recommended
Blue = Low,
Red = High
Reverse Colors
To get this
I6-12
Color Maps
For contours for which only high
values are significant, Radar Map
High Limits is recommended
For contours for which only low
values are significant, Radar Map
Low Limits is recommended
I6-13
Discrete Color Maps

Simulator also comes with several discrete
color maps.
Some examples are shown below.
I6-14
Draw Color Key

Checking Draw Color Key tells Simulator
to draw a color key dialog along with the
contour
The color key dialog looks like:
I6-15
Contour Resolution
Sets the resolution of the contour
High means a better picture with more
computation time required
Low means a grainy picture with less
computation time
Low
High
I6-16
Influence Region
Controls how large the influence distance
is for a data point.
Influence Region Small
Influence Region Large
Bus 2
Bus 2
Bus 4
Bus 1
Bus 4
Bus 1
Bus 6
Bus 5
Bus 3
Bus 6
Bus 5
Bus 3
Note: These images are using the Fade To Value
I6-17
Fade To Value
As a values influence moves away from the
actual data point, the value fades to a
user-specified value.
The same data is contoured in the figures below
with different Fade To Values
Nominal, Maximum, Minimum
200 MW
9 MVR
200 MW
9 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
1.04 pu
Bus 4
Bus 2
Bus 1
100 MW
20 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
1.04 pu
Bus 4
Bus 2
Bus 1
1.03 pu
1.02 pu
200 MW
9 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
237 MW
34 MVR
89 MW
35 MVR
Bus 5
Bus 6
Bus 5
Bus 6
Bus 6
1.00 pu
1.00 pu
0.99 pu
0.99 pu
Bus 3
Bus 3
100 MW
10 MVR
1.01 pu
100 MW
20 MVR
1.03 pu
237 MW
34 MVR
1.00 pu
0.99 pu
84 MW
67 MVR
Bus 4
Bus 2
Bus 1
89 MW
35 MVR
100 MW
50 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
1.04 pu
1.02 pu
237 MW
34 MVR
Bus 5
100 MW
20 MVR
1.03 pu
1.02 pu
89 MW
35 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
Bus 3
100 MW
10 MVR
1.01 pu
100 MW
50 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
84 MW
67 MVR
100 MW
10 MVR
1.01 pu
100 MW
50 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
84 MW
67 MVR
I6-18
Use Fade To Value

Uncheck the Use Fade To Value
Same picture as previous slide but we are no
longer fading
I6-19
Kind of Value:
Actual Value
Actual Value (Weighted Average) and
Actual Value (Only Closest) both attempt to
visualize the values of particular points.
Weighted Average creates a
gradient by weighting colors by
their distance from data points
Only Closest creates a color

based only on the value of the
closest data point
200 MW
9 MVR
200 MW
9 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
1.04 pu
100 MW
20 MVR
Bus 4
Bus 2
Bus 1
100 MW
20 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
1.04 pu
100 MW
20 MVR
1.03 pu
1.02 pu
Bus 4
Bus 2
Bus 1
1.03 pu
1.02 pu
237 MW
34 MVR
89 MW
35 MVR
237 MW
34 MVR
89 MW
35 MVR
Bus 5
Bus 5
Bus 6
Bus 6
1.00 pu
1.00 pu
0.99 pu
0.99 pu
Bus 3
Bus 3
100 MW
10 MVR
1.01 pu
100 MW
50 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
84 MW
67 MVR
100 MW
10 MVR
1.01 pu
100 MW
50 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
84 MW
67 MVR
I6-20
Kind of Value:
Density of Values
Density of Values causes the colors on the
contour to represent a Weighted Sum
Useful when you want the following two
situations to be equivalent
1 bus with 600 MW of load
6 buses next to each other with 100 MW of
load each
I6-21
Kind of Value:
Density of Values
When using this option, the Influence
Region has a great impact on the contour
image created
Increasing the Influence Region, will cause the
sum to be taken over a larger number of data
points which will increase the values shown in
the contour.
200 MW
9 MVR
200 MW
9 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
1.04 pu
100 MW
20 MVR
Bus 4
Bus 2
Bus 1
100 MW
20 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
1.04 pu
100 MW
20 MVR
1.02 pu
Bus 4
Bus 2
Bus 1
1.03 pu
1.03 pu
1.02 pu
237 MW
34 MVR
89 MW
35 MVR
237 MW
34 MVR
89 MW
35 MVR
Bus 5
Bus 5
Bus 6
Bus 6
1.00 pu
1.00 pu
0.99 pu
0.99 pu
Bus 3
Bus 3
100 MW
10 MVR
1.01 pu
100 MW
50 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
84 MW
67 MVR
100 MW
10 MVR
1.01 pu
100 MW
50 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
84 MW
67 MVR
I6-22
Data Points Per Line

Specifies the number of points used to
represent a line in the contour algorithm
Data Points Per Line = 3
Data Points Per Line = 15
Bus 2
Bus 2
Bus 4
Bus 1
Bus 4
Bus 1
Bus 6
Bus 5
Bus 3
Bus 6
Bus 5
Bus 3
I6-23
Continuously Update Contours

Sets Simulator to regenerate a contour each time
the system is updated.
You can animate the contour by checking this
Note: Because Simulator must now calculate the
contour at each time step, this may slow down the
simulation
Try reducing the resolution to speed up the animation
I6-24
Custom Color Maps

Set range of color map
Shows custom color map
as changes are made
Create custom color maps

designed to show any
contoured values highlighted
in a specific manner
I6-25
Color By
Percentage
Color by Percentage takes the Value and maps it
to a Percentage using the Maximum, Minimum
Values specified on the first tab
The percentage is then mapped to a color using the
Color Map
Advantage: Color Maps can be reused
Bus Per Unit Voltage, Marginal Cost, anything can use same
Disadvantage: You can only specify 5 values that map

to specific colors
Value Range
Value
2008 PowerWorld
Maximum (100%)
Break High (75%)
Nominal (50%)
Break Low (25%)
Minimum (0%)
Corporation
Percent
Color Map
Percentage
Color
I6-26
Color By
Value
Color By Value removes the intermediate
percentage
Value is mapped directly to Color using the Color Map
Advantage: You can be more precise with your
coloring
You want to color bus objects by AREA Number using 20
specific colors
Disadvantage: You cant easily reuse the Color Map.
Value
Color Map
By Value
Color
I6-27
Defining the Color Map

Percentages map to
values defined on Contour
Type Tab.
Abs Max = 100%

Lim Max = 75%
Nominal = 50%
Lim Min = 25%
Abs Min = 0%
I6-28
Bus Voltages in TVA at 161 kV
I6-29
Line MVA Flow Percentage in

the Eastern Interconnection
I6-30
Power Transfer Distribution Factors

(PTDFs)
I6-31
Marginal Prices in PJM for

2:00 PM on August 20, 1999
Average 28.47
Standard Deviation 2.71
Locational Marginal Prices

2:00 pm, 20 August 1999
Contour map developed by
PowerWorld Corporation
I6-32
Recommendations for
Contouring
Task-specific displays
Make your onelines so that they only convey
one idea
For instance: dont show line pie charts on a
bus voltage display. This creates clutter.
I6-33
Voltage Contouring
Sometimes run into strange contours due to
LTCs.
To avoid this, create onelines that only have
one voltage levels buses displayed
Can create a different oneline for each voltage
level if desired
I6-34
I6-35

Allow quick creation and formatting of
graphical representations of devices
Buses, generators, loads, switched shunts,
transmission lines, substations, areas, zones,
super areas, and injection groups
Longitude and latitude coordinates must be

specified with bus and/or substation records
to place objects geographically on a display
I6-36

Data field values used to format objects
based on different attributes
Line Thickness, Line Color, Fill Color, Total
Area, Rotation Angle, Rotation Rate, Visibility
Options for creating available from the Case

Information Toolbar under the Geo menu
Geographic data view objects can be added
to existing or new onelines
I6-37

Geographic Data View Styles contain the
set of options that dictate how a Geographic
Data View object will look
Multiple objects will use the same style
Styles are dependent on the type of object being
displayed
I6-38
Geographic Data Views:

