Impact Assesment of Land Uses On Hindon

i
Thesis report on Impacts of Land-Uses on Hindon River, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.
Thesis report on Impacts of LandUses on Hindon River, Ghaziabad, Uttar

Pradesh.
Case Study- Ghaziabad Nagar Nigam Area.
Submitted by
Syed Tauseef Hussain
EP/286
Department of Environmental Planning

NEW DELHI
APRIL 2015
ii
School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi

(Deemed to be a University)
DECLARATION
This is to declare that the Thesis report titled Impact Assessment of Land-Uses on
Hindon River has been undertaken by the author in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of the degree of Masters in Environmental Planning. The
research work undertaken is original and authentic.
Date: 01/06/2015
Syed Tauseef Hussain
EP/286/2013
School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi
iii
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Thesis titled Impact Assessment of Land-Uses on Hindon
River has been submitted by Syed Tauseef Hussain in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of Masters in Environmental Planning.
RECOMMENDED BY:
ACCEPTED BY:
(Research Supervisor)
Mr. R.Srinivas
Dr. Meenakshi Dhote

Professor and Head of Department
Dr.Gauhar Mahmood
iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This thesis would not have been possible without the support of many people. I would
like to extend profound gratitude to my research supervisor, Mr R.Srinivas, who steered
me in the correct direction with their invaluable support, encouragement, supervision
and useful inputs. A special mention is required for Dr.Gauhar Mahmood who is a
visiting faculty at Department of Environmental Planning S.P.A,Delhi, for offering his
valuable guidance and support in data acquisition and hydrological analysis. I would
also like to thank Dr.Meenakshi Dhote, & Dr. D.D.Basu whose guidance went a long
way in helping me undertake all the work.
Thanks is also due to Advocate Vikrant Sharma who introduced me to this project more
than anyone and his contributions substantiated my thesis work. I would like to
acknowledge the contributions of Mr. Nikunj Johri (GDA), E.E Hardan Singh & J.E, R.K
Yadav (U.P Irrigation and Flood Control Department Agra canal division) as they helped
me in attaining all the quantitative figures pertaining to Hindon River.
I also wish to extend my gratitude to D.Prasanna Kumar ,Sudhanshu Shekhar, and
Munnu Jose for their assistance with the data collection and through exchange of ideas
and which were incorporated in this dissertation and Sawan Kochale for his assistance
in GIS.
At last I would like to dedicate this thesis to my family who supported my decision of
perusal of post-graduation and provided me with their full-fledged support.
(Syed Tauseef Hussain)
Impact Assessment of Land-Uses on Hindon River

Study Area- Ghaziabad Nagar Nigam,Uttar Pradesh
Executive Summary
The National Water Policy of India of April 2002 states Water is part of a larger
ecological system it has to be treated as an essential element of environment for
sustaining all life forms. There is a substantiate relation between a river and its flood plain
which is responsible for the sustenance of riverine ecosystem through performing
valuable ecological functions e.g. water recharge, sediment trapping, nutrient retention,
habitat to wildlife and biological productivity. Previously known as Harnadi, a main
tributary of Yamuna River is an ephemeral stream in India that originates in the
Saharanpur District, from Upper Shivalik in Lower Himalayan Range. Today due to
haphazard urbanization, Hindon is a trunk sewer of the urban towns and carries a heavy
load of pesticides released from the agriculture runoff from the fields. The river has a
catchment area of 7,083 km2.It flows between Ganges and Yamuna rivers, for 160 km
through Muzaffarnagar District, Meerut District, Baghpat District, Ghaziabad, Noida, and
Greater Noida before it joins Yamuna River just outside Delhi. Ghaziabad.
This thesis focuses at the impacts of urbanization on Hindon Rivers stretch
traversing through for Ghaziabad Municipal Area and the impacts were studied in the
form of water pollution through various point and non-point sources and the shortcoming
of development activities within 50m & 200m buffer of flood plain. Although there are
statutory norms pertaining to river flood zone conservation from anthropogenic activities
given in existing master plan, yet no implementation is taking place at ground level.
Learning from the flaws of past decade urbanization, remedial measures are proposed
accordingly. At last these measures have been factored in into existing master plan of
Ghaziabad in order to save the lost dignity of Hindon.
vi

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vi
vii
Table of Contents
List of Figures .................................................................................................................. x
List of Tables .................................................................................................................. xii
Chapter-1 ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Aim ................................................................................................................. 2
1.2 Objectives ....................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Introduction to study area. .............................................................................. 2
1.4 Research Methodology ................................................................................... 4
1.5 Need for Study................................................................................................ 5
1.6 Scope/Limitations of study .............................................................................. 6
CHAPTER 2 .................................................................................................................... 7
Literature study ............................................................................................................... 7
2.1 Influence of urbanization on water bodies ...................................................... 8
2.2 River Classification ......................................................................................... 9
2.3 Background Study ........................................................................................ 10
2.4 Indian River System ..................................................................................... 11
2.5 Water Scenario of India ................................................................................ 12
2.6 Sources of River Pollution ............................................................................ 13
2.7 Impacts of Pollution on River Water ............................................................. 14
2.8 Water Availability .......................................................................................... 16
2.9 Background of Ghaziabad City ..................................................................... 17
2.10 Background of Hindon River ....................................................................... 19
2.11 Present Status of the River ......................................................................... 23
vii
viii
Chapter-3 ...................................................................................................................... 37
Case Studies ................................................................................................................. 37
3.1 National Cases ............................................................................................. 38
3.2 International Case ........................................................................................ 38
3.1.1 Environmental up gradation of Sabarmati River ........................................ 38
3.1.2 Bhopal Lake (Bhoj), Bhopal ....................................................................... 40
3.2 Cheon-Gye-Cheong lake Seoul South Korea ............................................... 44
Chapter 4 ...................................................................................................................... 47
Regional Settings of Ghaziabad .................................................................................... 47
4.1 Ghaziabad Regional setting scenario: .......................................................... 48
Chapter 5 ...................................................................................................................... 51
Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 51
5.1 Analysis of Land Uses for GNN area for 2005 & 2015..51
5.2 Analysis of LU transformation from 2005 to 2015 for Hindon river buffer of 50
m and 200 m....................................................................................................... 55
5.3 Ascertaining the environmental status with respect to water. ....................... 57
............................................................................................................................ 62
5.4 Computation of Water Quality Index: ............................................................ 62
5.5 Watershed delineation of Hindon & impact of development in rivers flood
plain on Hindon itself. ......................................................................................... 70
5.5.1 Watershed delineation of Hindon ............................................................... 70
5.5.2 Impact of development in rivers flood plain on river itself.......................... 71
5.6 Spatio temporal Analysis .............................................................................. 75
viii
ix
Chapter-6 ...................................................................................................................... 78
Peoples Participation .................................................................................................... 78
6.1 Importance of peoples participation in natural resource management: ........ 79
6.2 Awareness level of peoples pertaining to Hindonriver in Ghaziabad. .......... 81
6.3 Need of assesment of peoples participation. .............................................. 81
6.4 N.G.O working for Hindon(Jal Biradari). ....................................................... 82
Chapter 7 ...................................................................................................................... 85
Remedial measures / Proposals ................................................................................... 85
7.1 Proposals regarding impacts of chemical pollution in Hindon. ...................... 86
7.2 Proposals regarding impacts of development activities in Hindon. ............... 87
7.3 Proposals regarding assessment of peoples participation in conservation of
Hindon. ............................................................................................................... 88
Chapter- 8 ..................................................................................................................... 90
River conservation Policy and mainstreaming into GMP 2021 ...................................... 90
8.1 River conservation policy: ............................................................................. 91
8.2 Mainstreaming into existing master plan of Ghaziabad (GMP 2021). ........... 92
ix
List of Figures
Figure 1 Introduction to study area. ................................................................................. 2
Figure 2 Research Methodology ..................................................................................... 4
Figure 3 Major River Basins of India (Rao, 1979). ........................................................ 13
Figure 4 Tentative location of major point sources as per RTI filed by local
environmentalists. .................................................................................................. 22
Figure 5 Images of Hindon River stretch passing from Ghaziabad (Primary Survey) ... 25
Figure 6 Hindon River Basin (Area>1000 ha)(Jain et al., 2001) .................................... 25
Figure 7 Population trend for Ghaziabad....................................................................... 34
Figure 8 Hindon River Basin(regional scale) (Area>1000 ha)(CWC) ............................ 50
Figure 9 Sabarmati River front ...................................................................................... 39
Figure 10 Actual Afforestation (shaded areas) .............................................................. 41
Figure 11 Bhoj Wetland Basin (Source: http://www.ilec.or.jp ........................................ 41
Figure 12 Remains of the expressway which existed earlier on this river and pebble
bridge which offers ancient flavor. .......................................................................... 46
Figure 13 Land-Use distribution 2005. .......................................................................... 52
Figure 14 Land-Use distribution 2015. .......................................................................... 53
Figure 15 Graph showing L-U Transformation of Ghaziabad. ....................................... 54
Figure 16 LU Distribution within 50 m buffer of Hindon for 2005 & 2015. ...................... 55
Figure 17 LU Distribution within 50 m buffer of Hindon. ................................................ 56
Figure 18 Chronological Longitudinal Profile for D.O (07-12). ....................................... 59
Figure 19 Chronological Longitudinal profile for pH (Hindon River)(07-12)). ................. 59
Figure 20 Chart to read % saturation against given temperature. ................................. 60
xi
Figure 21 Chronological Longitudinal profile for B.O.D(mg/l) (Hindon River)(07-12) .... 60

