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Cohesion
The cohesion is made by a combination of
There are texts which have referents which aren't in the text (take it from us in a advertisement,
but it's not said who is the us). The technical name for language that makes direct connection to
the material world is deixis (adjective: deictic).
The use of do/does to substitute for a preceding verb phrase is called substitution.
Words like so and not commonly substitute for whole clauses, as in:
Will it rain ? I think so ( I think it will rain)
Will it rain ? I think not ( I think it won't rain)
Substitution can operate at the level of individual words too. The pronouns one and ones commonly
stand in for nouns or noun phrases.
Lexical cohesion
Grammatical cohesion
Rhetorical cohesion
1. Question-answer
2. parellelism
Coherence:
The main categories of conjuncts (linkers):
Additive: also, too, as well, moreover, what's more, in addition, for example, likewise (da mesma
forma, tambm), similarly
Adversative: but, although , however, on the other hand, in fact, alternatively
Casual: this is why, so, therefore, as a result
Temporal: next, then, finally, in the meantime, ever since
Micro-level coherence:
Topic and comment/ Theme and rheme (of a sentence)
topic/ theme is the given information
comment/rheme gives new information (called end-weight)
Spoken texts:
In these texts, you may note:
Frequent expressions like (discourse markers): you know, well, oh, umm
Vague language: sort of, or something, and stuff
Informal register: the guy
There are four principals for spoken texts:
1. spontaneity
2. interactivity
3. interpersonality
4. its need to achieve coherence
1. Spontaneity:
Filled pauses: I should give um Philip my computer
Repetitions: In in in about four months's time
False starts and backtracking: And there's a . a they're sort of doing... recycling them
Incomplete utterances: What's you know, the idea that you sort of, people
Note: one-clause-or-phrase-at-a-time construction is another type of Spontaneity and it is differente
from the sentence-lenght.
2. Interactivity:
1. Occurs in turns
2. keeping silence when others are speaking, interrupting at times and signalling their agreement
3. Interpersonality: serves to establish and maintain group solidarity
Adjacency pairs are predictable two-way exchanges, such as greetings, or saying thank-you.
Like hi! Hi there or thank you / you're welcome
Conversation IRF (initiate respond follow up)
E.g.: Teacher: What is the capital of Peru ? Student: Lima. Teacher: Good
Service encounters is a way of communicating in a service conversation. It's composed of : sale
invitation, sale request, sale compliance, sale enquiry, sale request, sale, purchase, purchase closure.
Opening and closing are frequent in any conversation
Spoken texts
Context influences text type (genres) that influences text
Text Functions
1.referring: using language to convey or solicit information. (To inform)
2.expressing feelings: saying what you like or dislike
3.Regulating : used to influence people to do something by a request, order, or giving or refusing
permission, promising and warning, etc.
4.Interacting/social/interpersonal function: used to establish and maintain social relations
5. Playing: using language imaginatively and playfully
Context and register
There are three components which impact on the language choices in text production:
1. Field is what kind of social activity is going on
2. Tenor is who are the participants and their relationships
3. Mode is by which means are the text being created: email, face-to-face-talk, written monologue...
Vocabulary:
rhythmic
trite=a. Banal, vulgar
sentiment
thinly=adv. finamente
craft = s. ofcio, profisso, habilidade, capacidade
leaflet = s. folheto
jigged=v. Mover-se rapidamente, saltitar, danar a jig
hazard= s. perigo
deducible= a. deduzvel
bitty = a. pequeno
slender = a . delgado, esguio, fino, esbelto
peril=s. Perigo; v. arriscar
snuggle up=v. aconchegar-se
tannin = s. tanino
soak up= v. absorver, chupar, beber
scatter=v. Espalhar, disseminar
culprit=s. Culpado, ru
chief=s. chefe
glue= s. cola
arguably= adv. indiscutivelmente
handle=v. Manusear, manipular; s. alavanca, manivela, puxador
morph
subterfuge = s. subterfgio
tweak= v. torcer, beliscar fortemente; s. puxo, belisco
milk out = leite para fora
spin-off= a. subproduto
litigation= s. litgio
misconstrued = mal interpretado
disguise
itemize
prezzies
snog
an assortment
packaging
bush
brew
barrel
flask
flippant
drift
grunt
chuckle
to be tacked
stretches
alike
crop
hive
thereby
newsworthy
golkeeper
striker
comprise
mump
my feet dangled limp
a cluster of bumps
grain
succint
Celery= s. aipo
Spining out of control
spots
cleansing lotion
cleanser
din
drying = ressercar
tingle on
astringent
lather
to bind
steamy
Yield
assume
engage
receptively or productively
taps
drawn
stir
food packaging
at the very least
acceptably
appropriacy
dash
a dead give-away
flimsiest
hieroglyph
decipher
phonogram
pictogram
tomb
the deceased
clue
reiteration
befit
incantation
resemble
oxen
geese
refrain
dauting
glean
wander
allegedly
off-set
to bear in mind
randomly
distracting
to bit
to handle
to master
get to grips
laborious
rigorous
pedantic
burden= v.sobrecarregar, carregar, oprimiar, tributar; s. responsabilidade, carga, obrigao.
What is finite verbs ?
Seam
embedded
miniature
dissimilar
hut=s. Cabana
hinged edge =
rambling
surfeit
tinker
gist