Customization Dialog
I6-39

Represents selected
generators maximum
Mvar increase
I6-40

Make specific objects standout on your oneline
Builds on the Select by Criteria abilities
Combines this with the use of graphical alpha blending
which merges two images together
To get to this
Go to the Options ribbon tab and select Oneline Display
Options and click
Emphasis Filter
on Display Options
page
I6-42
Select by Criteria Dialog for

choosing what to emphasize
Select what to emphasize works just like Select
by Criteria
Choose all Transmission

Line Objects
Click Add/Modify Filter to
define an Advanced Filter
called Add Branches > 50%
I6-43
Example image using the b7flat.pwb

case and diagram
Lines above 50% loading are
emphasized
Vary the amount of emphasis
I6-44
Dynamic Formatting
Dynamic Formatting
Dynamic Formatting
Allows for Conditional Dynamic Formatting of
Onelines and Case Information Displays
Builds on existing features: Select by Criteria AND
Advanced Filtering
Go to the Onelines ribbon tab and select Dynamic

Formatting, then pick which of the two levels of
formatting you want
With the Case: Case Info / All Views and Onelines
Can apply to case information displays, bus views, sub views,
and ALL onelines
With Individual Oneline: Active Oneline

Will apply to only a single oneline
I6-46
Dynamic Formatting Dialog:

Case Info / All Views And Onelines
Temporarily
make the
formatting
not active
Choose
Object
Type
You can also

FORCE an
object to be
visible
Choose an
Advanced
Filter
Choose the screen objects

this should apply to
or case information
Choose
Fields to
apply to for
some kinds
of objects
Choose
Format
Attributes
Only some attributes apply to case information displays
I6-47
Dynamic Formatting Dialog:

Active Oneline
For an active oneline formatting, its the same,
except that it only applies to this oneline
Specify whether the oneline makes use of the
dynamic formatting defined with the case
I6-48
Example Formatting of Lines

Loaded above 50% in Pink
Lines above 50% loading are
thick and pink
I6-49
Dynamic Formatting Priority

You can specify several dynamic
formatting choices.
It is possible that they will conflict
with one another.
A priority must be specified.
Specific oneline dynamic
formats always have
priority over case dynamic
formats
Within the individual class,
you must click the
Set Format Priority
Button to give a priority order.
I6-50
Dynamic Formatting Lookup Tables

Lookup tables allow
the definition of a
table of field values
and corresponding
characteristic values.
For this example,
bus object line color
will change based
on the value of the
per unit voltage
magnitude.
Color if field value is less than the
lowest defined value in the table
Must check
Use Lookup
I6-51
Geographic Information System

(GIS) Support
Geographic Information System

Support
Geographic Information System (GIS)
Support
Reading ESRI Shapefiles (*.shp/*.dbf/*.shx
groups)
To open a shapefile go to the Onelines ribbon tab
and select GIS Tools Insert GIS Data from
Shapefile
Additional options under Onelines GIS

Tools
I6-53
GIS Shapefile Data Dialog:

Control Tab
Click on Read in Shapefile to

import the Shapefile contents into
Memory
Use the Modify tab to modify the
x/y coordinate of shapes
Use the Identify tab to assign
identifier for display auxiliary
files and link supplemental data
Use Format tab to modify the
colors and format of the shapes
Shape List tab lists all of the
objects in the file and their
corresponding attributes
Click Transfer Shapes to
Oneline to place shapes on the
oneline
I6-54

Modify Tab
If Shapefile is
specified in
Longitude/Latitude
Coordinates, Convert
to a map projection
You may also modify
the XY data by
shifting or scaling it.
I6-55

Identify Tab
Specify identifying
string to use for
uniquely identifying
objects in display
auxiliary file
Link to supplemental
data to provide
identification for
filtering, dynamic
formatting, Select by
Criteria, and custom
2008 PowerWorld
hintsCorporation
I6-56

Format Tab
Modify the format of
all the objects by
choosing new
attributes and clicking
the button
You may color using a
Color Map if one of
the data columns from
the *.dbf file can be
mapped accordingly
I6-57

Shape List Tab
Finally, if you want more control, modify the attributes of
the shapes directly.
Data from
Info from *.shp file Specify the Format
*.dbf file
of each shape
I6-58
Example GIS Shapefile:

Reading a Radar Image
A Weather
Precipitation
Radar Image on
a Oneline
I6-59
Combining GIS and Emphasis:

Transmission System Emphasized
A Weather
Precipitation
Radar Image on
a Oneline
Transmission
System
Emphasized
I6-60
Combining GIS and Emphasis:

Weather Radar Emphasized
A Weather
Precipitation
Radar Image on
a Oneline
Weather Radar
Emphasized
I6-61
Additional GIS Tools
Export Oneline as Shapefile

Create shapefile containing a single type of display object from a oneline
display
Great Circle Distance

Calculate the distance between two points of longitude, latitude
Measure Lines
Measure the distance between points on the display by drawing a line
connecting them
Populate Lon,Lat with Display X,Y

Populate the Longitude and Latitude fields of buses and substations with
location of the corresponding object on the oneline display
Display shapefile database information with object created from

shapefile
Right-click on object and select local menu option Show Shapefile Fields
I6-62
Power Flow Analysis and

Voltage Control using Simulator
Formulation of the power flow problem
Newtons method for solving the power flow
Description of the PowerWorld Simulator
Options Dialog accessed from the Options ribbon
tab, Simulator Options button.
Explanation of voltage-related controls
generator AVR
transformer taps
switched shunts
I7-1
Overall Simulator Solution

Methodology
Simulator actually uses THREE nested loops
to solve the power flow
MW Control Loop
Voltage Controller Loop
Inner Power Flow loop
Traditionally
called the
Power Flow
Solution
Voltage
Control
Loop also
covered in
this section
MW Control Loop also covered later

I7-2
Formulation of Power Flow:

Inner Power Flow Loop
Goal is to solve the nonlinear power balance
equations for all system buses
For an n bus power system
I = Ybus V
where
I = complex vector of current injection at all buses
V = complex vector of voltage at all buses
Ybus = complex n by n bus admittance matrix
I7-3
Nonlinear Power Flow Equations

Complex nonlinear power balance equations
S* = V* I
S* = V* Ybus V
Convert to 2(n-1) real equations

S = g(x) or f(x) = 0
where
S = 2(n-1) power injections
x = 2(n-1) voltage magnitudes and angles
I7-4
Slack and PV Buses

Exactly one bus in each electrical island is
designated as a slack bus
provides an angle and voltage reference

must be a bus with a generator
voltage angle and magnitude fixed
real/reactive output of generator free to vary
Simulator tries maintain them within limits, but if that is not
possible, this generator will violate limits
At AVR generator buses (PV buses)

voltage magnitude is fixed
reactive output of generator is free to vary
At other buses (PQ buses)

Power and Reactive power injections are fixed
I7-5
Solving the Power Flow

Equations
Nonlinear equations must be solved
iteratively
There are a number of common solution
methods
Newtons Method
Simulator uses an enhanced Newtons method
algorithm
Fast Decoupled
an option in Simulator
Gauss-Seidel
presently not available in Simulator
I7-6
Newtons Method
Guess initial value of voltages x0, k = 0
Repeat
While ( |f(xk)| > ) and (k < kmax) Do
xk+1 = xk - [J(xk)]-1 f(xk)
k = k+1
End While
Until (no more automatic control changes)
I7-7
Newtons Method
Where
k
kmax
xk
f(xk)
J(xk)
=
=
=
=
=
=
Iteration count
Maximum number of iterations
Voltages at the kth iteration
Mismatch equations
Convergence tolerance (in MVA)
Jacobian matrix
I7-8
Seven Bus Example

Open case B7FLAT.PWB, switch into Run
Mode and make sure Message Log visible.
To view initial mismatches, go to the Case
Information ribbon tab and select Model
Explorer. In the Network category select
Mismatches. All mismatches are initially
less than 0.1 MVA.
Open line from bus 2 to bus 5; refresh the
mismatches. There are now large values at
buses 2 and 5. Solve the case.
I7-9
Power Flow Solution

