THERMAL EXPANSION &

GLOBAL BUCKLING
KL4220 PIPA BAWAH LAUT

THERMAL EXPANSION ANALYSIS

PROF. Ir. Ricky Lukman Tawekal, MSE, PhD

Eko Charnius Ilman, ST, MT

1
INTRODUCTION

Pipe Stress Analyisis

Stress analysis

Thermal
Expansion

Pipe Stress Analyisis

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During operation, pipeline always have variation loading
that create stress
To ensure the pipeline safe along the design life, stress
analysis need to be conducted
Pipe stress analysis schematic will be:
Code is adopted from failure theory. Code development
consists of main aspects like flexibility effect, safety
factor, welding effect, etc in failure theory

Pipe Stress Analyisis

2
BASICTHEORY

Pipe Stress Analyisis

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Stress:
Stress of a material is the internal resistance
per unit area to the deformation caused by
applied load.

Strain:
Strain is unit deformation under applied load.

Pipe Stress Analyisis

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= thermal expansion
= koefisien linier thermal expansion
l = panjang awal
dengan asumsi thermal expansion terjadi pada region elastis material

= thermal expansion stress

E = Modulus elastisitas
= thermal expansion

Pipe Stress Analyisis

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dengan asumsi thermal expansion terjadi pada region elastis material

Pipe Stress Analyisis

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The purpose of the thermal expansion calculations is to obtain the net thermal
expansions at both ends of the pipeline.

Expansion in a subsea pipeline is due to:

Temperature Effect, due to differential inside & outside temperature
Pressure Effect, end cap effect & poisson effect
Residual Tension, if any
Soil friction Effect, as resistance

Longitudinal expansion in a pipeline is dependent on the temperature and

pressure differentials, and the frictional resisting force between the pipeline
and the seabed. At some distance from the hot and cold ends, the pipeline is
virtually anchored when the forces producing the expansion are balanced by
the cumulative effects of the soil frictional force.

Pipe Stress Analyisis

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The purpose of the thermal expansion

calculations is to obtain the net thermal
expansions at both ends of the pipeline.

Expansion in a subsea pipeline is due to:

Temperature Effect, due to differential inside &

outside temperature
Pressure Effect, end cap effect & poisson
effect
Residual Tension, if any
Soil friction Effect, as resistance

Longitudinal expansion in a pipeline is

dependent on the temperature and
pressure differentials, and the frictional
resisting force between the pipeline and
the seabed. At some distance from the hot
and cold ends, the pipeline is virtually
anchored when the forces producing the
expansion are balanced by the cumulative
effects of the soil frictional force.

Pipe Stress Analyisis

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When the pipeline is long enough, there will be a certain point at some
distance from the pipeline end tie-in point, beyond which the pipeline
can be considered as completely restrained. This is due to the static
equilibrium of the expansion forces, the longitudinal soil friction and
restraining forces.

Riser Clamp

Riser Clamp

Virtual Anchor Point

Virtual Anchor Point

Pipeline

Unrestrained
Section

Restrained Section

Unrestrained
Section

Pipe Stress Analyisis

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Try simple design first

Pipe Stress Analyisis

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The methodology used in estimating the pipeline end
expansion is based on the first principle of stress-strain
relation.
The stresses acting in the pipeline wall resulting from the
operating loads and friction resistance depend on whether the
pipeline is unrestrained, partially restrained or fully restrained.
Calculation methodology adopted is based on Ling MTS &
Palmer A. C. (1981) Movement of Submarine Pipelines Close to
Platforms, Paper OTC 4067, 1981.

Pipe Stress Analyisis

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The net longitudinal

strain in the pipeline
between the free end and
the virtual anchor point is
given by the following
formula:

Where:

NET

E T f r

Strain due to end cap effect

=
=

ENET

T =
=

f =
=

( Pi Pe ) A i
AE

Strain due to Poisson effect

( P Pe )D
i

2t E

Strain due to thermal effect

T exp

Strain due to mobilisation of friction

W s L s
A E

=
=

Strain due to residual lay tension

N
AE

Pipe Stress Analyisis

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Pi

Design pressure (MPa)

Pe

External pressure (MPa)

Ai

Pipe internal area (m2)

Pipe outside diameter (without coating) (m)

Pipe wall thickness (m)

DT

Temperature difference at inlet ()

Distance from hot end (m)

Decay length over which the temperature difference falls to 1/e of its initial value (m)

Ws

Submerged weight of pipe (N/m) for unburied pipe

Submerged weight of pipe + cover (N/m) for buried pipe

Ls

Virtual anchor length or friction length (m)

Steel pipe cross section (m2)

Residual lay tension (N)

Poisons ratio for steel

Longitudinal friction coefficient between pipe and soil

Elastic Young Modulus (MPa)0

Pipe Stress Analyisis

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For the restrained section of the pipeline, the stress-strain relation is given by:

LR

as

E NET T r

E T r

NET =

0 for restrained section

Pipe Stress Analyisis

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In the pipeline between free end and virtual anchored point, there is some
restraint from soil friction, although not sufficient to prevent total movement.
The stress-strain relation within the partially restrained section is given by:

LP

E E f

The virtual anchor length, which is the distance between the free end of the
pipeline and the virtual anchor point, is given by:

Ls
2

for short pipelines

E T r A E

for long pipelines

Ws

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The end expansions at the hot and cold ends are calculated by integrating the
net longitudinal strain and is given by:

L AHOT

L ACOLD

NET dL

for hot end

NET dL

for cold end

Where
LAHOT
= Virtual anchor point at hot end
LACOLD
= Virtual anchor point at cold end

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Typical Temperature Profile

Pipe Stress Analyisis

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Pipe Stress Analyisis

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