Figure 22 Chronological Longitudinal profile for Nitrate(mg/l) (Hindon River)(07-12)). . 61
Figure 23 Chronological Longitudinal profile for Fecal Coliform (MPN/100ml) from 0712 ........................................................................................................................... 61
Figure 24 Legend to read Trendline for various parameters. ........................................ 62
Figure 25 Chronological behaviour of Hindon flow at Ghaziabad Barrage (2010-2014).
............................................................................................................................... 64
Figure 26 Spatial locations of Point and Non Point Sources of Hindon River. ............... 67
Figure 27 L-U distribution within Hindon Catchment. ................................................... 71
Figure 28 Impact of urbanization upon runoff. ............................................................... 71
Figure 29 Google image at Raj Nagar Extension Bridge 2005(through historical data). 75
Figure 30 Google image at Raj Nagar Extension Bridge 2015. ..................................... 75
Figure 31 Google image at Raj Nagar Extension Bridge 2005. ..................................... 76
Figure 32 Google image at Raj Nagar Extension Bridge 2015 illegal stone crushing unit
making Hindon silt laden. ....................................................................................... 76
Figure 33 Community participation process chart.(Source: OECD & author) ................ 80
Figure 34 Hindon runs red near Indirapuram NH-24 photo credit Jal Biradari............... 83
Figure 35 Some good biodiversity at the confluence of Upper Ganga canal with Hindon
photo credit : Jal Biradari........................................................................................ 83
Figure 36 Algal bloom at the confluence of Hindon with UGC photo credit : Jal Biradari.
............................................................................................................................... 83
xi
xii
List of Tables
Table 1 Classification of rivers based on discharge characteristics and the drainage
area and river width(after USGS). ............................................................................ 9
Table 2 Rainfall and the availability of water per person. .............................................. 16
Table 3 Length of Hindon River and its Tributaries ....................................................... 23
Table 5 Details of works executed under YAP I & II. ..................................................... 26
Table 6 List of Municipal Wards in Ghaziabad. ............................................................. 28
Table 7 Ward Details of Ghaziabad 2001...................................................................... 30
Table 8 Demography Details of Ghaziabad................................................................... 33
Table 9 Population growth rate details. ......................................................................... 33
Table 10 List of details of Present Facilities of Sewerage Treatment Plant. .................. 35
Table 11 List of Major Industries discharging their effluents in Hindon at regional level.
............................................................................................................................... 49
Table 12 Designated Best Use Criteria for Surface Waters (Source: CPCB) ................ 57
Table 13 Modified weights for water quality(based upon Rand,Delphi Techniques) ..... 63
Table 14 Sub Index equations for NSF WQI. ................................................................ 63
Table 15 Translation of numerals to words for WQI. ..................................................... 64
Table 16 Timeline details of various parameters and computation of WQI. .................. 65
Table 17 Matrix showing NPS for Hindon in Ghaziabad................................................ 66
Table 18 Matrix for Hindon Point source's of pollution in Ghaziabad ............................ 67
Table 19 Regulatory framework on conservation of wetlands. ...................................... 73
Table 20 People's feedback through primary survey. .................................................... 80
Table 21 Mainstreaming matrix. .................................................................................... 92
xii
xiii
List of Maps
Map 1 Base Map for Ghaziabad City............................................................................. 27
Map 2 Map showing Regional Settings of Ghaziabad. .................................................. 48
Map 3 Integrated Map of bhoj Wetland. (Source: http://www.ilec.or.jp) ......................... 43
Map 4 Land-Use Map 2005 Source: GMP 2021,Google imagery. ................................ 52
Map 5 Land-Use Map 2015. Source: GMP 2021,Google imagery. ............................... 53
Map 6 Land Use Transformation of Hindon Buffer of 50m for 2005 & 2015. ................. 55
Map 7 Land Use Transformation of Hindon Buffer of 200m. ......................................... 56
Map 8 Watershed Delineation Map of Ghaziabad.(Compiled by author)....................... 70
Map 9 Spatial Location of Industrial clusters of Ghaziabad. .......................................... 89
xiii
CHAPTER-1
Syed Tauseef Hussain NS/EP/286
1.1 Aim
Impact assessment of Land-Uses on Hindon River Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.
1.2 Objectives
To ascertain the environmental status of Hindon with respect to water pollution

traversing in GNN limits.
To assess the physical impacts due to development activities in Hindons flood

plain.
To assess the involvement of peoples participation in ecological conservation of

study area(GNN).
To recommend/suggest remedial measures for mitigating adverse impacts on

Hindon river..
1.3 Introduction to study

area.
Figure 1 Introduction to study area.
Study area (Ghaziabad city) falls in Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Uttar Pradesh has 70 districts
and Ghaziabad is among 70 districts of U.P. Ghaziabad Nagar (city) is the head quarter of
Ghaziabad district and has Ghaziabad District Court. For administrative purposes Ghaziabad
mainly divided into two sub-divisions Trans Hindon Area (T.H.A) left of Hindon river and Cis
Hindon Area (C.H.A) right of Hindon river in map. Total stretch of Hindon passing through GNN
limits is 8.9 km.
1.4 Research Methodology
Figure 2 Research Methodology
1.5 Need for Study
Condition of Hindon river in Ghaziabad Nagar Nigam limits of Ghaziabad district is

almost like a drain for various reasons to name a few are, land use change,
encroachment etc. This study will try to evaluate, finding reasons and proposing
strategies and guidelines for taking necessary remedial measures for the revival of
this dead river.
CPCB apex body for pollution in India released Cumulative Environmental

Pollution Index (CEPI) in 2014 which is a tentative measure of environmental
pollution at a place measured at a scale of 100.Ghaziabad ranks second after Vapi
(Gujarat) scores 84.15 out of 100.
Instead of having surface river water source Ghaziabads settlements are heavily
dependent upon Groundwater in addition to over exploitation of Groundwater
along the complete stretch of river has made this river dead having minimal flow.
Urbanization is one of the key factors to maintain Hindon rivers quality since for
decades
fresh
G/W
has
been
extensively
exploited
by
industries
&
residences(mostly unplanned in the vicinity of study area) which is generating

plenty of w/w which is uncontrollably being discharged into Hindon river . Hence to
check this uncontrollable discharge entering river needs a strong check through
various treatment process and to take necessary safeguards to revitalize Hindon
river
To take up Ganga action plan we need to take up its major tributaries like Yamuna
and to take up Yamuna action plan we further need to purify its tributaries/feeders
e.g. Hindon etc. which is a bottom up approach(low scale high scale)
1.6 Scope/Limitations of study

Scope:
Scope of study will be to ascertain the environmental status of Hindon River. Whereas
impacts of land-uses on Hindon River are studied within a buffer of 50m & 200m (for 2005
& 2015 only) either sides of the stream within GNN (Ghaziabad Nagar Nigam) areas.
Physical aspects of river are analysed based upon google historical data and field
observations, MOEF (Wetland Conservation and Management Rules May 10, 2010)
Limitations:
For computation of NPS certain rule of thumbs were applied to. Suggestions regarding
river water quality will be confined within GNN Municipal limits only. Bio-diversity data is
not available hence inputs for bio-diversity are based upon field observations. For
computation of sewage generation primary survey data was used.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE STUDY
2.1 Influence of urbanization on water bodies

The human activities combined with changes in land use pattern like urbanization,
deforestation, agricultural and mining practices greatly influence the quality of river water.
The influence of urbanization on the water quality depends mainly on the nature of
generated industrial effluents, domestic sewage and surface runoff from urban areas.
Urban settlements and growing industrial development, combined with rapidly increasing
demand for water, are causing water management problems. Ninety six percent of water
pollution problems in India are due to indiscriminate discharge of municipal wastes
(Chaudhary, 1981). These wastes being biodegradable produce a series of directional but
predictable changes in water bodies. Industrial effluents are responsible for pollution to a
lesser extent but the effects produced by them may be more serious as nature is often
unable to assimilate them. Agriculture is also responsible for degrading the river water
quality by generating runoff from animal husbandry units, which contain predominantly
organic compounds from the use of mineral fertilizers and chemical pesticides. A beautified
and clean river may serve the following purposes i.e.
River as a water source: River water is a primary source of potable water for human
consumption.
River as tourist and recreation location: Beautified, Landscaped, Well organized and a
clean river tends to attract more number of peoples (domestic and foreigners) and will
intangibly create some local employment alternatives.
River as biodiversity conservation area: As of now stretch of Hindon passing through

Ghaziabad is more or less a drain hosting very sizeable biodiversity in terms of aquatic
species and migratory birds stopover.
2.2 River Classification

Rivers are the most important freshwater resource for man. Social, economic and political
development has, in the past, been largely related to the availability and distribution of
fresh waters contained in riverine systems. A simple evaluation of surface waters available
for regional, national or Trans boundary can be based on the total river water discharge
(Sethi, 2006). River systems represent the dynamic flow of drainage water, which is the
final product of surface run-off, infiltration to ground water and groundwater discharge.
Table 1 Classification of rivers based on discharge characteristics and the drainage area and river
width(after USGS).
Classification of rivers based on discharge characteristics and the drainage area

and river width.
S.
River size
No.
1. Very large rivers
Average discharge
Drainage area
River width
Stream order
(Cumecs)
(Square km)
(m)
>10000
>1000000
>1500
>10
2.
Large rivers
1000-10000
100000-1000000
800-1500
7 to11
3.
Rivers
100-1000
10000-100000
200-800
6to9
4.
Small rivers
10-100
1000-10000
40-200
4to7
5.
Streams
1.0-10
100-1000
8.0-40
3to6
6.
Small streams
0.1-1.0
10-100
1.0-8.0
2to5
7.
Brooks
<0.1
<10
<1.0
1to3
10
2.3 Background Study

The National Water Policy of India of April 2002 states Water is part of a larger
ecological system it has to be treated as an essential element of environment for
sustaining all life forms. Land use change is one of the major environmental changes
occurring across the globe. Water quality, quantity and environmental deterioration are few
of such factors affected by L-U change, since it is a key component of a healthy watershed
where it integrates important geomorphic, hydrologic, and some of the biological processes
of a watershed (Hem, 1985). Alteration of any one of these processes will affect one or
more water quality parameters (Peter john and Correll, 1984). Hydrologists and aquatic
ecologists have long known that the surface across which water travels to a stream or a
lake has a major effect on water quality. Accordingly, the relative amounts of particular
types of land use (L-U) in a watershed will affect water quality as well (Griffith, 2002).
Therefore, the change in land-use and management practices will give rise to the
considerable impact on water quality as well as quantity. The importance of the
interrelationships between LU and water quality is reflected by the increased recognition
over the past two decades that non-point source (NPS) pollution has come into being the
major environmental concern and encroachment of flood plains have narrowed down the
flow in the river regimes. Pollutants affecting water quality may come from point or
nonpoint sources. Point pollution can be easily monitored by measuring discharge and
chemical concentrations periodically at a single place. In the past several decades, the
major efforts and funding of water pollution control programs focused on the point sources
management, and the magnitude of the point source pollution problem has been reduced
11
in many cases. However, NPS pollution presents great challenges because of their
dispersed origins as these cases are likely to be associated with unplanned settlements,
slums and chemicals flowing out through agricultural lands and the fact that they vary with
the season and the weather, in addition to the fact that non-point inputs are often
overlooked by human beings. Nowadays due to anthropogenic activities rivers are drying
up mainly because of over exploitation of G/W which delinks the natural water balance
mechanism between surface water and ground water. To sustain aquatic life a river needs
minimum amount of discharge available in it in due course of time.
2.4 Indian River System

India is a land of many rivers and mountains. Its geographical area of about 329 M.ha is
crossed by a large number of small and big rivers, some of them figuring amongst the
mighty rivers of the world. The rivers and mountains have a greater significance in the
history of Indian cultural development, religious and spiritual life. It may not be an
exaggeration to say that the rivers are the heart and soul of Indian life (Rao, 1979).
Rivers are the main source of water for drinking, agricultural and industrial purposes as
they are available on the surface ready for use that is the reason for their importance. The
entire river basin provides water for millions of people depending upon the length and flow
of the river. Rivers are also useful for inland navigation, mass bathing purposes,
propagation of wild life and fisheries. This reason the towns and cities along the riverbanks
grow and develop at a faster rate.
The annual precipitation including snowfall, which is the main source of the water in the
country, is estimated to be of the order of 4 Mm 3. For the purpose or rainfall country has
12
been divided into 35 meteorological sub-divisions (Rao, 1979). The Resources potential of
the country, which occurs as natural run off in the rivers is about 1.87 Mm 3 as per the basin
wise latest estimates of Central Water Commission, considering both surface and ground
water as one system. Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna system is the major contributor to total
water resources potential of the country. Its share is about 60 percent in total water
resources potential of the various rivers. Based on 199l census, the per capita availability
of utilizable water comes around 220 Cubic metres (cu.m.).
Due to various constraints of topography, uneven distribution of resource over space and
time, it has been estimated that only about 1.12 Mm 3 of total potential of 1.9 Mm3can be
put to beneficial use, 0.7 Mm3 being due to surface water resources. Again about 40
percent of utilizable surface water resources are presently in Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna
system. In majority of river basins, present utilization is significantly high and is in the
range of 50 percent to 95 percent of utilizable surface resources. But in the rivers such as
Narmada and Mahanadi percentage utilization is quite low. The corresponding values for
these basins are 23 percent and 34 percent respectively. (Source: Ministry of Water
Resource Govt. of India).
2.5 Water Scenario of India

