) (

10

12

Start-up

14

Shut Down

15

16

16

18

20

 ) (


.
)
( Utilities .

.

.


. )
( .

.

.
) ( Utilities


.
: ) ( Heaters ) ( Coolers
) ( Condensers ) ( Evaporators
) ( Vaporizers ) ( Reboilers )
( Furnaces ) . ( Cooling Towers



) (
.
.
2

.
- :

Recuperative


.
.

Regenerative


.

Direct Contact

.

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( Feed Water Heater .
3

 - :
:

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.

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.

Co
Current .

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.
.
- :
:
4

 -1
) ( Fire Heat Exchengers
.
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.

.
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:
( : R .
( : C .
( : B .

.

. .

. .
.
.

) ( Tube Bundle

 .
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.
.
.

) ( Tube Sheet

.

.
.
.

.
.
.

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.

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( Press Fit Or Welded . :

.
) ( In-Line . ) In
( Line Square Pitch
.
6

 .
.

.

) ( Tube .
) 42 ( Two Pass 1176 )
( Tube 1350 ) ( Tube .
.

.
.
.

.


.

) Baffles and type of

( baffles

. )
( Baffles .

. ) & Laminar
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.


.
.

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7


.

.
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.

.
.
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) ( mm 1-4/0
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.



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.
1524 60
1/0 .

) ( Impingement Plates

.
.
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( Plates .
.
.


.

) ( Types Of Shell and Tube Exc

) ( Fixed Tube Sheet Exchangers

.
.

.
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.

.

.
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U ) ( U Tube or u Bend Exchangers

U ) ( Tube Sheet
.
. .


.
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( Tube
. U-Tube
.
U-Tube
.
10


.
) ( Two Pass
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) ( Floating Head Exchangers

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.
.
.

.

.
.
.
.
) (
.
.
.
.
.
.

11

 ) Split Backing-Ring
( type

) ( Shell Cover

.
.

.

. ) ( Clearance
.

. .

.
.

.
.

.

.


.
.
.
12

 ) ( Start up
.
Start up
:
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-2 .
-3
.
-4 .
-5 ) ( .
-6 .
-7 .
-8 .
-9 )
( .
.
-10

) : ( Shut - Down
) ( Shut - Down
:
-1
.
-2
.
-3 .
-4
.
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.
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13

 -7
.

.
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
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-6 .

.
:
-1
.
-2

.
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.
14

 -4

.

.


.

:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
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-5 .
-6 Tube .
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) (
. 5/1
.

.

:

) ( Shell Test

15

 1 5 .

Shell
.
1 5

) (
.
Tube
15 ) ( Plug
.

) ( Tube Test
6 7

.

. 6
7
.

) (

.

.

.

.

) ( Fouling

16



Somer Scales . 1980
6 :
-1 :

.
.
-2 :
) ( ...

.
-3 :

:
.
-4 :


.
-5 :

.

17

 -6 ) : ( Freezing

.
:

.
:

.
300 1978
.
) : ( Vapor Locking

) (


.

.
.
) ( Flooding .
) (
.

18


.

-1

.
-2

U .
-3
Shell .
-4
.
-5 Sell

.
-6 U
Tube Floating Head .
Fixed Head
) ( Expansion Joint
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.
-8 ) 120
50 ( .
.
-9
) (
.
) * (
-10

) ( Double Pipe .

19

****************************************************************
***********************

20