Go to the Tools ribbon tab and select Single
Solution to resolve the power flow
equations.
Refresh the mismatch display; notice that
mismatches are again less than 0.1 MVA.
Notice that voltage magnitude has remained
fixed at the generator buses. This is
because they are being modeled as PV
buses.
I7-10
Simulator Options:
Power Flow Solution Page
To customize the power flow solution, go to the
Options ribbon tab and select Simulator Options
Power Flow Solution page
This will open

to the Common
Options tab by
default
I7-11
Simulator Options:
Common Options Tab
MVA Convergence Tolerance
the tolerance for the inner power flow loop
Must be larger than zero
Maximum Number of Iterations

the maximum iterations for the inner power flow loop
Do only one iteration

Same as setting Maximum Number of Iterations to 1.
Disable Automatic Generation Control (AGC)

disables enforcement of MW interchange for entire
case.
I7-12
Simulator Options:
Common Options Tab
Unchecking Enforce Generator MW Limits
means generator MW limits are not enforced
Gen MVAR Limits
Disable Checking means generator MVAR limits
are not enforced
Check immediately means the MVAR limits are
checked and handled first before a solution iteration
is run
I7-13
Simulator Options:
Common Options Tab
Disable Switched Shunt Control (affects entire case)
Disable LTC Transformer Control (affects entire
case)
Disable Phase Shifter Control (affects entire case)
Transformer Stepping Methodology
Coordinated Sensitivities looks at all transformers that are
out-of-range and coordinates the movement to bring all
back within regulation range
Self-Sensitivity Only looks at each transformer
individually and determines the sensitivity of its regulated
value with respect to changing its own tap or phase only
I7-14
Simulator Options:
Common Options Tab
Prevent Controller Oscillations
keeps controlled devices from continually switching
between two control states for the entire case
Maximum Number of Controller Loop Iterations

The voltage control loop will be limited to this many
iterations
I7-15
Simulator Options:
Advanced Options Tab
I7-16
Simulator Options:
Dynamically add/remove slack buses as topology is
changes (Allow Multiple Islands)
If a single island is split into two islands (by opening lines),
then a new slack bus is chosen (generator with the largest MW
limit is chosen)
Post Power Flow Solution Actions

Allow you to define a list of conditional actions (much like a
contingency definition) which occur at the end of EVERY
power flow solution.
An example would be loads that are automatically taken out of
service when the voltage drops too low.
I7-17
Simulator Options:
Disable Power Flow Optimal Multiplier
The optimal multiplier is a mathematically calculated step size
for Newtons Method that prevents the mismatch equations
from increasing between iterations.
Initialize From Flat Start Values always starts power

flow solutions with voltages at 1.0 per unit and angles
equal to the slack bus angle (not recommended)
Minimum Per Unit Voltage for Constant Power Loads
and Constant Current Loads
At voltages less than the defined values, the constant power
and constant current loads will be reduced
To disable either of these features, set the values to 0
I7-18
Simulator Options:
Disable Treating Continuous SSs as PV Buses
Continuous switched shunts are normally treated as buses with
fixed power and voltage inside the inner power flow loop.
Disable Balancing of Parallel LTC taps

Parallel LTC taps normally have their tap values synchronized
to prevent circulating Var flow.
Model Phase Shifters as Discrete Controls

Phase shifters will switch tap positions discretely based on the
tap step size
Min. Sensitivity for LTC Control

Transformers with a sensitivity lower than this will be
disabled.
I7-19
Simulator Options:
Disable Angle Rotation Processing
Voltage angles are rotated so that the angle range in an island is
equally spaced around zero degrees if any angles fall outside +/- 160
degrees
Sharing of generator vars across groups of buses

Allocate across buses using the user-specified remote regulation
percentages
Allocate so all generators are at same relative point in their
[min..max] var range
Allocate across buses using the SUM OF user-specified remote
regulation percentages
Options for Areas on Economic Dispatch

Include Loss Penalty Factors in ED will consider losses in
determining the dispatch
Enforce Convex Cost Curves in ED will turn units that are operating
outside the convex portion of their cost curve off automatic control
I7-20
Solution Options Toolbar

Select the Solution button on the Case Options
ribbon group. Note that most of the settings on the
dialog are available.
Same Setting
I7-21
Simulator Options:
Island-Based AGC Tab
Allow load and
generation
balancing
across an island,
instead of Areas
or Super Areas
Options
used for
Injection
Group
Dispatch
I7-22
Simulator Options:
DC Options Tab
Use DC Approx. in
Power Flow /
OPF / SCOPF
Check this box
to model the
system using a
DC power flow.
Note: Once you convert a large

system to a DC power flow, it is
very difficult to get the AC
system to resolve.
I7-23
Simulator Options:
DC Options Tab
Compensate for Losses by Adjusting the Load
Specify a load multiplier at each bus. When solving the
DC power, Simulator will artificially increase loads by
this multiplier
Compensate for Reactive Power Flows by Adjusting

the Branch Limits
Compensate for Dispatch Sensitivities with UserSpecified Values
Allows you to make use of loss sensitivities even in the
DC power flow
I7-24
Simulator Options:
DC Options Tab
DC Power Flow Model
Ignore Line Series Resistance (r)
b = -1/x, g = 0
Ignore Line Series Conductance (g)

b = -x/(r2+x2), g = 0
Ignore Transformer Impedance Correction Tables

and Ignore Phase Shift Angle Effects (default is to
ignore)
Impedance correction tends to increase impedance and
phase shift effects tend to decrease impedance
By not ignoring, DC equations become a function of the
system state and removes some of the advantages of the
DC approximation
I7-25
Simulator Options:
General Tab
I7-26
Simulator Options:
General Tab
Assumed MVA Per Unit Base
MVA base used for the entire case
Default is 100 MVA
Monitor/Enforce Contingent Interface Elements

Determine when the impact of contingent interface
elements should be calculated
Bus Loss Sensitivity Function

Discussed when we go over sensitivities in the
Sensitivity Training section
I7-27
Simulator Options:
Storage Tab
I7-28
Islands - Defined
Often times power system consists of a single
interconnected system operating in synchronism
However sometimes multiple systems exist that are
either unconnected, or connected only through DC
transmission lines.
Such systems operate asynchronous with one another
and are called Islands.
Each island must have a slack bus. Check Allow
Multiple Islands.
I7-29
Multiple Islands in Simulator

Go to the Options ribbon tab Simulator Options
Power Flow Solution Advanced Options tab
Check Dynamically add/remove slack buses as topology
is changed
On the B7FLAT case the slack bus is 7.

To create two islands, open lines 2-6 and 5-7.
If new island does not have a slack, Simulator
automatically chooses largest generator
Repeat with Dynamically add/removeunchecked
I7-30
Case with Multiple Islands

Simulator
is modeling
the two
systems
as being
completely
independent
Simulator
has automatically
chosen
bus 2 as the
slack.
Open tie-lines
I7-31
Island Records Display
Model Explorer Aggregations

Island Records shows
information about each island in
the case, including its slack bus.
It is not uncommon to
have multiple islands.
Often cases in the
Eastern United States
have Five Islands
I7-32
Simulator Options:
Message Log Page
Customize
message log
notation,
contents, and
appearance
I7-33
Simulator Options:
Environment Page
Can have
Blackout
appear if
case does not
converge
Memory limit
for Oneline
Undo feature
I7-34
Simulator Options:
Oneline Page
Display
only; no
simulation
Solution
method
when
animating
Name of default oneline
file to open for ALL cases
Shows hints
when cursor
over element
Non-US
style XFR
symbols
Name of main oneline file
for CURRENT case
I7-35
Simulator Options:
File Manage Page
Special options
tab for EPC
and RAW files
Automatically
save over
current PWB.
0 means do
not Autosave
Enables previously saved PWB files to be automatically
archived each time the file is saved with the same name
I7-36
Simulator Options:
Case Information Displays
This was covered in an earlier section on Case
Information Displays
I7-37
Simulation Options:
Limits Tab
Globally set
enforcement of
generator limits
Can set lines to open
automatically if
overloaded for too
long in simulation
Text fields can be
highlighted if the
value they display
is violating a
defined limit
I7-38
Generator AVR
Generator AVR is integrated directly into
the power flow equations. (AVR creates
PV buses)
Generators on AVR maintain a fixed
voltage magnitude at the regulated bus,
provided reactive power output is within
limits.
To change options, right-click on generator
symbol and select Information Dialog.
I7-39
Generator Dialog (Edit Mode)