India is blessed with many rivers. In which 12 of them are classified as major rivers whose
total catchment area comes around 252.8 Million hectare (M.ha). Out of the major rivers,
the Ganga - Brahmaputra system is the biggest with catchment area of about 110 M.ha
which is more than 43 percent of the catchment area of all the major rivers in the country.
13
The other major rivers with catchment area more than 10 M.ha are Indus (32.1 M.ha.),
Godavari (31.3 M.ha.), Krishna, (25.9 M.ha.) and Mahanadi (14.2 M.ha) (Rao, 1979).
These rivers are categorized into four groups:
Rivers that flow down from the Himalayas and are supplied by melting snow and glaciers.
This is why these are perennial, that is, they never dry up during the year.
The Deccan Plateau Rivers, which depend on rainfall for their water.
The coastal rivers, especially those on the west coast, which are short and do not
retain water throughout the year.
The rivers in the inland drainage basin of west Rajasthan, which depend on the
rains. These rivers normally drain towards silt lakes or flow into the sand.
Figure 3 Major River Basins of India (Rao, 1979).
2.6 Sources of River Pollution
14
The sources of pollution may be classified into point sources and non-point sources.
Generally, point sources of pollution are those sources emitted to a watershed at a specific
point. They usually can be directly measured and their impact can be assessed. Common
point sources include municipal and industrial pollutants discharged directly to a stream.
The non-point (diffuse) sources are those sources discharged to a watershed in a way that
they depend upon the vagaries of the hydrologic cycle to transport them to the stream
system. Nutrients, pesticides, bacteria, heavy loads of organic matter, and sediments are
considered non-point source pollutants.
In most cases the sources and concentrations of non-point source pollutants are the result
of land use interactions with the transport system. It is a source transport problem in which
the hydrologic cycle provides the transport processes to move pollutants from the source
to ground water, a stream, or a reservoir. Non-point sources can be urban, industrial, or
agricultural pollutants that are distributed over the surface. The mode of transport is the
flow of water across the soil surface and in stream channels and reservoirs or the flow of
water through the soil profile.
Pollution of river water associated with industrial and sewage discharge is a global
problem. It is reported that about 70% of the available water in India (Citizens report, 1982)
is polluted. The chief sources of pollution are identified to be industrial pollution constituting
8-16% of the waste water and sewage comprises 84-92% (Chaudhuri, 1982).
2.7 Impacts of Pollution on River Water

With the rapid industrialization and urbanization during the last 50 years, most of the Indian
rivers are subjected to indiscriminate discharge of effluents affecting water quality and
15
aquatic life (Verma and Shukla, 1969). Increasing pollution of rivers and other water bodies
has become a matter of great concern in recent years (Ambasht, 1990; Dikshith et al.,
1990). The industrial effluent, domestic and municipal sewage produces hazardous effects
on aquatic life and ecosystem of the receiving water bodies (Ajmal et al., 1985; Neman and
Lal, 1985).
The effect on river water due to discharges of industrial effluents and domestic waste water
are considered on the following parameters:
Effect on physico chemical parameters of the river water,
Effect on flora and fauna of the river aquatic system,
Eutrophication of the river.
Effect on bacteriological parameters,
Effect on self-purification capacity of the river.
River systems have been dramatically altered by dams and reservoirs, canalization, and
land use developments throughout their drainage basins. Some species of flora and fauna
have disappeared; exotic species have invaded; the functional characteristics of the river
systems have been disrupted; and there has been a reduction in landscape quality and
loss of wilderness areas. The need to restore rivers and their water resources because of
their existing needs for water supply, irrigation, industrial , for hydro-electric energy and the
increasing needs of rapidly growing populations and their likely increase in per capita
resource demands. However, there is arising a strong concern for ecosystem sustainability
in the face of both socio-economic development and climate change. The restoration of
16
rivers degraded by past urban, industrial and agricultural developments is now a priority for
the developed nations (Calow et al., 1994).
2.8 Water Availability

Uttar Pradesh is endowed with bountiful water resources which were considered abundant
but because of increasing demand for various purposes namely irrigation, drinking and
domestic, power (thermal and hydro), industrial and other uses, its scarcity is becoming
apparent which shall get more pronounced with increasing population. The Table 1.3
clearly shows that even though the rainfall in India is more than the world average the
availability of water per person is less and in Uttar Pradesh it is still below the National
availability. This is because of high population and apart from domestic purpose most of
the water is utilized for Agricultural and Industrial purposes. Good water management
practices will increase the water availability both in India and in Uttar Pradesh.
Table 2 Rainfall and the availability of water per person.
Normal Rainfall
Places
Availability of water per person per year in liters

( in mm )
World
800
7.5 lakhs
India
1150
2.2 lakhs
Uttar Pradesh
968
0.8 lakhs
(Source: Uttar Pradesh Water Supply and Drainage Board).

What is Land Use/Land Cover?
"Land use is characterized by the arrangements, activities and inputs people undertake in
a certain land cover type to produce, change or maintain it" (FAO/UNEP, 1999)
17
What is Land Use/Land Cover Transformation?

Land-use and land-cover change (LULCC); also known as land change) is a general term
for the human modification of Earth's terrestrial surface. Though humans have been
modifying land to obtain food and other essentials resources for thousands of years. These
modifications encompass the greatest environmental concerns of human populations
today, including climate change, biodiversity loss and the pollution of water, soils and air
(definition taken from www.eoearth.org).
2.9 Background of Ghaziabad City

Ghaziabad is a city in the Uttar Pradesh state of India and is also referred as "Gateway of
UP" because it neighbour Delhi and is the main route to Uttar Pradesh. It is a part of
the East National Capital Region of Delhi. It is a large and planned industrial city, well
connected by roads and railways, and is the administrative headquarters of Ghaziabad
District as well as being the primary commercial, industrial and educational centre
of western Uttar Pradesh and a major rail junction for North India .Recent urbanization
have led to the city being described by a City Mayors Foundation survey as the secondfastest growing in the world. Situated in the Upper Gangetic Plains, the city has two
major divisions separated by the Hindon River namely: Trans-Hindon on the west and CisHindon on the east side. It is known for its high education rate i.e. 99% and for being the
most developed city in Uttar Pradesh. It is the largest industrial city in Uttar Pradesh,
second is Kanpur.
Trans Hindon Area (THA): When seen on map with North up it falls left to Hindon River.
18
In terms of physical development TH area remains highly depressed in the limelight of a

Mega magnet city like Delhi. Within Trans Hindon Area the areas falling in the vicinity of
NH-24 were rapidly developed and these are classified into two categories. First cluster
consists of Loni Road,Shalimar Bagh,Lajpat Nagar,Rajender Nagar(Medium Density
Areas),Shaheed Nagar,Jawahar Park(unplanned settlement) but due to increased land
prices the dramatic urbanization the present residential density is way beyond the planned
residential density proposed by the authority.
Second cluster is sandwiched between G.T Road and NH-24 whose industrial area was
almost developed in late 80s. Medium developed areas like Brij Vihar,Surya
Nagar,Ramprastha etc were developed earlier since they lies in the south of G.T.Road in
the railway lines proximity.
Cis Hindon Area (CHA) when seen on map with North up it falls right to Hindon River.
In this area two big unplanned settlements has been developed alongside both NHs i.e
Dundahera (NH-24) and Nandgram,Sahni (NH-58) since 1990s. In fact development taken
place at Nandgram Meerut Road is quite less because at the Southern stretch of NH-58 an
Industrial estate was developed since 1991 ,similarly
Bulandshahar Road saw big
industrial developments on South Western stretch and to the opposite side of this planned
development an unplanned development came into existence parallel whereas Hapur
Road undergone much more development.
Ghaziabad was founded in 1740 by the emperor, Ghazi-ud-din, who called it Ghaziuddin
nagar after himself and built a spacious structure consisting of 120 rooms of masonry with
pointed arches. After the opening the railway line the name of the place was shortened to
Ghaziabad. As its boundary is adjacent to Delhi, it acts as the main entrance of Uttar
19
Pradesh and that is why it is also called the GATEWAY OF U.P. Ghaziabad district, carved
out of Meerut district in 14/11/1976.
Road
In
terms
of
route
connectivity,
to Delhi, NOIDA, Hapur,
Ghaziabad
Modinagar,
is
Bulandshahr,
well-connected
Meerut,
on
all
sides
Baghpat, Saharanpur,
Haridwar, through three NHs viz. NH-24,NH-58 & NH-91 and SH-54 connects Baghpat
and Saharanpur. A large number of people commute to Delhi, Noida, Greater Noida and
Gurgaon every day for work.
Railways
Ghaziabad is a railway junction and several lines pass through the city. Its an important
city situated on the junction of Delhi-Howrah Railway line. The main railway station is
situated in the middle of the city.
Delhi Metro
The Delhi Metro extends to Dilshad Garden station which is situated at the Apsara Border.
At present it serves the areas of Shalimar Garden, Rajendra Nagar and other neighbouring
colonies. This line will be further extended to Old Bus Stand, Ghaziabad by 2016-17.
Another station exists at Vaishali, which serves that area as well as Vasundhara
and Indirapuram, and there is also a station at Kaushambi.There is plans to extend the
Blue Line Metro to Indirapuram and loni complete the Blue Line Circle by 2017.
Source:GNN and Wikipedia
2.10 Background of Hindon River
20
Formerly known as Harnandi, the Hindon River in the near past made Western Uttar
Pradesh a centre for agrarian fertility. Hindon River, a tributary of Yamuna river, is a river in
India that originates in the Saharanpur District, from Upper Shivalik in Lower Himalayan
Range. Up until the 1980s, the Hindon River breathed life and prosperity amongst the rural
population of Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Meerut, Baghpat, Ghaziabad and Gautambudh
Nagar districts. Today Hindon is a trunk sewer of the urban towns and carries a heavy load
of pesticides released from the agriculture runoff from the fields.
Verma et al. 1980 conducted detailed limn logical studies of Hindon river in relation to fish
and fisheries and reported that quality of the river water is not suitable for propagation of
fish culture and related aquatic life.
The river is entirely rain fed and has a catchment area of 7,083 km2.It flows between
Ganges and Yamuna rivers, for 160 km through Muzaffarnagar District, Meerut District,
Baghpat District, Ghaziabad, Noida, and Greater Noida before it joins Yamuna River just
outside Delhi. A highly populated and predominantly rural catchment, the Hindon River is
heavily utilized as a water resource for domestic, agricultural and industrial uses, while
untreated groundwater is the primary source of drinking water. The Hindon Air Force Base
of the Indian Air Force also lies on its bank in the Ghaziabad district on the outskirts Delhi.
Kali River, which originates in the Doon Valley, is a tributary of Hindon River, before it
merges with the Yamuna River. Recently, detailed studies on water and sediments of river
Kali, a tributary of river Hindon, have also been carried out in the Water Quality Laboratory
of National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee (Jain et al., 1997). It is reported that the river is
highly polluted due to the numerous untreated municipal and industrial effluents of
Muzaffarnagar district. The discharge of municipal and industrial wastes at regular intervals
21
does not allow any self-purification to occur. The important characteristic associated with
the pollution of the river is the depletion of oxygen over a stretch of about 25 km. The
Mass balance conducted for some water quality constituents shows that changes found in
load along the river may be mainly due to the contribution of non-point sources of pollution.
The following chemical parameters were chosen for quality analysis out like pH, Dissolved
Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Nitrate and Electrical Conductivity
because of availability since 2007, furthermore this data was converted with National
Sanitation Foundation (United States) Water Quality Index to achieve at a single value
defining the water quality within Ghaziabad Nagar Nigam (GNN) limits.
22
Figure 4 Tentative location of major point sources as per RTI filed by local environmentalists.
Source: www.yamunawaterkeeper.org
23
Table 3 Length of Hindon River and its Tributaries
Name of the River
Total Length (km)
Hindon
260
Krishni
78
Kali (West)
75
Nagdevi
41
Dhamola
52
Paon Dhoin
20
Major Drains Related To The River
80
Total
606
Source: Hindon Ki Deh, an article by B.B.Singh (Former Principal of M.M.H. College, Ghaziabad)
2.11 Present Status of the River

