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TURBO
CHARGER
Turbocharger
KALAMASSERY
Dept. of mechanical engineering
Certificate
This is to certify that the seminar report entitled
TURBOCHARGER was presented by ARUNLAL S with Reg.No:
of final year Mechanical Engineering of Technical
Education Department during the Academic year
2011-2012.
Seminar guide
section
Head
of
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Internal Examiner
Examiner
External
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Primarily I devote my gratitude towards the Almighty
God for his grace and blessing.
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Head of Section
of Mechanical Branch Mr. N RADAKRISHNAN PILLAI,
for his expert guidance and valuable suggestions.
It is my duty to convey my heartfelt thanks to my
respected sir Mr. D PRAKASHAN for his sustained
support and guidance on the right lines towards the
successful completion and presentation of seminar.
Finally, I thank all my colleagues for the cooperation and
tremendous support they have given during my
seminar.
ARUNLAL S
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CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
....5
INTRODUCTION
...6
HISTORY
...7
TURBO V/S
SUPERCHARGING.
...8
OPERATING
PRINCIPLE..
.9
WORKING
..11
COMPONENTS
............13
COMPRESSOR
.14
TURBINE
.15
CENTRE HOUSING ROTATINGASSEMBLY (CHRA)
.16
CLASSIFICATION SMALL V/S LARGE
TURBOCHARGER........17
VARIABLE
GEOMETRY.
17
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ADVANTAGES
18
BOOST
19
POWER AT HIGH
ALTITUDES..21
HIGHER CARNOTT
EFFICIENCY...22
DISADVANTAGES
.22
TURBOLAG
22
BOOST
THRESHOLD
23
APPLICATIONS
24
AIRCRAFT
TURBOCHARGERS
26
CONCLUSION
.27
REFERENCES
28
ABSTRACT
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TURBOCHARGER
A turbocharger or turbo is a centrifugal compressor
powered by a turbine which is driven by an engine's
exhaust gases. Its benefit lies with the compressor
increasing the pressure of air entered with internal
combustion engines such as four stroke g the engine. This
results in greater performance in its power &efficiency.
They are popularly use engines working on Otto & diesel
cycles. The turbocharger was invented by Swiss engineer
alfredbuchi in 1905.
The engine is said to have 100% volumetric efficiency
if the density of the intake air above the piston is equal to
atmospheric. The main objective of a turbocharger is to
improve an engine's volumetric efficiency by increasing
the intake density. The compressor draws in ambient air
and compresses it before it enters into the intake of
manifold at increasing pressure. This results in greater
mass of air entering the cylinder thus increasing power
and efficiency. The impeller and turbine are the two main
components of a turbo charger
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INTRODUCTION
A turbocharger or turbo is a centrifugal
compressor powered by a turbine which is driven by an
engines exhaust gases. Its benefit lies with the
compressor increasing the pressure of air entering the
engine thus resulting in greater performance. They are
popularly used with internal combustion engines.
Turbochargers have also been found useful compounding
external combustion engines such as automotive fuel
cells.
It mainly consists of a turbine, compressor,
centre housing rotating assembly and other optional
features for its better control and efficient working. They
provide greater boost and power at high altitudes. It is one
of the greater advantages which make the turbocharger
more popular. But boost threshold and turbolag must be
controlled efficiently for its effective working.
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HISTORY
In 1896 Rudolph Diesel tried to increase power of
the engine by pre-compressing intake air. But
turbocharger was firstly invented by Swiss engineer Alfred
Buchi. His patent for a turbocharger was applied for use in
1905.Diesel ships and locomotives with turbochargers
began appearing in the 1920s. During the First World War
French engineer AugusteRateau fitted turbochargers to
Renault engines powering various French fighters with
some success.
Turbochargers were first used in production
aircraft engines in 1920s.Aircrafts such as B-17, P-47 all
used turbochargers to increase high altitude engine
power. Turbochargers first commercial diesel truck
application came in 1938 by Swiss Machine Works
Sauer. First production application of turbocharger wasin
passenger cars. It was in 1962.
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OPERATING PRINCIPLE
The power generated by the I.C engine is directly
related to the compression force exerted on the air fuel
mixture. By pressurizing the intake mixture before
entering the cylinder, more fuel and air molecules can be
packed into combustion chamber. Keep in mind that any
time the amount of air/fuel mix that enters the cylinder is
increased there is a substantial increase in power. The
process of artificially increasing the amount of airflow into
the engine is known as turbo charging. The mechanics of
a turbocharger are closely related to the mechanics of a
jet engine. A turbocharger harnesses the wasted energy of
exhaust gases exiting the engine to spin a turbine that
compresses the intake air charge.