MW Control
will be discussed
later
If not checked
then Mvar output
is fixed
Fixed reactive
power limits
if capability
curve is not
being used
Current reactive
power output
Check to define
and use MW
dependent
capability curve
I7-40
Remote Regulation and Var Sharing

You may specify a regulated bus number which is
not the terminal bus (commonly called remote
regulation)
Multiple generators may regulate the same bus.
Generators at different buses will share the total Var
requirement according to the option selected for sharing
vars across groups of buses (Advanced Options Tab of
Power Flow Solution Page)
Generators at the same bus will coordinate Var outputs
so they are within the same relative location inside their
Var range
Generators can share at the same bus and remotely
regulate at the same time. In this case the regulation
percentage
2008 PowerWorld
Corporation refers to all the generators at the bus
I7-41
Defining Reactive Capability Curve

To use a reactive capability curve, on the
Generator Dialog, check Use Capability
Curve.
Then use table to edit the curve. Right-click
on a column of table (a point on the curve)
to either
insert a new point (table column)
delete an existing point (table column)
I7-42
Reactive Capability Curve

Enter the following capability curve
You can view a graph of the reactive

capability curve by selecting Reactive
Capability Curve from the generator menu.
I7-43
Capability Curve Graph

Current MW
and Mvar
operating point
of the generator
Right-click
on generator to view
its local-menu
Start the simulation, and then use the spin button to the right
of the generator to change the MW output of the generator.
Notice how the operating point on the graph changes.
I7-44
Saving Reactive Capability in

Text File
All power system data, including the
generator reactive capability curve, is saved
in PowerWorld Binary format (*.pwb) files
Reactive capability curve data is not saved
in most text-based power flow formats, such
as PTI RAW or GE EPC files.
Simulator provides the ability to save this
data in text files for easy transfer between
cases.
I7-45
Saving in Text Files

To save reactive capability data in a text file
Go to the Model Explorer Network Generators

Right-Click and choose Save As Auxiliary File
Choose the filename to save under and Click OK
You will then be prompted regarding saving the Bid
Curve and Reactive Capability Curve data to the AUX
file. Choose Yes to the Reactive Capability Curve
Reactive Capability Curves are stored in SUBDATA sections
of the AUX file
the *.aux file can then be manually edited
I7-46
Switched Shunt Control

Switched shunts can automatically change their
shunt susceptance to control voltage at a regulated
bus.
Switched shunts on continuous control are integrated
directly into the power flow equations. (They create
PV buses.)
Automatic switched shunt control can be disabled in
three places
for entire case on Simulator Options dialog

for area on Area Records display
individually on Switched Shunt dialog
All three of these flags must be set to enable switched
shunt control in order for a shunt to move.
I7-47
Switched Shunt Control

Open Case B5R
Verify the switched shunt control is enabled
on Power Flow Solution Options dialog
Verify control enabled on the Area Records
Right-click on switched shunt shown at bus

3 to display the Switched Shunt dialog.
I7-48
Switched Shunt Dialog

Actual Mvar will differ if
bus voltage is not 1.0 pu.
Automatic control
requires the mode be
either discrete or
continuous
Status must be closed to work

In discrete mode
high value must
be strictly
greater than
low value
See next page
Bus Shunt (Fixed) is

the same as Fixed
(flag used to support
GE EPC file format)
Specify the blocks of Mvar which are available for shunt

dispatch. This example demonstrated a shunt which has the
2008 PowerWorld
ability Corporation
to provide -30, -20, -10, 0, 20, 40, 60, or 80 Mvars
When a value goes

out of range,
Simulator algorithms
attempt to set the
value to the target
Regulated bus
usually the terminal
bus
I7-49
Switched Shunt Control of

Generator Mvar Outputs
Switched Shunts may be used to control the Mvar
output of generation
To do this change the Control Regulation
Settings to Generator Mvar
Setting Reg. Bus now means to control the total
generator Mvar output for generators which control the
voltage at the bus specified.
JONDAY01 JONDAY03 JONDAY05
150 MW 150 MW
39 MVR 39 MVR
You could set this shunt to

control the total generator
Mvar output of all 16
generators controlling its
terminal bus
150 MW 150 MW
39 MVR 39 MVR
150 MW 150 MW
39 MVR 39 MVR
0.0 MVR
95%
95%
150 MW 150 MW
39 MVR 39 MVR
JONDAY07
95%
95%
95%
150 MW 150 MW
39 MVR 39 MVR
0 MW
0 MVR
0 MW
0 MVR
JONDAY09 JONDAY11
0 MW
0 MVR
0 MW
0 MVR
0 MW
0 MVR
0 MW
0 MVR
JONDAY13 JONDAY15
I7-50
Example Shunt on B5R Case

Bus 3 presently has a
voltage of 0.950 per unit.
From earlier slide, we set
the control range for the
shunt to 0.99 to 1.00 per
unit, and switched in the
shunt
This results in the shunt
moving to 80 Mvar
nominal
If you decrease the load at
the bus, the voltage starts
to increase, so eventually
the shunts reduces
39 MW
-3 MVR
Bus 3
61 MW
-47 MVR
0.950 pu
100 MW
50 MVR
0 MVR
40 MW
24 MVR
Bus 3
79 MVR
10 MW
22 MVR
Bus 3
61 MVR
60 MW
5 MVR
0.994 pu
100 MW
50 MVR
40 MW
14 MVR
1.004 pu
50 MW
25 MVR
I7-51
Transformer Tap Control

Some transformers can automatically change
either their tap ratio or their phase angle to control
either
voltage - Load Tap Changing (LTC) transformer
MVAR flow - LTC transformer
MW flow - phase shifter
Again, Automatic control can be disabled in three

places
for entire case on Simulator Options dialog
for area on Area Records display
individually on Transmission Line/Transformer
dialog
All three of these flags must be set to enable switched
shunt control in order for a shunt to move.
I7-52
Transformer Control
Verify the transformer control is enabled on
Power Flow Solution Options dialog
Verify control enabled on the Area Records
Right-click on transformer shown between

buses 4-5 to display the transformer dialog.
I7-53
LTC Transformers
Right-click on
transformer
symbol to view the
Transmission
Line/Transformer dialog
Current
off-nominal
turns ratio
and phase
shift
Transformer
LTC options
Must be
checked to
enable
control
Select to view
LTC Options
I7-54
Example LTC on B5R Case

Bus 5 starts with a voltage
of 0.998 per unit
On previous slide we
showed that tap (on the
bus 4 side) was set to
control voltage at bus 5
between 0.99 and 1.00
As we increase load tap
moves
As we decrease load tap
moves
Bus 4
0.960 pu
0.95625 tap
Bus 5
0.998 pu
100 MW
0 MVR
Bus 4
0.923 pu
0.90625 tap
Bus 5
0.999 pu
200 MW
0 MVR
Bus 4
0.975 pu
0.97500 tap
Bus 5
0.999 pu
30 MW
0 MVR
I7-55
Detailed Overview of PowerWorld

Simulators Power flow
Special Pre-processing Techniques

Power Flow Algorithm
Control Switching Hierarchy
MW Control
What Does It Mean to do a Single

Solution?
Single solution should not be confused with a
single Newton-Raphson (or other technique)
power flow
Simulators Single Solution encompasses three
nested loops that iterates between a power flow
routine, logic for control device switching, and
generation control until the power flow is solved
and no more device switching is detected
I7-57
Overview of Single Solution

Routine
Pre-processing
Angle Smoothing
Generator remote regulation viability
Estimate MW change needed
Three Nested Loops Solution Process