The Hindon River water has been evaluated for physical and chemical characteristics, the
presence of toxic contaminants and for biological diversity of river ecology. A once clean
river has been reduced to a trunk sewer passing through urban towns, carrying a heavy
load of pesticides released both from factories as well as agricultural runoff from the fields.
Dissolved Oxygen levels are more or less zero throughout the length of this river (Heather,
2007).
Untreated municipal wastes are known to contain a very high level of organic pollutants
and suspended particulate matter, disease causing bacteria and other pathogens, as well
as heavy metals which are not removed by conventional treatment are directly throw into
the Hindon River. The river also receives a high loading of degradable and non-degradable
domestic generated litter.
24
25
Figure 5 Images of Hindon River stretch passing from Ghaziabad (Primary Survey)
Figure 6 Hindon River Basin (Area>1000 ha)(after,Jain et al., 2001)
26
Table 6 Details of works executed under YAP I & II.
Sanc. Cost
S.No.
Scheme Name
Till Mar.10
Sanc. Date
Comp Date Status
(Lakhs)
Yamuna Action Plan I, State: Uttar Pradesh, City: Ghaziabad
1.
Afforestation
2.19
08/12/1998
30/09/1999
C*
2.
Low Cost Sanitation
34.13
09/06/1994
30/11/1995
112.73
14/02/1997
31/12/1997
1368.89
29/08/1997
31/08/1999
13.83
09/06/1994
30/06/1995
3.
4.
5.
STP(Cis-Hindon
Area,70
MLD)
STP(Trans Hindon Area,56
MLD)
Improved Wood Crematoria
Yamuna Action Plan II, State: Uttar Pradesh, City: Ghaziabad

1.
Low Cost Sanitation
252.29
27/06/2001
31/03/2002
2.
Public Participation
11.40
13/07/2001
31/03/2002
3.
Laboratory
Equip.
at
Ghaziabad,
Saharanpur
&
07.50
06/07/2001
31/12/2001
00.64
06/07/2001
31/12/2001
Noida
4.
Remedial Measures for NonSewage Facilities
Extended Yamuna Action Plan II, State: Uttar Pradesh, City: Ghaziabad
1.
2.
Reform Action Plan

Consultancy
Services
for
Master Plan
170.03
24/11/2006
1193.58
29/11/2006
C
30/04/2009
Source: YAP PH-I & II, Comprehensive development plan report.2011,UPPCB,GZB
27
C-Completed
Map 1 Base Map for Ghaziabad City(compiled by author based upon GNN map prepared by U.P Jal
Nigam,and through application of Arc G.I.S and Google imagery).
28
Map 2 Ward Map for Ghaziabad City(compiled by author based upon GNN map prepared by U.P Jal
Nigam,and through application of Arc G.I.S and Google imagery).
Table 7 List of Municipal Wards in Ghaziabad.
Ward code
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Ward Name (2011)

Kalka Gadi, Jaada
Old Vijayanagar
Christian Nagar Bagu
Shibbnpura Harvanshnagar
Maliwara Pran-gadi
Akbarpur Berhampur
Daulat Pura
Sector-12 Mata Colony
Pappu Colony
Nandgram Dindyalpuri
Patel Nagar Mukundnagar
TOT_POP_2011
12,742
15,687
35,081
17,385
10,609
28,198
20,839
14,367
31,851
39,192
12,926
29
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
Sarvodaya Nagar
Kailash Nagar
Gagan Vihar
Madopura Sunderpuri
Mehrauli
Karheda
Ambedkarnagar
Gukna
Morta
Shastri Razapur
Duhai
Dundaheda
Pasaunda
Arthala Pal Road
Vijayanagar Sec-9 - I
Sarai Nazar Ali
Maharaj Pur Kadkad Model
Vasundhara Colony
Saddiqnagar Nurnagar
Aryangar Kotganv
Nandgram Sihani
Raispur, Sanjay Nagar
Shastri Chiranjiv Vihar
Sadarpur Govindapuram
Sahibabad Jhandapur
Sanjay Colony
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
Shahpur Bamheta
Nasirpur
Shyampark Maun
Bhowapur Kaushambi
Harsanv Govindapuram
Kaila, Islamnagar
Shahidnagar I
Vijayanagar Sec-11-block
Garima Garden
Nehrunagar-II
Bhopura
Makanpur Indirapurm
20,568
14,854
27,329
14,375
14,357
26,058
9,911
21,472
13,337
15,031
17,496
27,318
23,979
17,268
11,302
9,791
23,217
67,945
22,971
13,558
26,128
13,306
30,613
21,262
21,376
18,562
22,276
12,771
15,158
26,655
14,202
19,348
18,858
18,165
25,476
11,204
25,375
1,19,434
30
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
Patel Nagar-II
Mirzapur
Shivpuri
Raj Nagar Kamla Nehrungar
Chanderpuri
Bajria
Sewanagar
Jawahar Park
Vaishali
Sanjaynagar-Guldhar
Rajendranagar, Sec-3
Lohiangar
Nehrunagar-III
Janakpuri
Shastri Nagar
Sanjaynagar-I
Pratap Vihar, Sec-11
Vivekanandnagar
Raj Nagar
Shalimar Gardens-I & II
Shidnagar-II
Sanjaynagar-II
Brajbihar -Rampuri
Lajptnagar-II
Peramnagar Bhattajat
Rajendra Nagar sec II & V.
Gandhinagar-Turabnagar
Lajpatnagr-I
Suryangar, Chandranagar
Kavinagar
Kaila Bhattajat
17,430
22,242
14,786
8,926
12,956
12,232
10,300
18,332
69,739
11,826
18,367
14,331
8,536
10,384
12,254
9,303
17,173
15,201
11,459
42,965
14,424
9,820
16,309
15,164
12,658
27,424
13,147
13,035
28,101
12,753
15,883
Source: Uttar Pradesh Electoral Commision,GMP 2021 & P.C.A 2011

Table 8 Ward Details of Ghaziabad 2001.
Ward Name (2001)

Arthala Sanjay Colony
Mata Colony
POP_2001
21,303
15,278
31
Dundaheda
Daulatpura
Jatwara Pakki Mori
Lohiyanagar Patel Nagar
Morta
Karheda
Vaishali Kaushambi
Mirzapur
Islam Nagar
Sadarpur Harsanv
Pappu Colony Bhopura
Shaheed Nagar Jawahar Park
Kailash Nagar Madhopura
Sihani SadiqNagar Noornagar
Kaila Kheda
Ghoonkna Nanad gram
Shaheed Nagar II Chikambarpur
Lajpat Nagar
Bajria Delhi Gate
Sewa Nagar Patel Nagar II
Gandhi Nagar Model Town
Nehru Nagar III
Pasaunda
Rajender Nagar sec 2,3
Malwari Prangiri
Nasirpur
Purana VijayNagar
Surya Nagar Chandra Nagar
Rajnagar II
NehruNagar II
Kadkad Mandan Sahibabad
Sanjay Nagar Raheespur
Kalka Gadi
Vivekanand Nagar
Kaila Bhatta
Brij Vihar
Kavi nagar I
Shahpur Bamheta
18,184
17,145
18,784
18,813
16,360
17,784
13,882
15,055
16,239
12,036
19,215
17,177
17,521
19,301
14,872
15,242
19,158
19,050
18,953
18,953
18,512
18,505
18,489
18,322
18,195
18,715
17,309
17,134
19,699
16,962
16,826
19,016
16,739
16,177
16,175
16,166
15,733
15,885
32
Janak Puri
Sarai Nazar Ali
Shastri Nagar Kamla Nehru Nagar
Kaila Prem Nagar
Kavi Nagar II
Ambedkar Nagar Vijay Nagar
RajNagar Sanjay Nagar
Shibban Pura
Shastripur Razapur
Maharajpur Jhandapur
Lal Quarter
Mawai
Sundri Puri Bhood
Duhai
Indirapuram Makanpur
Mahrauli Harsanv
Turab Nagar
Guldhar Sanjay Nagar A.B Block
Chandrapuri Mirzajan
Shyampark
Source: Uttar Pradesh Electoral Commission, GMP 2021& P.C.A 2001.
15,846
15,692
15,538
15,518
17,462
19,103
15,167
15,162
15,134
15,037
15,032
14,751
14,657
14,393
13,202
11,490
1,93,358
17,243
18,989
17,108
GNN had 40 wards within its municipal limits in 1996 which were further increased to 60
wards in 2001 and in 2006 no. of wards were increased to 80.
It is a large and planned industrial city, well connected by roads and railways, and is the
administrative headquarters of Ghaziabad District as well as being the primary commercial,
industrial and educational centre of western Uttar Pradesh and a major rail junction
for North India .Recent urbanization have led to the city being described by a City Mayors
Foundation survey as the second-fastest growing in the world.
33
Table 9 Demography Details of Ghaziabad.
GHAZIABAD CITY POPULATION EXISTING AND PROPOSED

No. of
CITY/ZONE(CHA,THA)
Wards
AREA(Ha)
POP_2001
POP_2011
POP_2015
POP_2021
Ghaziabad
City(GNN)
80 15,850
9,68,521
16,48,643 18,35,696 22,78,126
Cis Hindon Area
54 10,350
5,33,422
9,01,081
10,06,035 12,48,505
Trans Hindon Area
26 5,500
4,35,098
7,34,987
8,29,661
10,29,621
Source: PCA 2011 & Ghaziabad Master Plan 2021
Table 10 Population growth rate details.
Year
Population(Nos)
Decadal Growth (%)
1971
1,28,036
1981
2,87,170
124.28
1991(U.A)
5,11,759
78.21
2001
9,68,521
89.25
2011
16,48,643
70.23
Source: Planning Commission and Ghaziabad Master Plan 2021.
Population Trend for Ghaziabad City.

