Gonorrhea

An infectious disease which causes inflammation of the mucus membrane of

the geniotourinary tract.
Causative Agent: Neisseria gonorrhea
Mode of Transmission: Sexual contact
Incubation Period: 2 to 7 days average of 3 days
Signs and Symptoms:
Male usually first to manifest signs and symptoms
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Burning sensation in the urethra upon urination

Passage of purulent, yellowish discharge
Pelvic painion
Fever
Painful urination
Complications:
1. Male: bilateral epididymitis, sterility
2. Female: Pelvic inflammatory disease, sterility

Female second to manifest signs/symptoms:

1. Burning sensation upon urination
2. Presence or absence of vaginal discharges
3. Pelvic pain
4. Abdominal distention
5. Urinating frequently
Diagnostic Tests
Male: urethral smear
Female: paps smear or cervical smear
Culture of urethral discharge
Treatment:
Penicillin
Tetracycline
Ceftriaxone
Amoxicillin

Nsg. Care:
1. Monitor urinary and bowel elimination
2. Make arrangements for follow up culture 2 weeks after therapy is initated
3. Educate men/women to recognize signs of gonorrhea and treat
immediately
4. Observe medical asepsis
5. Treat symptoms as they occur
Prevention:
1. Credes prophylaxis
2. Avoid contact with secretions
3. Practice monogamy
4. Important to treat sexual partner, as client may become reinfected.

Schistosomiasis/ Bilharziasis/ Snail fever

A parasite infection caused by trematode worms acquired from infected
water. In the Philippines , the only specie of trematodes causing Schistosomiasis is
Schistosoma japonicum.
Definitive host: Man
Intermediate host: Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi ( A type of snail)
Incubation period: Acute : 2 to 6 weeks
Infective stage: cercaria
MOT: Penetration into the skin of the cercaria
Signs/ Symptoms:
Acute Schistosomiasis/ Katayamas fever
Persons with acute infection (also known as Katayama syndrome) may present with
rash, fever, headache, myalgia, and respiratory symptoms. Often eosinophilia is present
with hepato- and/or splenomegaly..
. Intestinal schistosomiasis can result in abdominal pain, diarrhoea and blood in
the stool. Liver enlargement is common in advanced cases, and is frequently associated
with an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity and hypertension of the abdominal
blood vessels. In such cases there may also be enlargement of the spleen.
Diagnosis:
1. Examination of stool and/or urine for ova is the primary methods of diagnosis for suspected
schistosome infections. Example: Kato-Katz
2. Antibodyschistosomal test
3. Schistosomal Antigen test
4. Circumova precipitin test

Treatment:
Praziquantel is the drug of choice. Recommended treatment against all forms of
schistosomiasis.
Pevention and Control:
The control of schistosomiasis is based on large-scale treatment of at-risk
population groups, access to safe water, improved sanitation, hygiene education and
snail control.
Method of Control

Educate people about the disease and how to prevent it.

Proper disposal of the excreta contaminated with parasite.
Improve water resources facilities.
Treat the snail breeding site.
Minimize if not prevented the exposure to contaminated water.
Provide water for drinking, boiling of water is recommended.
Treat the patient as soon as possible to prevent the progression of the disease.
Travelers should be informed if the place is endemic for Schistosomiasis.
Theres no need for the patient to be isolated.
Quarantine: None
Immunization of contacts: None

Concurrent disinfection: sanitary disposal of infected urine and

stoolsGonorrhea
An infectious disease which causes inflammation of the mucus membrane of
the geniotourinary tract.
Causative Agent: Neisseria gonorrhea
Mode of Transmission: Sexual contact
Incubation Period: 2 to 7 days average of 3 days
Signs and Symptoms:
Male usually first to manifest signs and symptoms
6. Burning sensation in the urethra upon urination
7. Passage of purulent, yellowish discharge
8. Pelvic painion
9. Fever
10. Painful urination
Complications:
3. Male: bilateral epididymitis, sterility

4. Female: Pelvic inflammatory disease, sterility

Female second to manifest signs/symptoms:

6. Burning sensation upon urination
7. Presence or absence of vaginal discharges
8. Pelvic pain
9. Abdominal distention
10. Urinating frequently
Diagnostic Tests
Male: urethral smear
Female: paps smear or cervical smear
Culture of urethral discharge
Treatment:
Penicillin
Tetracycline
Ceftriaxone
Amoxicillin
Nsg. Care:
6. Monitor urinary and bowel elimination
7. Make arrangements for follow up culture 2 weeks after therapy is initated
8. Educate men/women to recognize signs of gonorrhea and treat
immediately
9. Observe medical asepsis
10. Treat symptoms as they occur
Prevention:
5. Credes prophylaxis
6. Avoid contact with secretions
7. Practice monogamy
8. Important to treat sexual partner, as client may become reinfected.

Schistosomiasis/ Bilharziasis/ Snail fever

A parasite infection caused by trematode worms acquired from infected
water. In the Philippines , the only specie of trematodes causing Schistosomiasis is
Schistosoma japonicum.
Definitive host: Man
Intermediate host: Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi ( A type of snail)
Incubation period: Acute : 2 to 6 weeks
Infective stage: cercaria
MOT: Penetration into the skin of the cercaria
Signs/ Symptoms:
Acute Schistosomiasis/ Katayamas fever
Persons with acute infection (also known as Katayama syndrome) may present with
rash, fever, headache, myalgia, and respiratory symptoms. Often eosinophilia is present
with hepato- and/or splenomegaly..
. Intestinal schistosomiasis can result in abdominal pain, diarrhoea and blood in
the stool. Liver enlargement is common in advanced cases, and is frequently associated
with an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity and hypertension of the abdominal
blood vessels. In such cases there may also be enlargement of the spleen.
Diagnosis:
1. Examination of stool and/or urine for ova is the primary methods of diagnosis for
suspected schistosome infections. Example: Kato-Katz
2. Antibodyschistosomal test
3. Schistosomal Antigen test
4. Circumova precipitin test

Treatment:
Praziquantel is the drug of choice. Recommended treatment against all forms of
schistosomiasis.
Pevention and Control:
The control of schistosomiasis is based on large-scale treatment of at-risk
population groups, access to safe water, improved sanitation, hygiene education and
snail control.
Method of Control

Educate people about the disease and how to prevent it.

Proper disposal of the excreta contaminated with parasite.
Improve water resources facilities.

Treat the snail breeding site.

Minimize if not prevented the exposure to contaminated water.
Provide water for drinking, boiling of water is recommended.
Treat the patient as soon as possible to prevent the progression of the disease.
Travelers should be informed if the place is endemic for Schistosomiasis.
Theres no need for the patient to be isolated.
Quarantine: None
Immunization of contacts: None

Concurrent disinfection: sanitary disposal of infected urine and stools