MW Control Loop
Inner Power Flow loop
MW Control Loop also covered later
Traditionally
called the
Power Flow
Solution
Voltage
Control Loop
also covered in
this section
I7-58
Pre-processing
Angle Smoothing
Reduces large angle differences across
transmission elements that have recently been
closed in to reduce initial power flow
mismatches
Previously if you closed in a line with a large
angle difference, the power flow would diverge
I7-59
Pre-processing
Generator Remote Regulation Viability
Checks for a viable transmission path between a
generator bus and its remotely regulated bus
If a generator has no transmission path, or if all possible
transmission routes to the regulated bus are intercepted
by other voltage controlled buses, then the generator is
internally turned off of voltage regulation
If a generator on left are set to
control voltage at the bus on
the right, then this would
cause convergence difficulty
OPEN BREAKER
I7-60
Pre-processing
Estimate MW Change
Stores the initial output of the generators for
referencing during participation factor control
Modifies generator outputs in each area, super area, or
island (depending on what control is being used) to
meet approximate ACE requirements
Attempting to prevent slack bus from changing by
drastic amounts during the first Newton-Raphson
power flow calculation in the inner loop
I7-61
MW Control Loop
MW Control (Outer Loop)
Repeat
Inner Power Flow Loop
Change generation/load to meet ACE requirements

Redispatches generation and/or load using the selected
AGC control method for each area (superarea, or island)
Until no more generation/load changes are

required
I7-62
Power Flow and Control Loop

Voltage control switching and Inner Power
Flow Loop
Repeat
1: Inner Power Flow loop

2: Generator MVAR Limit Checking
3: DC Line Solution
4: Switched Shunt Control Switching
5: Transformer switching
Until no more control switching is required
I7-63
Step 1: Inner Power Flow Loop

Step 1: Repeat (Inner Power Flow loop)
Evaluation Mismatch
Generator MVAR output automatically calculated for PV
buses
Optionally (enforce Generator
MVAR limits at each step)
Perform power flow step
Newtons Method (this is in rectangular form)
Decoupled Power Flow
Polar Form Newtons Method
Until no more mismatch
I7-64
Step 2: Generator MVAR Limits

Step 3: Solve DC line equations
Step 2: Generator MVAR Limit Check
Backs off or enforces MVAR limits
Checks for controller oscillation
Generators that appear to be oscillating between
control settings are internally set off of control
Updates mismatch and voltage vectors
Incorporates voltage vector changes by processing
generators in series
Step 3: Solve DC line equations
I7-65
Step 4: Switched Shunt Control

Step 4: Switched shunt control
Checks regulated buses for voltage limit violations and adjusts
switched shunt control appropriately
Also can control the total VAR output for generators
controlling the voltage at a particular bus (good for
modeling a shunt which maintains VAR reserves)
Shunts are adjusted by one at a time in series with each
shunt only considering its impact on the regulated bus
voltage. The interaction of between different shunts is not
modeled here.
Checks for controller oscillations
Switched shunts that appear to be oscillating between
control settings are internally set off of control
I7-66
Step 5: Transformer Switching

Step 5: Transformer switching
Checks regulated Voltages, MVAR flows, and MW flows for
limit violations and adjusts transformer controls in a manner
dependent on the Transformer Stepping Methodology
Coordinated Sensitivities: tap change calculation requires
the construction and factorization of a full matrix
dimensioned by the number of transformers which need to
be switched. Normally a small number are changed.
Self-Sensitivity Only: each transformer does not consider
how it affects other transformers. This calculation is much
faster, but may be less accurate and lead to more iterations
Checks for controller oscillations
Transformers that appear to be oscillating between control
settings are internally set off of control
I7-67
Complete Process
Pre-processing
Angle Smoothing, Remote Viability Check, Area Generator Estimation
Repeat (MW Control Loop)

Repeat (Controller Loop)
1: Repeat (InnerPower Flow loop)
Evaluation Mismatch
Optionally (enforce Generator MVAR
limits at each step)
Perform power flow step
Newtons Method
Decoupled Power Flow
Polar Newton
Until no more mismatch (or max iteration)

2: Generator MVAR Limit Checking
3: DC Line Solution
4: Switched Shunt Control Switching
5: Transformer switching
Until no more control switching is required (or at max iteration)

Change generation/load to meet ACE requirements
Redispatches generation/load using the AGC control method for area (island)
Until no more generation changes are required
I7-68
Generator and Area Real Power

Control
Scaling Case Load and Generation

Control of generator real power
Generator cost models
Area interchange control
Modeling MW transactions
Areas the belong to multiple islands
I8-1
Generator MW Control
Real power output of generator can be changed
either
manually
Generator dialog
Case information displays
Generator fields
System Scaling display
automatically
Participation factor AGC

Economic dispatch
Area slack bus control
Injection group area slack control
Optimal power flow (OPF)
I8-2
System Scaling Display

Permanently changes load, generation and
shunts at a user specified set of buses.
Buses are selected either by
entering a range of values
entering a range of areas
individually on a list display
Both real and reactive load can be scaled.

To Display: Tools ribbon tab Scale Case
I8-3
System Scaling Display

Choose to
scale by
object
Add a range
of objects
Remove
range
Enter either
a scaling
factor
Or directly
enter a new
value
Select to actually
scale the values
Note
Description
Select to
add/remove
Entire area
I8-4
Scaling by Area, Zone,

Injection Group, and Owner
Scaling by Area or Zone
This can be different than just selecting all the
buses in an area/zone.
Generators, Loads, and Shunts may be in a
different area/zone than their terminal bus.
Can also scale according to Injection Group

or Owner
I8-5
Generator Dialog (Run Mode)

Current MW
output
Minimum and
maximum limits
Enforcing generator
MW limits can also
be disabled for
entire case on the
Simulator Options
dialog
Specify whether generator is available for

Automatic Generation Control (AGC)
Used with
participation
factor AGC
PArea Losses
PG
I8-6
Generator Dialog (Run Mode)

Can also use
piecewise
linear cost
model
Cubic cost
model
I8-7
Oneline Generator MW Control

Current MW
output; spin
button allows
output to be
changed
manually
Right-click
Specifies change in generator
on generator
MW per click on the spin button
symbol to
view local- Gen field indicates generator is on AGC. Manually
menu
changing output takes generator off AGC unless
disabled in Simulator Options Environment Tab.
I8-8
Generator Records
Fields on the dialog are also available on
the Generator Case Information Displays
Change Gen MW field from this

dialog to get change to occur in
simulation; AGC field will change
automatically when Gen MW field is
changed manually.
I8-9
Generator Cost Model, Cubic

Total generator operating cost is modeled using
cubic function
Ci(Pgi) = Fi + (Ai + BiPgi + Ci(Pgi)2+Di(Pgi)3) * fc + VOMPgi
Units
are
$ / hour
Variable O&M (VOM)
Fuel cost (fc)

I8-10
Generator Cubic Cost Curves in the

Case Information Display
Go to the Model Explorer and choose Network
Generators Cost Curves Cubic
F, A, B, C, D Coefficients, Fuel Cost, and Variable
O&M
I8-11
Generator Cost Model

Piecewise Linear
Fuel Cost
Linear cost
curve
breakpoints
and costs
Note: When you change the fuel cost, Simulator will prompt you
asking you whether you want to change the bid curve points
I8-12
Piecewise Linear Cost Curve Input

Piecewise Linear Cost Curve (units = $/h)
Slope is
[$/MWh 3]
Slope of line is
First $/MWh Point
[$/MWh 1]
Slope is
[$/MWh 2]
Fixed
Cost
First MW
Point [MW 1]
[MW 2]
[MW 3]
Output (MW)
Input variables are highlighted and bold

I8-13
Piecewise Linear Load Benefit Input

Piecewise Linear Benefit Curve (units = $/h)
Slope of line is
First $/MWh Point
[$/MWh 1]
Slope is
[$/MWh 3]
Slope is
[$/MWh 2]
Fixed
Benefit
First MW
Point [MW 1]
[MW 2]
[MW 3]
Output (MW)
Input variables are highlighted and bold

I8-14
Generator Linear Cost Curves in the

Case Information Display
In the Model Explorer go to Network
Generators Cost Curves Linear
Fuel Cost, Fixed Cost, Bid Curve Points
Note: when you change the Fuel Cost value,

Simulator will prompt you asking if you want to
change the bid curve points as well
If you double the fuel cost, it will double the bids
I8-15
Generator Cost Curves