25,00,000
20,00,000
Population
34
15,00,000
10,00,000
5,00,000
-
POP_2001
POP_2011
POP_2015
POP_2021
Ghaziabad City(GNN)
9,68,521
16,48,643
18,35,696
22,78,126
Cis Hindon Area
5,33,422
9,01,081
10,06,035
12,48,505
Trans Hindon Area
4,35,098
7,34,987
8,29,661
10,29,621
Figure 7 Population trend for Ghaziabad, Source:PCA 2011 and GMP 2021.
Ghaziabad city is a part of N.C.R and shares its border with N.C.T Delhi. Delhi attracts in
migration from various parts of country for many reasons mainly education, employment,
better health facilities etc. This inflow is leading to spill over situations and needs to be
absorbed. Pars of Ghaziabad are absorbing this inflow from Delhi and due to which
population rise can be seen in trend line analysis.
35
Table 11 List of details of Present Facilities of Sewerage Treatment Plant.
Zone
Capacity(M.L.D)
Working/Grading
Dundahera (CHA) 70(UASB)(Sewage)+3(A

gro forestry)
Poor
Indirapuram(THA)
Poor
70 UASB( for city) 56(for

group housing) (SBR)
Remarks
This STP is underutilized
as it receives average of
68-70 MLD w/w. Sewer
lines were reported to be
choked at various places
posing a hindrance for
w/w to reach STP.
Furthermore competent
staff for O& M is not
available at both STP's.
City STP receives 80-110
MLD
hence
are
overloaded and doesn't
function well very often
faces choking of sewers.
Proper maintenance is
needed. Group housing
STPs is most of the time
bypassed
in
Hindon
without treatment.
Total capacity of Ghaziabad STP's mentioned in YAP phase-II was 129 MLD for 2011
existing capacity of then STPs was 199MLD.
Yamuna Action plan addresses
instalment of STP's as core activities which are deterioration river Yamuna water
quality. No ETP's are installed by the competent authority. Land requirement by 1
STP=0.3Ha/M.L.D.
Source:U.P Jal Nigam 2014 & GNN 2021 & CPCB & Primary survey.
It is to be mentioned that a total of 67 industries are categorized as Large & Medium units
whereas 313 units are covered under SSI category in whole of Ghaziabad, which are
polluting in nature. All such units have installed adequate effluent treatments plant and are
being monitored by UPPCB. Also it is being ensured by UPPCB that new units are set up
36
with adequate pollution control system and the site is compatible (Source- D.I.C Ghaziabad &
GMP 2021)
37
CHAPTER-3
CASE STUDIES
38
For this dissertation following national and international case studies were selected
these cases are regarding improvement of polluted wetlands into non polluted wetlands.
3.1 National Cases
Environmental up gradation of Sabarmati river
Bhoj wetlands Bhopal revitalization.
3.2 International Case
Cheong-Kye-Cheong lake
3.1.1 Environmental up gradation of Sabarmati River

Gradually, however, the intensive uses took their toll on the river. Untreated sewage flowed
into the river through storm water outfalls and dumping of industrial waste posed a major
health and environmental hazard. The river bank settlements were disastrously prone to
floods and lacked basic infrastructure facilities. Lacklustre development took shape along
the riverfront. Such conditions made the river inaccessible and it became a virtual divide
between the two parts of the city. Slowly, the city turned its back towards the river.
The first known proposal for developing the riverfront was given in 1961 by prominent
Ahmedabad citizens and the French architect Bernard Kohn. The Ahmedabad Municipal
Corporation (AMC) set up the Sabarmati Riverfront Development Corporation Ltd
(SRFDCL) in May 1997 funded by central government of India with a seed capital of INR 1
crore and was charged with the responsibility of developing the approximately 10.4 km
stretch along the river in the city(Extracted from www.sabarmatiriverfront.com)
39
Source: Sabarmati river

development
report.
Figure 8 Sabarmati River front
The feasibility report was prepared by Environmental Planning Collaborative (EPC) for the
Sabarmati Riverfront Development Proposal in 1998. It included technical assessments
and strategies for various aspects of the project, namely
Physical features of the river
River hydraulics
Land reclamation and embankments
Land ownerships
Water retention
Ground water recharge
Land use and road network
Infrastructural services
Resettlement & rehabilitation
Implementation strategy
project
40
Project costs and revenue potential
Financing, structure of the SRFDCL, and
Development management
Key Findings:
Stretch of Narmada passing through Ahmedabad has been transitioned from a

sewer drain to recreational place with the help of Ahmedabad authority and special
authority constituted for Sabarmati River an involvement of local peoples.
A new sewage system was greatly improved in the Sabarmati River, intercepting
sewage to divert it to treatment plants.
Source: http://twocircles.net/2014/apr/29
3.1.2 Bhopal Lake (Bhoj), Bhopal

Background
Lake Bhopal, located in the western part of Bhopal Municipality, the state capital of
Madhya Pradesh, consists of two man-made lakes, the Upper Lake and the Lower Lake.
The Upper Lake has a surface area of 36 km2 and catchment area of 361 km2 while the
Lower Lake has a surface area of 1.29 km2 and catchment area of 9.6 km2. The Upper
Lake was an important source of water providing more than 40percent of the drinking
water demand for an estimated population of 1.8 million in Bhopal City. The Lower Lake
was used mainly for recreation. The environmental condition of Lake Bhopal has
deteriorated over the past years because of inflow of point and non-point source pollutants
such as sewage and solid waste from the urban area and silt and nutrients from the rural
catchments. Encroachment on the lakeshore was also a contributing factor. Under these
41
conditions, the need for improvement of the environmental condition and the water quality
of the lake was increasing. Objectives The objective of the project was to promote
improvement of overall environmental conditions of Bhoj Wetland and improvement of
water quality of the Upper and Lower Lakes by implementing several pollution control and
environmental conservation measures within the two lakes and their catchment, thereby
contributing to the conservation of the lakes and improvement of overall health and
sanitary conditions of the local people.
Figure 9 Actual Afforestation (shaded areas) (Source: http://www.ilec.or.jp)
Figure 10 Bhoj Wetland Basin (Source: http://www.ilec.or.jp)
42
Development work done so far to revitalize Bhoj wetlands

1. Fringe Area Development: No construction zone located up to 50m from the full
tank level of the Upper Lake and within 33m of the Lower Lake.
2. Creation of Buffer zones between the lake and human settlement:
A 5.4 km link road on the north-east and 2.5km long Lake view promenade on the southeast fringe of the were constructed serving the dual purpose of preventing encroachment
of the lake fringe area and reducing the traffic pressure throughout the city.
3. Catchment Area Treatment: The catchment area of the Upper Lake covers about 361
km2, with agricultural practices being undertaken in most of the area. To mitigate the
inflow of silt, agricultural residues and other wastes into the lakes, 75 check dams of
loose boulder/gabion structures, and 2 silt traps having a cumulative silt trapping capacity
of 0.36 million m3, have been constructed across 31 inlet channels.
4. Sewerage system: An infrastructure has been developed that comprises an 86.7km
pipeline through congested settlements with 8 sewage pump houses and 4 treatment
plants for diversion and treatment of domestic sewage.
5. Solid waste management: The infrastructure of the Bhopal Municipal Corporation
was strengthened from project funds, by providing dumper placers, refuse compactors, a
sewer-cleaning machine and containers. An electronic weigh bridge also was installed at
the dump site to monitor the efficiency of each vehicle. These measures resulted in the
additional collection and disposal of 70 metric tons of solid waste from the 18 municipal
wards located in the urban watershed.
6. Prevention of pollution due to washing activities: There are unorganized
settlements of washer men along the Lower Lake, with the sewage from these
43
settlements previously flowing directly into the lake. Their cloth washing activities caused
drastic deterioration in the lakes water quality. To ameliorate the situation, the washer
men have been shifted outside the catchment of the Lower Lake, with rehabilitation sites
for 250 washer men families having all facilities for living and washing, being constructed.
7. Dredging and desilting of lakes
8. Weed removal
9. Relocation of idol immersion sites.
Map 3 Integrated Map of bhoj Wetland. (Source: http://www.ilec.or.jp)
44
Key findings from Bhoj Wetland Case Study:

Restoration of lake, its surrounding and its drainage line has various benefits such as
increase in biological diversity, social activity, ground water level and control of flood.
After going through the case studies following points can be inferred:
Restoration of lake and its surrounding is end of pipe treatment. Controlled

growth was suggested by declaring a no development zone around lake buffer.
As in the case of Bhopal Lakes if development around lake and its drainage line
was planned.
Catchment area treatment is the need of the hour for conservation of water and
biological diversity and has been treated accordingly.
3.2 Cheon-Gye-Cheong lake Seoul South Korea

Cheong Gye Cheon means more-or-less clear stream creek. The Cheong Gye Cheon
runs through the heart of the city, and is a tributary to the much larger Han River. The
Cheong Gye Cheon has its history of flooding, dredging, straightening, and plenty of of
the degradation as a consequence of intensive human development in its watershed. In
2002, an ambitious mayor (now president of Korea), Lee Myung-bak, was elected after
campaigning on a promise to restore the Cheong Gye Cheon. From 2002 to 2005, at a
cost of about $380 million (U.S.), the city tore down the freeway, ripped out the road, and
daylighted 6 kilometers (about 4 miles) of their stream. The primary opposition to the
project was from businesses and drivers who feared traffic congestion to address this, the
city invested in public transportation, including creating bus only lanes and pedestrian
bridges, reforming parking policies, etc. Per Dr. Lee, Seoul embraced a paradigm shift
from car to human-oriented street.
45
Adapted
from
Journal
Daylighting in the heart of

Figure 11 Cheong-Gye lake before restoration.
Seoul published in 2009.
Figure 12 Cheong-Gye lake after restoration.
46
Source:Journal
Daylighting in
the
heart
Seoul 2012
Figure 13 Remains of the expressway which existed earlier on this river and pebble bridge which offers
ancient flavor.
The piers seen in fig 13 are indeed remnants of (and reminders of the folly of) the former
highway that occupied the space. These sorts of leave-behinds create interesting
historical interactions. There a lots of beautiful features: art installations, signature
bridges (many just for pedestrians), and even these wonderfully ancient-feeling stone
step bridges: (note the side step in the middle, just in case two people meet in midcrossing and one needs to step to the side.
Key findings from Cheong-Gye-Cheong case study:
Expressway flyover was demolished, so as to promote pedestrianization along

with the lake by local authorities.
Lake has been revitalized as no waste is discharged through industries.
Control of anthropogenic activities near lake as it has been embanked viz. Fig .13
of
47
CHAPTER 4
REGIONAL SETTINGS OF GHAZIABAD
48
4.1 Ghaziabad Regional setting scenario:

Ghaziabad is a city in the Uttar Pradesh state of India and is also referred as "Gateway of
UP" because it neighbours Delhi and is the main route to Uttar Pradesh. It is a part of
the East National Capital Region of Delhi.
Map 4 Map showing Regional Settings of Ghaziabad.