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Operating Principle
Turbocharger
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WORKING
The turbocharger is located to one side of the
engine, usually to the exhaust manifold. An exhaust pipe
runs between the engine exhaust manifold and the turbine
housing to carry the exhaust flow to the turbine wheel.
Another pipe connects the compressor housing intake to
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The blow off valve vents pressurized air when the throttle
plate is closed. This prevents a pressure surge from
building up in the system and possibly damaging the
compressor wheel and the turbo's bearings.
The typical boost provided by a turbocharger is
4.2 to 5.6N/cm2.Since normal atmospheric pressure
10N/cm2 at sea level; you can see that you are getting
50% more air into the engine. Therefore, you would
COMPONENTS
The turbocharger has three main components.
First a turbine, which is almost always a radial inflow
turbine. Second a compressor, which is almost a
centrifugal compressor. These first two components are
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COMPRESSOR
The compressor mainly consists of an
impeller and spiral casing. It is usually located between air
filter and intake manifold. The rotation of the impeller
creates suction. This draws in air in at the center. The
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Compressor assembly
TURBINE
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Turbine assembly
CENTREHOUSINGROTATINGASSEMBLY
(CHRA)
It is the centre hub which houses the shaft
connecting both the impeller and compressor. Usually a
common shaft is used. It is lubricated by high pressurized
engine oil which allows the turbine and impeller to rotate
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CHRA assembly
CLASSIFICATION
SMALL V/S LARGE TURBOCHARGER
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VARIABLE GEOMETRY
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ADVANTAGES
A turbocharger harnesses the wasted energy of
exhaust gases exiting the engine. Thus the velocity and
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BOOST
In the automotive engines, boost refers to the
intake manifold pressure that exceeds normal atmospheric
pressure. This is representative of the extra air pressure
that is achieved over what would be achieved without the
forced induction. The level of boost may be shown on a
pressure gauge, usually in bar, psi or possibly kPa.
Anything above normal atmospheric level is considered to
be boost.
In all turbocharger applications, boost pressure is
limited to keep the entire engine system, including the
turbo, inside its thermal and mechanical design operating
range. Over boosting an engine frequently causes damage
to the engine in a variety of ways including pre-ignition,
overheating and over-stressing the engines internal
hardware.
For example, to avoid Engine knocking (aka preignition or detonation) and the related physical damage to
the host engine, the intake manifold pressure must not get
too high, thus the pressure at the intake manifold of the
engine must be controlled by some means. Opening the
waste-gate allows the energy for the turbine to bypass it
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DISADVANTAGES
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TURBOLAG
Turbo lag is most problematic when rapid
changes in engine performance are required. Turbo lag is
the time required to change speed and function effectively
in response to a throttle change. For example, this is
noticed as a hesitation in throttle response when
accelerating from idle as compared to a naturally
aspirated engine. Turbocharger doesnt provide an
immediate power boost when you step over the gas. It
takes a second for the turbine to get up to speed before
the boost is produced. This results in a feeling of a lag
when you step on the gas and then the car lungs ahead
when the turbo gets moving.
Throttle lag may be noticeable under any driving
condition, yet becomes a significant issue under
acceleration. This is symptomatic of the time needed for
the exhaust system working in concert with the turbine to
generate enough extra power to accelerate rapidly. A
combination of inertia, friction and compressor load is the
primary contributors to turbo lag. By eliminating the
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BOOST THRESHOLD
Lag is not to be confused with the boost
threshold. The boost threshold of a turbo system describes
the lower bound of the region within which the compressor
will operate. Below a certain rate of flow at any given
pressure multiplier, a given compressor will not produce
significant boost. This has the effect of limiting boost at
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APPLICATIONS
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Aircraft turbochargers
Land based turbochargers
Marine based turbochargers
Locomotive turbochargers
Motorsport and performance turbochargers
Auxiliary power generation
AIRCRAFT TURBOCHARGERS
A natural use of the turbocharger is with
aircraft engines. As an aircraft climbs to higher altitudes
the pressure of the surrounding air quickly falls off. At
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CONCLUSION
Turbocharger can be used for utilizing the waste
energy from the engine. Thus it gives a greater
performance for a naturally aspirated engine. It is now
being mostly used in all type of cars for harnessing the
waste energy. As the Petroleum products are being scarce
it is a vice technique to use this turbocharger so that
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REFERENCES
1. Automobile engineering-R.B Gupta
H & C publications (2001)
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