Four curves derived from generator
operating cost model and fuel-cost
Input-Output (IO) Curve: MW versus Mbtu/hr
Fuel Cost Curve: MW versus $ / hr (IO curve
multiplied by fuel-cost)
Incremental Cost Curve: MW versus $/MWhr
(fuel-cost curve differentiated w.r.t. MW)
Heat Rate Curve: MW versus average
Mbtu/MWhr
I8-16
Generator Cost Curves

Four
different
generator
cost curves
are available
on the
generator
local-menu
Input-output
curve
Right-click on
axes to change
their scaling
Current
operating
point
I8-17
Saving Generator Cost Curves in

Text Files
Similar to generator reactive capability
curves, generator cost curves can also be
stored in external text files.
Text files allow easy transfer of cost data
between cases.
In the Model Explorer select Network
Generators
Right-Click and choose Save As Auxiliary
File (only fuel cost information)
Choose the filename to save and Click OK
the *.aux file can then be manually edited
I8-18
Area Interchange Control

Interchange of power between areas can be
controlled so area export is set equal to the
scheduled value.
Generator MW outputs are modified either by
Participation factor AGC

Area slack control
Injection group area slack control
Economic dispatch
Optimal power flow (OPF)
I8-19

For Area Interchange Control, Disable Automatic
Generation Control (AGC) must NOT be
checked on Simulator Options dialog, Power Flow
Solution page, Common Options tab.
Area Interchange is set for each area on either the
Area Records display or on the Area dialog.
To view Area dialog, either right-click on area on
Area Records display, or use oneline local menu.
I8-20
Area Records
In the Model Explorer select Aggregations
Areas to view the Area Records display.
Display shows summary information about
all areas in case.
Entries can be sorted by clicking on the
column labels.
Right-click in the row of a desired area and
select Show Dialog to view the areas
information
I8-21

Double-click
on field to
change AGC
status
AGC status
Rightclick
to view
Area
dialog
Total
area MW
interchange
Access
Tie-line
flows
MW
Interchange
by area
Tolerance
for MW area
control
I8-22
Economic Dispatch Example

For B7FLAT Case, verify that all three
areas are on economic dispatch control.
Open load at bus 2; notice how only

generators in TOP area change. Place load
back in service.
Change generator 1 fuel cost to 1.5. Restart
simulation. Notice how other generators in
area are set to their lower limits.
I8-23
Economic Dispatch Example

102 MW
110 MW
40 MVR
AGC ON
43 MW
Three
One
0.99 pu
32 MW
1.05 pu
59 MW
32 MW
Four
37 MW
40 MW
20 MVR
1.00 pu
31 MW
14 MW
38 MW
58 MW
95 MW
Case Hourly Cost

16939 $/hr
32 MW
Two
1.04 pu
14 MW
79 MW
40 MW
Load goes out of service All

generators respond to reduce
generation cost in top area
80 MW
30 MVR
41 MW
76 MW
AGC ON
Five
1.01 pu
39 MW
170 MW Top Area Cost

200 MW
0 MVR
Six
1.04 pu
Left Area Cost

4189 $/hr
AGC ON
40 MW
130 MW
40 MVR
100 MW
8035 $/hr
40 MW
20 MW
20 MW
20 MW
20 MW
1.04 pu
201 MW
AGC ON
200 MW
0 MVR Right Area Cost
4715 $/hr
Seven
200 MW
AGC ON
110 MW
40 MVR
AGC ON
46 MW
80 MW
30 MVR
44 MW
Three
One
0.99 pu
24 MW
1.05 pu
54 MW
24 MW
Four
42 MW
0 MW
0 MVR
1.00 pu
38 MW
10 MW
43 MW
54 MW
1.04 pu
81 MW
40 MW
76 MW
Case Hourly Cost

16294 $/hr
39 MW
Two
10 MW
81%
78 MW
AGC ON
Five
1.01 pu
42 MW

200 MW
0 MVR
Six
1.04 pu
Left Area Cost

4195 $/hr
AGC ON
40 MW
130 MW
40 MVR
7348 $/hr
42 MW
20 MW
20 MW
20 MW
20 MW
1.04 pu
202 MW
AGC ON
200 MW
4751 $/hr
Seven
201 MW
AGC ON
I8-24
Participation Factor Example

On B7FLAT case, set participation factors
for all three TOP area generators to 1.0.
Place TOP area on participation factor
control.
Verify that as load is modified, generator
outputs all change proportionally
cost information is not used.
I8-25
Participation Control Example

102 MW
110 MW
40 MVR
AGC ON
43 MW
Three
One
0.99 pu
32 MW
1.05 pu
59 MW
32 MW
Four
37 MW
40 MW
20 MVR
1.00 pu
31 MW
14 MW
38 MW
58 MW
95 MW
Case Hourly Cost

16939 $/hr
32 MW
Two
1.04 pu
AGC ON
14 MW
79 MW
40 MW
Load at bus 2 increased from

40 MW to 70 MW
Each generator responds by
equal amount because
participation factors are same
80 MW
30 MVR
41 MW
76 MW
Five
1.01 pu
39 MW

200 MW
0 MVR
Six
1.04 pu
Left Area Cost

4191 $/hr
AGC ON
40 MW
130 MW
40 MVR
8035 $/hr
40 MW
20 MW
20 MW
20 MW
20 MW
1.04 pu
201 MW
AGC ON
200 MW
One
1.05 pu
0 MVR Right Area
Cost
69 MW
4713 $/hr
Seven
200 MW
AGC ON
112 MW
110 MW
40 MVR
AGC ON
43 MW
80 MW
30 MVR
41 MW
Three
0.99 pu
36 MW
70 MW
36 MW
Four
33 MW
1.00 pu
27 MW
20 MVR
17 MW
34 MW
68 MW
105 MW
Case Hourly Cost

17435 $/hr
28 MW
Two
1.04 pu
16 MW
77 MW
39 MW
75 MW
AGC ON
Five
1.01 pu
39 MW

200 MW
0 MVR
Six
1.04 pu
Left Area Cost

4186 $/hr
AGC ON
39 MW
130 MW
40 MVR
8530 $/hr
39 MW
20 MW
19 MW
20 MW
19 MW
1.04 pu
201 MW
AGC ON
200 MW
4719 $/hr
Seven
200 MW
AGC ON
I8-26
Area Slack Bus Control

An Area Slack Bus is NOT the same as the
Island Slack Bus. This is bad nomenclature, but
is commonly used throughout the power industry
Area Slack Used in MW Control Loop (see earlier
section) of Power flow to meet ACE of an area
Island Slack Used in the Inner Power Flow loop (see
earlier section) to actually solve a set of equations
Area slack bus control simply means that all

change in generator/load/losses in the area is made
up by the generators at a Single bus.
Equivalent to setting participation factors at all
generators to zero and then giving a value only to the
generators at the Area Slack buses
I8-27
Injection Group Area Slack Control

Allows precise specification of how ACE
should be maintained for an area
Specify group of generators and/or loads
that should vary for an area to make up for
changes in generation, load, and losses
Participation factors defined with the
injection group determine how each element
will respond to MW changes in the area
I8-28
Area Transactions
MW Transactions are typically used in static power
flow studies
list only one amount
Accessed in the Model Explorer through Aggregations
MW Transactions
Multiple transactions may be entered for each set of

areas, and transaction may be enabled by economics
of OPF (covered in later section)
I8-29
Area Transactions
Used to quickly set up transactions between an
area and
another specific area
unspecified areas
Cost and start/stop times are not specified

Transaction areas must be on area control
(Participation Factor, OPF, ED, Area Slack)
I8-30
Area Transaction Example

Open B7FLAT, making sure all three areas
are on economic dispatch control.
Right-click near (but not on bus 1) to
display the oneline local-menu. Select
Area Information Dialog to display
Area Dialog for area TOP.
In Base Interchange by Area table, set 50 as
exports to area 2 and to area 3.
I8-31
Area Transaction Example

Use the
spin
button
to view
other
areas
Load + losses +
interchange is equal
to generation
Algebraic sum of
actual flow is
equal to scheduled
Schedules are also