Adapted from NCRPB New Delhi.
49
Table 12 List of Major Industries discharging their effluents in Hindon at regional level.
DISTRICT
S.NO.
INDUSTRIES NAME
Star Paper Mills Limited
Daya Sugar Works
Nagar Palika, Saharanpur
The Cooperative Company Ltd., Tapri
Titavi Sugar Mill, Titavi
Bajaj Hindusthan Limited, Budhana
Nagar Palika, Budhana
Kinauni Sugar Mill and Distillery
Sardhana Paper Mill
Dollar Sales Corporation, Sardhana
Nagar Palika, Sardhana
Ganga Paper Mill, Masoori Road
Expliti Trading and Marketing, Masoori Road
Triyesh Enterprises, Masoori Road
Ved Pulp Tissues Pvt. Ltd., Masoori Road
Vimal Organic, Bulandshahr Road
Nagar Nigam, Ghaziabad
Sandeep Papers, Ph-I, Noida
Kwatra Paper Mill, Noida
Tristar Paper Mill, Noida
SAHARANPUR
MUZAFFARNAGAR
MEERUT
GHAZIABAD
GAUTAMBUDH NAGAR
Source: Hindon River,Gasping for Breath A PAPER ON RIVER POLLUTION JANHIT FOUNDATION
2007,Heather Lewis
50
Hindon River contributing to Yamuna

catchment at regional scale.
Figure 14 Hindon River Basin(regional scale) (Area>1000 ha)(CWC)
Ghaziabad is a city over plains and river Hindon is flowing right across the middle of the
city since possessing a limited quantity and due to flood mitigation measures have already
been taken place hence it has low flood risks. Ghaziabads natural slope is from North to
South. Soil is loamy and Domat. Weather ranges from 4C to 41C and Annual average
precipitation during monsoons is 930 mm. Underground water qualities is good but Trans
Hindon area industrial pockets G/W quality is not good.
51
CHAPTER 5
ANALYSIS
52
5.1 Analysis of Land Uses of GNN area for 2005 & 2015.
Map 5 Land-Use Map 2005 Source: GMP 2021,Google imagery.

9%
Land-Use distribution 2005

31%
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
39%
0%
9%
7%
2%
Public/Semi
public
Transportation
Recreational
3% 0%
Figure 15 Land-Use distribution 2005. Source: GMP 2021,Google imagery.
53
Map 6 Land-Use Map 2015. Source: GMP 2021,Google imagery.
5%
Land-Use distribution 2015
22%
49%
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Public/Semi public
2%
Transportation
Recreational
4%
Water Bodies
5%
Agriculture
1%
Vacant Land
11%
1%
Figure 16 Land-Use distribution 2015,Source: GMP 2021,Google imagery.
Land Use Tranformation of Ghaziabad (2005-2015)

8000
7000
6000
5000
Area (ha)
54
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Residential Commercial
Industrial
PSP
Transportat
ion
Recreation
al
Water
Bodies
Agriculture
Vacant
Land
2005 Area(Ha)
4961.56
74.5
1350.85
80.96
432.24
1088.19
252.18
6218.68
1390.84
2015 Area(Ha)
7814.2
118.4
1789.85
173.44
780.18
705.99
233.31
3518.18
716.45
Figure 17 Graph showing L-U Transformation of Ghaziabad, Source: GMP 2021,Google imagery.
Inferences:
It has been established worldwide that LULC transformation starts from agricultural lands
to build up area Ghaziabad has witnessed the same with most of the transformation into
residential sector because of its proximity to the national capital.
55
5.2 Analysis of LU transformation from 2005 to 2015 for Hindon river

buffer of 50 m and 200 m.
Land Use distribution within 50m of Hindon

Buffer 2005.
4%
0%
Agriculture
9%
Residential
Recreational
WaterBodies
Vacant
87%
Others
Land Use distribution within 50m of Hindon

Buffer 2015.
2%
Agriculture
Residential
16%
1%
40%
WaterBodies
Vacant
13%
28%
50 m river buffer 2005
Recreational
Others
Map 7 Land Use Transformation of Hindon Buffer of 50m

for 2005 & 2015.
Figure 18 LU Distribution within 50 m buffer of

Hindon for 2005 & 2015.
56
Land Use distribution within 200m of

Hindon Buffer 2005.
Agriculture
0%
6%
1%
Residential
12%
Recreational
15%
66%
WaterBodies
Vacant
Others
Land Use distribution within 200m of

Hindon Buffer 2015.
2%
4%
Agriculture
9%
12%
Residential
50%
Recreational
Water- Bodies
23%
Vacant
Others
Figure 19 LU Distribution within 50 m buffer of

Hindon.
200 m river buffer
Map 8 Land Use Transformation of Hindon Buffer of 200m.
57
Inferences:
The transformation of agricultural lands into residential use is very alarming as this
development not only disturbs the flood plain also poses hindrance in natural drainage of
river and contributing to river pollution. Authorities and state govt. jointly needs to take
stringent actions to stop any development in river flood plain.
Analysis of impact of land-uses on Hindon River.

The analysis has been done in accord with the objectives of this dissertation.
5.3 Ascertaining the environmental status with respect to water.

Table 4 Designated Best Use Criteria for Surface Waters (Source: CPCB)
Designated Best Use

Drinking
Water
without
Class
Sources
Criteria
1. Total Coliforms organism MPN/100ml shall
conventional
be 50 or less.
2. pH between 6.5 and 8.5.

A
treatment
but
after
3. Dissolved Oxygen 6mg/l or more.
disinfection
4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20deg.C 2mg/l or less.
Outdoor bathing(Organized)
1. Faecal Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml
shall be 2500(max.
permissible) or 1000 (desirable).

B

4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20deg.C 3mg/l or less.
58
Drinking
Water
Sources
1. Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 5000 or less.
after conventional treatment
2. pH between 6 and 9.
C
and disinfection
3. Dissolved oxygen 4mg/l or more.

4.Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20deg.C 3mg/l or less.
Propagation of Wild life and
Fisheries

4. Free Ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/l or less.
Irrigation, Industrial Cooling,
1. pH between 6 and 9.
Controlled Waste Disposal
2. Electrical Conductivity at 25 deg. C micro

E
Max.2250
3. Sodium absorption Ratio Max.26
4. Boron Max.2mg/l.
Trend line graphs of various parameters taken for water pollution analysis:
mhos/cm
Chronological Longitudinal profile for Dissolved

Oxygen(mg/l)(Hindon River(07-12)).
9.0
A-Saharanpur
Station.
B-Binauli
Station(Meer
C.Sardhana
Station(Meer
D-Ghaziabad
station
*Number
denotes year.
8.0
7.0
D.O(mg/l)
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
Maximu
1.0
0.0
Mean
A07 B07 D07 B08 D08 A09 C09 D09 C10 B10 D10 C11 B11 D11 A12 C12 D12
Minimu
Figure 20 Chronological Longitudinal Profile for D.O (07-12).
Chronological Longitudinal profile for pH(Hindon River)(07-12)).

8.5
8.0
7.5
pH
59
7.0
6.5
6.0
Figure 21 Chronological Longitudinal profile for pH (Hindon River)(07-12)).
i.e A07 shall be

read as
parameter
monitored at
Saharanpur in
2007.
Figure 22 Chart to read % saturation against given temperature.
Chronological Longitudinal profile for B.O.D(mg/l) (Hindon River)(0712)).

300.0
250.0
B.O.D(mg/l)
60
200.0
150.0
100.0
50.0
0.0
Figure 23 Chronological Longitudinal profile for B.O.D(mg/l) (Hindon River)(07-12)
Chronological Longitudinal profile for Nitrate(mg/l) (Hindon River)(07-12)).

10.0
A-Saharan
Station.
B-Binauli
Station(M
C.Sardhan
Station(M
D-Ghaziab
station
*Number
denotes y
9.0
8.0
Nitrate(mg/l)
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
Max
m
3.0
2.0
Mea
1.0
Mini
0.0
Figure 24 Chronological Longitudinal profile for Nitrate(mg/l) (Hindon River)(07-12)).

Chronological Longitudinal profile for Fecal Coliform (MPN/100ml) from 0712.
50000000
45000000
Fecal Coliform (MPN/100ml)
61
40000000
35000000
30000000
25000000
20000000
15000000
10000000
5000000
0
Figure 25 Chronological Longitudinal profile for Fecal Coliform (MPN/100ml) from 07-12
(Source to every parameters trend line Enviro Data Bank CPCB).
i.e A07 sha

read as
parameter
monitored
Saharanpur
2007.
62
A-Saharanpur Station.
Following water quality parameters were taken for analysis
B-Binauli Station (Meerut)
of river pollution as they gets fit in Designated Best-Use
C.Sardhana
criteria being laid down by CPCB:
Station
(MuzaffarNagar)
1. Dissolved oxygen
D-Ghaziabad station
2. pH
*Number denotes year.
3. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
Maximum
4. Total Coliforms
Mean
5. Conductivity
Minimum
6. Nitrate
Since Hindon doesnt even qualify for category E hence
i.e A07 shall be read as
Water Quality Index (after National Sanitation Foundation

parameter
monitored
at
U.S) has been worked out to translate river quality into a

Saharanpur in 2007.
number.
Figure 26 Legend to read
Trendline for various
parameters.
5.4 Computation of Water Quality Index:

NSF WQI = 0.31*IDO+0.19*IBOD+0.22*IpH+0.28*I Coli
After National Sanitation foundation U.S Method of Indexing water quality:
The national sanitation foundation (NSF) USA has following mathematical structure for
water quality indexing:
WQI=(Wi.Ii),i=1 to p(Cude 2001)
Where,WQI=Water Quality Index
Ii=Sub-index for ith water quality parameter.
63
Wi=Weight (I terms of importance) associated with ith parameter, and

P=Number of water quality parameter
Table 5 Modified weights for water quality(based upon Rand,Delphi Techniques)
Modified weights for various water quality parameters(after Rand,Delhpi

Techniques)
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
WQ_Parameter
DO
BOD
FC
pH
Total
Original weights
Modified weights
0.17
0.1
0.15
0.12
0.54
0.31
0.19
0.28
0.22
1
Original weights were as per U.S standards, Modified weights are as per Indian standards by
CPCB 2001.
Table 6 Sub Index equations for NSF WQI.
Water Quality
Parameter
% Saturation of DO
BOD(mg/l)
pH
F.C (MPN/100ml)
Range applicable
0-40%
41-100%
101-140%
0-10
10.1-30
>30
2-5
5.1-7.3
7.31-10
1-1000
1001-10000
>10000
Equations
IDO=0.18+0.66 x(% Saturation DO)

IDO=-13.5+1.17 x(% Saturation DO)
IDO=163.34-0.62 x (% Saturation DO)
IBOD =96.67-7.00 XBOD.
IBOD =38.9-1.23 XBOD.
IBOD =2.
IpH =16.10+7.35 XpH.
IpH =142.67+33.5 XpH.
IpH =316.95-29.85 XpH.
IColi = 97.2-26.8 X Log (FC).
IColi = 42.33-7.75 X Log (FC).
IColi = 2.
After Abbasi 2002
*Note cells colored in gray color denotes values inferred through available data for this
study
64
Table 7 Translation of numerals to words for WQI.
Water Quality Index Level Water Quality Status (after Chatterji and Raziuddin 2002)
0 -25
Excellent water quality
Water fit for drinking purpose.
26 50
Good water quality
After treatment water can be consumed

supports aquatic life forms.
51 75
Poor water quality
After high level of treatment can be used for

industrial and irrigation purposes.
76 -100
>100
Very poor water quality

Unsuitable for drinking
Figure 27 Chronological behaviour of Hindon flow at Ghaziabad Barrage (2010-2014).
65
Table 8 Timeline details of various parameters and computation of WQI.