Automatically set for
areas LEFT and RIGHT
I8-32
Case Information,
MW Transactions
You can also bring up a summary of all the
transactions in the case
Can show in a Matrix or in a List
I8-33
Area Transaction Dialog

Right-click on the list of transactions and choose
Show Dialog
Transaction MW Amount
All other options
on this dialog
only affect the
Optimal Power
Flow and will
be discussed in
the OPF section
later.
I8-34
Area control across multiple islands

Prior to Simulator 13, any Area that
spanned multiple islands was always
automatically set to AGC = Off
Simulator 13 and after however does a more
extensive error check to allow for more
complex situations (this was previously
only available in the OPF solution)
An area that belongs to multiple islands can be
placed on control only if at most one of these
islands contains multiple areas.
I8-35
Multiple Island Area Control :

Example for Area #1 Control
Control Allowed
Control NOT Allowed
Only Island C has multiple areas
Island A and Island C have multiple areas
Island B
Area #1
Island B
Area #1
Area #2
Island A
Island C
Island C has multiple areas
This situation occurs for WAPA and

ERCOT in Eastern Interconnect cases
Area #2
Island A
Island C
Island C has multiple areas

Island A has multiple areas
I8-36
Multiple Island Area Control :

Why control is NOT Allowed
Not allowed because Simulator doesnt have
enough information to know which generation
should respond when transactions are specified
For example: Area 1 Area 2 transfer
Should transfer occur in Island A or Island B?
Because Simulator doesnt know, control is NOT allowed
Island B
Area #1
Area #2
Island A
Island C
I8-37
Converting Heat Rate Data into

Cost Information in PowerWorld
Simulator
Input Information:
Average Heat Rate Curve Points [MBtu/(MWhr) vs. MW]
Fuel Cost [$/MBtu]
Output Information
Total Cost Curve [$/hr vs. MW]
Input Data
Example Heat Rate Curve Points
ID #
Unit Name
Unit Cap
Cap
Cap
Cap
Cap
Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat
No Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Rate 1 Rate 2 Rate 3 Rate 4 Rate 5
Full
Load
HR
50003 A.B. Paterson
14
28
42
56
0 17099 14216 13536 13400
0 13400
50004 A.B. Paterson
21.7
43.5
65.2
87
0 14828 12327 11738 11620
0 11620
50005 A.B. Paterson
12
16
0 17916 15532 14800
0 14800
50008 Agrilectric
2.7
5.5
8.2
11
0 13943 11592 11038 10927
0 10927
50049 Buras GT
4.7
9.5
14.2
19
0 25479 18375 16214 15442
0 15442
50146 Gypsy
216.9
249.6
360
436
10664 10175
9820 10032
10032
50147 Gypsy
325.7
361
412.1
573
10881 10505 10315 10179
10179
50148 Gypsy
56.6
103.4
196.9
244
13581 11253 10195
50168 Houma
15
7.65
10.2
11.7
50169 Houma
16
14
18.4
20.6
9978
9978
24
14357 11510 11131 12215
12215
39
14357 11510 11131 12215
12215
I8-39
Average Heat Rate Curve

Graphically
Average heat rate represents the efficiency of
the plant at particular operating levels.
MBtu = amount of energy or fuel put in
MWhr = amount of energy coming out of plant
Average Heat Rate
[MBtu/MWhr]
hr1
hr2
hr3
hr4
hr5
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
Output
[MW]
I8-40
Convert To Input-Output Curve

by multiplying by the Output
Input-Output shows the power going into the
generator versus the power coming out
MBtu/hr = Input Power = fuel being used per hour
MW = Output Power
Input [MBtu/hr]
hr5*x5
hr4*x4
hr3*x3
hr2*x2
hr1*x1
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
Output
[MW]
I8-41
Convert to Cost Curve

Multiply by the fuel cost in $/MBtu and add multiple
of Variable O&M and Output to convert the inputoutput curve to the cost curve
Note slopes are noted below have the equations
s1 =
x2(fc * hr2 + VOM ) - x1(fc * hr1 + VOM )

which has units of [$/MWhr]
x2 x1
Cost [$/hr]
fc*hr5*x5+VOM*x5
s4
fc*hr4*x4+VOM*x4
fc*hr3*x3+VOM*x3
s3
fc*hr2*x2+VOM*x2
fc*hr1*x1+VOM*x1
x1
s2
s1
x2
x3
x4
x5
Output
[MW] I8-42
Entering Cost Data in Simulator

using a cubic cost model
Enter six parameters:
fc = fuel cost
VOM = variable O&M
a, b, c, d = coefficients
The generation cost is then defined as

Generation Cost = fc * (a + bx + cx 2 + dx 3 ) + VOM x
In order to do this, you would need to

curve-fit the input-output curve to
determine the coefficients
I8-43
Entering Cost Data in Simulator

using a Piecewise Linear Model
Because you have individual points on the cost
curve, the piecewise linear model is the easiest and
most logical to use
Note: Simulator OPF uses linear programming to
optimize the generation dispatch, therefore it converts
cubic curves into piecewise linear models anyway
To enter a piecewise linear curve, you specify a

fixed cost, and then pairs of points corresponding
to the slope of the cost curve at various output
levels
This mimics a bid or offer curve from a market
model
I8-44
Example Piecewise Linear Data

Fixed Cost = x1(fc*hr1+VOM)
Cost at lowest output specified by the pairs entered
Enter pairs of (output, slope) as follows

Mimics a bid
x5(fc*hr5+VOM)
Cost [$/hr]
where
Output
Slope
[MW] [$/MWhr]
x2(fc * hr2 + VOM ) - x1(fc * hr1 + VOM )
s1 =
x1
s1
x2 x1
x2
s2
etc...
x3
s3
x4
s4
s4
x4(fc*hr4+VOM)
x3(fc*hr3+VOM)
s3
x2(fc*hr2+VOM)
s2
s1
x1(fc*hr1+VOM)
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
Output
[MW]
I8-45
Minor Change to Set minimum

bid to a specified output
From looking at your data, it appears that you
have a minimum output in mind for each
generator.
Call this minimum output x0
To model this assume the first slope stays the
same, therefore you must only change the output
of the first bid to x0, and change the fixed cost
Fixed Cost [$/hr]
x1(fc*hr1+VOM) s1*(x1-x0)
Output
Slope
[MW] [$/MWhr]
x0
s1
x2
s2
x3
s3
x4
s4
I8-46
Convex Requirement
Cost curves must be convex
Required in markets as well
You cant sell you second block before your first.
Required for mathematical reasons
Convexity for a Piecewise Linear cost model

(generator) means that as the output increases, the
slopes (or prices) must increase
Convexity for a Piecewise Linear benefit model
(load) means that as the load increases, the slopes
must decrease
I8-47
Example Generator Cost

Acceptable Curve
Output
[MW]
100 MW
200 MW
300 MW
400 MW
Unacceptable Curve
Slope
[$/MWhr]
20 $/MWhr
24 $/MWhr
26 $/MWhr
28 $/MWhr
Output
[MW]
100 MW
200 MW
300 MW
400 MW
Cost
[$/hr]
Slope
[$/MWhr]
20 $/MWhr
26 $/MWhr
24 $/MWhr
28 $/MWhr
Decrease
in slope
Cost
[$/hr]
s4
s4
s2
s3
s2
s3
s1
x1
x2
x3
x4
Output
x5[MW]
s1
x1
x2
x3
x4
Output
x5[MW]
I8-48
Example Load Benefit

Acceptable Curve
Output
[MW]
100 MW
200 MW
300 MW
400 MW
Unacceptable Curve
Slope
[$/MWhr]
28 $/MWhr
26 $/MWhr
24 $/MWhr
20 $/MWhr
Output
[MW]
100 MW
200 MW
300 MW
400 MW
Cost
[$/hr]
Slope
[$/MWhr]
28 $/MWhr
24 $/MWhr
26 $/MWhr
20 $/MWhr
Cost
[$/hr]
s4
s4
s3
s3
s2
s2
s1
x1
Increase
in slope
s1
x2
x3
x4
Load
x5[MW]
x1
x2
x3
x4
Load
x5[MW]
I8-49