LOCATION
D.O.
(mg/l
)
pH
CONDUCTI
VITY
(mhos/cm
)
Ranges
4-6
Cl
A,B,
C,D
6.58.5 Cl
A,B,C
Max
2250@C
Cl D
0.8
7.1
933
1.18
43.8
197583
84.71
1.6
7.1
920
1.34
29.3
212727
84.72
0.3
7.1
1256
1.09
75
168333
84.71
0.3
7.1
1256
1.09
75
168333
84.71
0.3
7.2
568
0.65
75
174545
85.45
0.1
0.75
7.3
7.15
1164
1017
1.01
1.06
80
47.5
212500
1134021
86.19
85.08
NITRATE
(mg/l)
B.O.D.
(mg/l)
>1.2
23@20
C at
5days
TOTAL
COLIFORM
(MPN/100m
l)
(50-5000)
Cl A,B,C
NSF
WQI
HINDON AT
GHAZIABAD D/S,
U.P, 07.
HINDON AT
GHAZIABAD D/S,
U.P, 08.
HINDON AT
GHAZIABAD D/S,
U.P, 09.
HINDON AT
GHAZIABAD D/S,
U.P, 10.
HINDON AT
GHAZIABAD D/S,
11.
HINDON AT
GHAZIABAD D/S,
12.
Mean
66
Table 9 Matrix showing NPS for Hindon in Ghaziabad.
Matrix for Hindon Non-Point sources of pollution in Ghaziabad

Ward No. &
Name& Cat of
L-U.
Location
Area(
Ha)
Population
=(R.D*Area
)
S.G(K.L.
D)
Assumi
ng 80%
enterin
g
Hindon.
A)From Unplanned
Settlements(incl
17. Karheda (R
& PSP)
pashushala waste) near

Raj Nagar ext bridge
(dist from Hindon=15m)
4.51
244
28.68
23.80
20.2
1398
358.57
286.86
6.8
819
83.40
68.90
6.5
813
79.70
66.48
B) Planned Settlements
West North Neelmani
Col. & Parsvanath
Palace Multi storey
Housing (Distance from
17. Karheda (R)
49. MakanPur
Indirapuram (R)
49. MakanPur
Indirapuram (R)
Hindon bank=5m.
A)Kinauni Village (5m
from Hindon Bank.
B)Kanwauni Village ext.
(20m from Hindon Bank.
C)Radha pur behind Niti
49. MakanPur
Indirapuram (R)
Khand 2(11m from

Hindon bank)
8.3
1105
112.53
90.02
Total
46.31
4378
662.89
536.06
L-U codes R=Residential,PSP-Religiuos places.
Source: Google imagery, per capita water consumption factor=150 lpcd(after GOI)
* Note -Aforesaid NPS are majorly identified based upon Google imagery , local peoples
knowledge as there are more NPS(after jal biradari) present in the study area hence its a
tentative assessment of waste generation.
67
Table 10 Matrix for Hindon Point source's of pollution in Ghaziabad
Matrix for Hindon Point sources of pollution in Ghaziabad

Ward No. & Name& Cat of L-U.
17. Karheda (I)
55. Bajria (I & R)

55. Bajria -R
Location & description

A)Tila Shahbazpur illegal industrial clusters discharge
their trade effluents in Hindon coming through Loni
Industrial Area and through planned Industrial estate of
Mohan Nagar(most precisely this drain is known as
Mohan nagar drain) .
A)Meerut Road Industrial drain at Mortuary,Mahiuddin
Pur Village Ward Bajria.
Domestic sewage drain (near Antariksh society,Pratap
Vihar , Near NH-24.
Pipe
dia(m)
2
0.8
L-U codes R-Residential,I=Industrial(Source:Primary survey & U.P jal Nigam)
Figure 28 Spatial locations of Point and Non Point Sources of Hindon River, (Source: Google Imagery and
field survey).
68
Inferences from flow data and chemical analysis:

The Water Quality Index for Hindon from 2007-2012 onwards is computed and is ranging
between 84.71 to 86.19 with a mean value of 85.09. As when we translate this figure into
words it says very poor quality water after Abbasi 2002.
Parameter wise reasoning:
D.O: Is even lesser than 1 mg/l which is less than the prescribed minimum limit by
CPCB (4mg/l). Therefore the river water not fit for any needful use.
Reasons: Untreated industrial and domestic discharge from various Point sources
and NPS (agricultural fertilizers and discharge of sewage through unplanned
settlements. But still black Indian ducks, Turtles and few migratory birds like
cormorants and herons were spotted mainly after rain.
B.O.D: From above results average is more than 45 mg/l. which is way higher than
the permissible value and which are very high in dry weather flow (pre monsoon).
Reasons: Urban runoff , high content of untreated industrial and domestic waste
water from major identified point sources as well as Non Point Sources(including
agricultural and animal and human waste) carrying pet wastes from streets and
sidewalks, stagnation/ponding of water at upstream of Hindon barrage, leaves,
grass clippings, and paper from residential areas, which increase oxygen demand
Nitrate: Higher values of Nitrates witnesses discharging of metallurgical waste

through industrial drains in rivers vicinity.
Total Coliforms: These are found to be much higher than the permissible value
i.e. in above case it is > 100000 MPN/100ml.
69
Reasons: The open defecation which is still practiced in the banks and catchment
of the river pollutes the river as human and animal faecal waste consists of very
high quanta of F.C then T.C.
High concentration of sedimentation behind Indirapuram viz.is clearly visible due to

operation of illegal sand & aggregate crushing units which gradually decreases the
carrying capacity of the river.
Hindon River in Ghaziabad experiences high flow during monsoons like most of
the Indian rivers because of precipitation.
Hindon itself has very weak flow as it is ephemeral (entirely rain fed) stream,
additionally it receives water from Upper Ganga Canal at Khatauli(Muzaffar Nagar)
and Baleini (Baghpat) and unfortunately untreated industrial cum domestic waste.
70
5.5 Watershed delineation of Hindon & impact of development in rivers

flood plain on Hindon itself.
5.5.1 Watershed delineation of Hindon
The watershed map has been prepared using ASTER satellite D.E.M model with help of
Arc G.I.S of Ghaziabad city. Above map is based upon natural drainage of study area.
Shape of the catchment has been identified as a fern leaf shaped catchment. Typically a
leaf shape generates less base flow.
Map 9 Watershed Delineation Map of Ghaziabad.(Compiled by author)
71
Land-Use distribution Hindon catchment Ghaziabad.

Residential
15%
47%
8%
Commercial
Industrial
Public-Semi-Public
Agricultural
15%
Transportation
4%
10%
1%
Non-Conforming(outside
GNN)
Figure 29 L-U distribution within Hindon Catchment.
Inferences from water shed map:
Hindons catchment area for Ghaziabad has been computed as 12343 Ha.
Pattern of Hindon catchment is that of dendritic (tree) type.
Residential sector is the pre dominant Land Use within Hindons catchment.
5.5.2 Impact of development in rivers flood plain on river itself.
Figure 30 Impact of urbanization upon runoff.
72
Fig 28 is imperative of what a river buffer should be like viz fig.30 (a) and in present case
what has the buffer became like viz.fig.30 (d).
Basic equation of water cycle in atmosphere (after Detwyler 1971)
P=E+R+I Where, P= Precipitation E = Evaporation R= Runoff I= Infiltration
Sample calculations showing variation in runoff due to Illegal construction (Planned as well
as Unplanned) in Hindons flood plain (west Neelmani colony).
Total area of West Neelamani colony (Ghaziabad) = 1.9 Ha (19000 sq.m). (Measured
through Google Earth)
Assuming 40% built up area. Coeff of runoff = 75%, (Axc)1= 0.4x19000x0.75=5700 sq.m
Assuming 30% horticulture up area. Coeff of runoff = 30%, (Axc) 2= 0.3x19000x0.3=1710
sq.m
Assuming 20% road area. Coeff of runoff = 85%, (Axc) 3= 0.2x19000x0.85=3230sq.m
Assuming 10% Paved area. Coeff of runoff = 70%, (Axc) 4= 0.1x19000x0.7=1330 sq.m
Average annual rainfall of Ghaziabad (i) = 905mm (Source:IMD)
Q=C runoff x (i) x A land-use
Q= Gross recharge
Q= 0.905 x (5700+1710+3230+1330)=10832 cubic metres.=7982.1x1000=~10.8 ML/year.
In absence of this project (Ghaziabad is almost flat in terrain) C=0.15
Q=0.15x19000x0.905=2.58ML/year.
The difference = 10.8-2.58=8.22ML/Year.
Inference from runoff calculations:
A major part of this computed difference plus more amount of urban runoff from
unplanned as well as planned settlements i.e West Neelamani colony is not
73
reaching the stream due to which river has lost its environmental flow(primary
survey) in Ghaziabad thereby as a reason of which the natural drainage and river
aquifer interaction gets disturbed altogether.
Surface runoff when passes through various land uses more specifically roads and
built up areas brings pollutants from their and leads it to the stream or contaminated
ground water.
Table 11 Regulatory framework on conservation of wetlands.
GOI stand on conservation of wetlands.

Permissible
activities(approval
to
be Resticted activities
taken from state govt)

i)Withdrawal
of
water,
impoundment, i)Conversion of wetlands to non-wetland
diversion, interruption of sources carried use with appropriate benchmarks in time for
within the natural carrying capacity of the land
wetland ecosystem and essential for the (ii)
sustenance
of
local
use.
Reclamation
communities. (iii)Setting up
(ii) Harvesting of living and non-living expansion
of
of
of
wetlands.
new industries
existing
and
industries.
resources, grazing to the level that the (iv)Manufacture or handling or storage or

basic nature and character of the biotic disposal of hazardous substances as
community
(iii)Treated
is
not
effluent
adversely
affected. specified
discharges
in
from Government
the
notifications
of
of
the
India.
industries, cities or towns, human settlements (vi)Discharge of untreated wastes and
74
and agricultural fields falling within the limits effluents from industries, cities or towns
prescribed by the CPCB or the SPCB. and other human settlements; the existing
(iv)Plying of motorized boat, if it is not practices.
detrimental to the nature and character of the (vii)Any construction of permanent nature
biotic
community. except for boat jetties within fifty metres
(v)Dredging only if the wetland is impacted from the mean high flood level observed in
by
(vi)Construction
siltation. the last ten years in the standing water