Many tools in Simulator use power system limits
of some type
Contingency analysis
Available Transfer Capability (ATC)
Optimal Power Flow (OPF)
Security Constrained Optimal Power Flow (SCOPF)
PV and QV Curve Tool (PVQV)
Limits for power system elements include

MVA or Amp limits on transmission lines and
transformers
MW limits on interfaces
High and low voltage limits for buses
I9-1

By DEFAULT, ALL elements in the power
system are monitored
Use Limit Monitoring Settings to
Exclude elements in the power system that are of no
interest for a particular study
Specify which limits should be monitored, or in the
case of the OPF and SCOPF, which limits should be
enforced
Specify which limit sets should be used for a particular
study and how these limit sets should be applied
Limit Monitoring Settings will be used extensively

with the tools discussed in the remainder of the
training
I9-2

Define settings for monitoring limits
by selecting the Tools ribbon tab
Limit Monitoring Settings.
Create or modify Limit Groups and assign devices
to different Limit Groups.
Different Line, Interface and Voltage limits can be
assigned to each Limit Group, and each device
within a Limit Group will adhere to its own Limit
Group Settings.
I9-3

In general, keep in mind that a bus, transmission
line/transformer, or interfaces limit is monitored
only if the following conditions are met.
Its Monitor field is set to YES
Its Limit Group is Enabled
Its Area is set to Report Limits and it meets the kV
range for reporting
Its Zone is set to Report Limits and it meets the kV
range for reporting
I9-4
Limit Monitoring Dialog

Tabs
Area/Zone Reporting
You can specify which areas/zones to monitor and what
kV ranges to monitor in these areas/zones
Buses, Lines, Interfaces, and Nomograms show

the individual elements of the power system
Important columns are
Monitor: specifies whether to monitor that specific element
Limit Group: specifies the Limit Group that the element
belongs to
Modify/Create Limit Groups

Use to create and modify Limit Groups.
By default all elements are in a limit group named
Default
I9-5
Limit Monitoring Dialog:

Area/Zone Reporting Tab
I9-6

Lines Tab
I9-7

Limit Groups Tab
I9-8
Limit Monitoring Dialog
Elements to Show
Determine which elements should be displayed in the grids contained on
the dialog tabs
Number of Violations
Summary of how many elements have violations
Limit Group Values

Limit Group
Select the Limit Group name to set options using the Lines & Transformers,
Interfaces, and Buses tabs (Top Right)
Group Disabled/Do Not Monitor

Check this box to ignore all power system element limits in the Limit Group.
Do not monitor radial lines and buses (applied to all limit groups)
Check this box to ignore limits caused by radial lines and buses
Most Limit Group options can be set in the upper right portion of the
dialog, the Modify/Create Limit Groups tab, or the Limit Group Dialog
I9-9

Lines & Transformers Tab (Top Right)
Line/Transformer Percentage
The percentage to which Simulators study tools will
limit a line. Typically this is 100%, but it can be
modified.
Line/Transformer Normal Rating Set

You may define eight different ratings to transmission
lines or transformers. These ratings are called Rating
A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H.
I9-10

Lines & Transformers Tab (Top Right)
Line/Transformer Contingency Rating Set
This field specifies the rating set used for postcontingency monitoring of Lines/Transformers during
Contingency Analysis.
Treat Line Limits as Equivalent Amps

Limits for transmission lines and transformers are
always entered in MVA. However, when reporting
limit violations, it is common to check transmission line
limits in terms of their amp loading.
For reference, the amp rating of a line is derived from
the MVA rating using the formula
MVARating
*1000
AmpRating =
3 * BaseKV
I9-11

Interfaces Tab (Top Right)
Interface Percentage
The percentage to which Simulators study tools will limit
an interface. Typically this is 100%, but it can be
modified.
Interface Normal Rating Set

You may define eight different ratings to an interface.
These ratings are called Rating A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H.
Interface Contingency Rating Set

This field specifies the rating set used for postcontingency monitoring of Interfaces during Contingency
Analysis.
I9-12

Buses Tab (Top Right)
Low Voltage Limit
By default, monitored buses will be flagged as violated
if they fall below this per unit voltage.
High Voltage Limit

By default, monitored buses will be flagged as violated
if they go above this per unit voltage.
Voltage Rating Sets

Determine the rating set to use if buses are using bus
specific limits
Four different high and low limits, A, B, C, and D, can
be defined for each bus
Use Specific Limits field must be YES for a bus to use
one of these voltage rating sets
I9-13
Limit Group Dialog

Right-click on one of the limit groups and choose
Show Dialog to bring up the Limit Group Dialog.
Piece-wise Linear
Limit Cost function
for use with
unenforceable
constraints in OPF and
SCOPF. This will be
discussed later in the
OPF section
I9-14
Limit Group Dialog

Limiting End
Set to Higher or Lower
For a transmission branch, the percent loading
will normally be slightly different at each end
of the branch
This setting specifies whether to use the higher
of the two values, or the lower.
Almost always set to Higher
I9-15
Radial Elements
Radial buses are connected to the rest of the
system by a single line. A line is considered radial
if it is this branch.
Often are a problem due to bad data
Generator output is larger than the step-up transformers limit
Large load connected to system by line with limit less than the
load value
Note: in next figure only the last bus and line are radial
This is a modeling problem, and you may want to just
ignore all these problems globally.
Check Do not monitor radial lines and buses to

ignore limit violations
I9-16
Simulator Tip
Make extensive use of the Advanced
Filtering to help you set up Limit
Monitoring Settings
Once you apply an advanced filter that limits
what you are viewing to only those elements
you want to change, you can use Toggle All on
the local menu to set the Monitor Field, or the
Limit Group Field to the value you are
interested in
I9-17
Showing Limit Violations for the

present power system
Set Elements to Show to Violating Elements to
filter the lists of elements to only those that have a
violation
Select the Buses, Lines, Interfaces, or Nomograms
tab to view violated elements of that type
Violations are reported only for those devices that
the Limit Monitoring Settings are set to monitor.
I9-18

PowerWorld - Contingency Analysis

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

PowerWorld - Contingency Analysis

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Contingency Analysis

Power systems are operated so that overloads do

Simulator is equipped with tools for analyzing

Contingency elements allowed in

Contingency Elements allowed in Simulator

Note: Conditional Elements which only occur if a particular condition

2008 PowerWorld Corporation

Contingency Analysis Tool in

Select to allow Simulator to define

Inserting a Contingency Definition

This opens the dialog to

Auto Insertion of Contingencies

The Auto Insert Dialog is shown on the

Include only elements

Specify how to create

Contingency Analysis Dialog

Click to process the contingencies

Contingency Definition Dialog

Right-click and choose

2008 PowerWorld Corporation

Contingency Element Dialog

2008 PowerWorld Corporation

2008 PowerWorld Corporation

What is the Reference State?

When using the automatic processing of a list of

Defining the Reference State

What is stored in the Reference

Switched Shunt State

Limit Group State

2008 PowerWorld Corporation

Area State and Super Area

2008 PowerWorld Corporation

Linearized Lossless DC with Phase Shifters

Limit Monitoring Settings

For Linearized DC methods, allow amp limits by assuming

Do Not Use Post Power Flow Solution Action List

2008 PowerWorld Corporation

Generator Participation Factors from the Entire

Same as the Power Flow case

Contingency Specific Options (Contingency Definition Dialog)

Contingency Analysis Tool (Contingency Analysis Options Tab)

General Power Flow Options

When Simulator executes a particular contingency, it

Other > Button

Clear All Contingency Results

Auto-fill Blank Contingency Element Comments

Running Contingency Analysis

On Case Info Toolbar, under Records > there are

Solve and Set as Reference

Viewing Contingency Results:

Worst Violation of a various type for each contingency

A list of violations under the

This updating can slow

2008 PowerWorld Corporation

While processing the list of contingencies, the dialog will

Viewing Contingency Results:

A list of contingencies which cause a

Definition for Selected

2008 PowerWorld Corporation

Navigating the Contingency

Click button, and the dialog will

Click button, and the dialog will

Click Show Other Violations to

Contouring and Advanced