of
boat
jetties. bodies.
(viii)Facilities required for temporary use such (viii)Any other activity to be specified in
as pontoon bridges and approach roads; writing
by
the
regulatory
authorities
xi)Activities which interfere with the normal constituted in accordance with these rules,
run-off and related ecological processes upto which may have adverse impact on the
200 meters as per the definition of wetland.
ecosystem of the wetland.
Source: MOEF(Wetland Conservation and Management Rules May 10 ,2010)
75
5.6 Spatio temporal Analysis
Figure 31 Google image at Raj Nagar Extension Bridge 2005(through historical data).
Figure 32 Google image at Raj Nagar Extension Bridge 2015.
76
Figure 33 Google image at Raj Nagar Extension Bridge 2005.
Figure 34 Google image at Raj Nagar Extension Bridge 2015 illegal stone crushing unit making Hindon
silt laden.
77
Inferences from Spatio-temporal analysis:
Construction of Raj Nagar Extension Road Bridge has halved the width of the
river from as it can be clearly observed in the image. Main course of Hindon from
(2010 onwards) has shifted. Due to the construction of this bridge nearly 250m of
tapered pattern of Hindon viz. was land filled then embanked and bridge piers
were constructed in the half course of it which should have been running all across
the river offering space for the river flow without hindrance. NGOs working for
Hindon conservation opposed this move by GDA.
GDA has delineated river front development zones in GMP 2021 which measures
to be 120m from Hindon river perennial boundary at west Neelamani colony viz.
but Neelamani colony is almost abutting the river boundary hence it hindering the
natural gravity drainage. Upon discussion with local peoples and N.G.Os it was
revealed that GDA is giving go ahead to real estate giants to compromise with
the river flood plain which is a violation of GMP 2021 by GDA itself.
Behind planned settlements of Indirapuram totally illegal stone crushing plant just
touching Hindon and is functional by the grace of authorities and local builders
which is discharging its silt directly into Hindon .This activity is highly incompatible
for a river and its flood plain.
78
CHAPTER-6
PEOPLES PARTICIPATION
79
6.1
Importance
of
peoples
participation
in
natural
resource
management:
Peoples participation and public awareness programs are thus not only essential
instruments for successful and sustainable river management but are also important tools
in countering negative attitudes toward rivers. For an environmental project like
conservation and management of Hindon River, participation of duly aware people who
has some stake in the river is prerequisite. Participation of the public can only be solicited
when the people are aware about the project. The project shall be successful only when
their interests and reservations are incorporated in planning and execution of the project.
This concept is based on the premise that local communities have an intrinsic relationship
with local natural resources, which are important for their lives and livelihoods. They have
their own perspective on such resources with a diverse inventory of knowledge and
experience. Such knowledge can be revealed only through participatory interactions for
learning and action(Craps et al 2007).
The principles are:
Listening and learning
Offsetting biases
Proper utilization of precious community time
Seeking diversity
Cross-checking
80
Figure 35 Community participation process chart.(Source: OECD & author)
Table 12 People's feedback through primary survey.
S. No.
Issues
Percentage of Aware people
Odour in river water
95
Deterioration of water Quality
90
Discharge of Industrial Effluent
85
Siltation
55
81
Algal bloom
22
Ground water recharge
27
6.2 Awareness level of peoples pertaining to Hindonriver in Ghaziabad.

In the areas around the river, sewage is discharged into the river. Open defecation and
cattle grazing in the river is generally used.
Awareness levels regarding ecological benefits of river are not that impressive.
Important ecological functions of river like ground water recharge, nutrient
retention, micro-climate stabilization, etc. are not known by many people.
Community people are against the discharge of industrial effluent into the river.
People are very much in favour of development of the river area as a tourist spot
as they do realize that will inflow of money to them.
6.3 Need of assesment of peoples participation.

People living in the catchment in the city were found to be concerned only related to the
effect on the supply of water and the odour coming from the water. Majority of them were
found aware that their actions are responsible for the same. But they were one up in
blaming that government is doing nothing and engineers are planning to misappropriate
the money meant for desilting of the river. They think that only remedy for the river is to
desilt the sediments and garbage from the bed of the river. In their opinion now the only
purpose of the river is to accumulate enough water for uninterrupted supply to them. They
are also much bothered that odour should not come out from water. They are not aware
82
about the inter relation between them and the river. Much sensitization is needed among
this group of people.
6.4 N.G.O working for Hindon(Jal Biradari).

Jal Biradari, Ghaziabad.
Hindon Jal Biradari: Running under guidance of main co-ordinator Vikrant Sharma, who
along with fellow environmentalists has been raising awareness about protecting the River
Hindon that flows from Saharanpur through parts of the National Capital Region into the
Yamuna. But their efforts under the banner of, are not merely for this particular river, says
Vikrant. This struggle is for all the rivers of the country. The activists' contention is that
there is no proper river policy to provide guidance on legitimate and illegitimate use of
these vital water bodies that flow through the subcontinent. Vikrant relates how his
mentor, India's Jal Purush' (Water Man) Rajendra Singh, along with environmentalist G.D.
Agarwal and other activists from across India, proposed a draft river policy in FebruaryMarch 2011.
Jal Biradari, Ghaziabad, undertakes awareness-raising hikes (padyatras) along the banks
of the Hindon in Ghaziabad district. The best time for a padyatra is either in FebruaryMarch or September-October. For the past four years, every year we have been taking a
padyatra in this district, where the river flows past 16 villages. In the early days no one
even bothered about us. No one offered food or shelter. And there are no shops or
markets in those areas. But now villagers welcome us. Now, a padyatra is planned from
source to mouth of the river which so far the activists have done only with the help of
vehicles. I got this idea from Sunderlal Bahuguna. Once he told us about how he walked
83
along a river for months till its source. I thought if one single old gentleman can do it, why
can't we? Source: The Hindu 24 May 2012.
Figure 36 Hindon runs red near Indirapuram NH-24 photo credit Jal Biradari.
Figure 37 Some good biodiversity at the confluence of Upper Ganga canal with Hindon photo credit : Jal
Biradari.
Figure 38 Algal bloom at the confluence of Hindon with UGC photo credit : Jal Biradari.
84
Through the images it can be inferred that if Hindon gets fresh water it can be rejuvenated
and lost biodiversity can be reclaimed in the polluted patches if precautions regarding
unauthorized discharges into Hindon.
Inferences from peoples participation:
Peoples living near Hindon is very much concerned about raised pollution levels.
Municipality and development authorities are highly criticized for river degradation.
Pressure groups (N.G.Os) are working for the welfare of river but are very often
criticized by govt. officials for disturbing development activities.
85
CHAPTER 7
REMEDIAL MEASURES / PROPOSALS
86
Proposals are stated as per the objectives of this dissertation.
7.1 Proposals regarding impacts of chemical pollution in Hindon.

For the maintenance of wholesomeness of Hindon river following proposals have been
recommended.
Major Industrial clusters (refer table & map for spatial details) which are discharging their
untreated trade effluents in Hindon and Hindon cut canal. Predominant nature of these
industrial clusters is food processing, agro based, polymer based, metal-based and
chemical industries etc. Decentralised effluent treatment plants within these clusters are
strongly recommended and the treated water should be used by the industries for nonpotable uses themselves and not to be discharged in the river.
CETP is proposed for industrial waste water treatment since it offers methodical
planning, regular operation and equitable contribution of member units (Rajaram et
al., 2008) and occupies less space.
Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) framework is to measure and assess

performance of the identified key strategies. It is proposed to select Research
Institutions and universities (Engineering colleges and professional institutes) and
train on methods and approaches on monitoring mitigation and adaptation
projections. Line departments have their inbuilt monitoring mechanism which may
take care of monitoring and evaluation once trained.
If still violation takes place the polluter should be punished under Pollution pays
principle.
87
For residential L-U reuse and recycling of grey and black water should be
mandatories for new developments.
7.2 Proposals regarding impacts of development activities in Hindon.
The residents of west Neelamani colony, Kanauni Village, Unplanned settlements

behind Niti Khand, Indirapuram should be resettled to some other location other
than Hindon river buffer and all the group housing development in 50m buffer
should be halted and demolished i.e Parsvanath Palace (as per Moef notification
no permanent structure should be allowed within 50m riparian buffer of river.
The 254 metre soil filled patch of Raj Nagar extension bridge should be
redeveloped in a way that offers the lost regime and width of Hindon(refer spatialtemporal analysis).
Rain water harvesting should be promoted to recharge G/Win Land-Uses other

than industries and transportation falling under Hindons catchment area within
GNN , since residential L-U makes almost 50 % of it ,hence for existing
developments incentives can be awarded by authorities to the land owners if they
have installed and maintained RWH structures for new developments RWH
structures.
Change in Institutional Linkage to act independently or better to institute an

independent river development authority. Which will deal with the issues with river
flood plain, encroachment should be dealt on priority basis.
88
Total demolition of illegal stone crushing unit near village Kanwani, Indirapuram
which is releasing its crushed waste into river which has led to siltation and
increased TDS.
7.3 Proposals regarding assessment of peoples participation in

conservation of Hindon.
Capacity building of local people as through primary survey it was revealed that
local peoples are much concerned regarding colour and foul smell but they are
less aware regarding the activities which are disturbing the physico-chemical
process of river.
Afore said plan can be achieved through organizing workshops and sensitization
seminars for public awareness by government or N.G.Os working for the welfare
of river.
Lightening on the road around the river periphery so that local people can be
vigilant of illegal dumping's which especially takes place during nights.
Community involvement in development activities should be encouraged. This to

be done by formation of eco-clubs, self-help groups, instituting awards.
89
Map 10 Spatial Location of Industrial clusters of Ghaziabad.

Adapted from base map (compiled by author based upon GMP 2021, Google imagery).
90
CHAPTER- 8
RIVER CONSERVATION POLICY AND MAINSTREAMING
INTO GMP 2021
91
8.1 River conservation policy:

State government has full authority to define policy for river conservation
that the rivers
can be rejuvenated in following ways:
Clear demarcation of no construction zone within a buffer of 50 m on the both

sides of river (refer map) to safeguard river flood plain with statutory backing which
can force the authorities (like GDA,GNN,etc.) by state government.
State/local authorities immediately need to ensure restriction on ground water

extraction and construction activities in river flood plain. Hence enforceable
guidelines for river zone conservation is the need of the hour Only treated water
through polluting industries should be discharged into river.
All technical information related to daily water flow, rainfall, storage level,
evaporation and other relevant information and documents should be available to
the committee and also put in public domain.
Action plan (1-2 yrs.) to rejuvenate river by release of additional water(if it is held up
(sharing of water among the districts) massive greening of flood plain ensuring that
no power and water supply to be given if future construction comes role of pressure
group---if State/city authorities fails.
Change in Institutional Linkage to act independently for river conservation or better

to institute an independent river development authority. Which will deal with the
issues with river flood plain, encroachment should be dealt on priority basis.
Enforcement of zoning regulations should be strengthened.
Aforesaid policy should be incorporated into existing Master Plan of Ghaziabad.
92
8.2 Mainstreaming into existing master plan of Ghaziabad (GMP 2021).

Table 13 Mainstreaming matrix.
Mainstreaming of Policies & Proposals into GMP 2021.

Residential
Industrial
Infrastructure Traffic & Environment
Transport
To improve
New Group
Two CETP's
Existing sewer --
No
Hindon's
Housing's
should be
lines and
construction
water quality. should have to constructed i.e. STP's should
zone within
have
one at
be re
50 m buffer
provisions of
Sahibabad
strengthened
should be
G/W recharge Industrial area
and no drain
included
and zero
from planned
along with its
discharge and and one at
settlements
spatial details
no drain
Meerut Road
should be
with strong
carrying
Industrial area
discharged
vigilance by
domestic
(C.H.A) to treat into Hindon.
site IV (T.H.A)
authorities,
sewage should waste from L.S.I
ULBs,
be discharged and SSI clusters
communities
into Hindon.
with strict
& local
monitoring by
people. (A
C.A .
separate
chapter on
93
river policy
To mitigate
No
impact of
construction
--
Lightening on Construction Can be

the road
of any
added into
developmental zone within the
around the
flyover,
GMP2021).
activities upon demarcated
river periphery bridge &
Hindon.
river
so that local
conservation
people can be should not
zone. No MSW
vigilant of
pass
should be
illegal
through the
disposed near
dumping's
demarcated
river by the
which
50 m buffer
unplanned
especially
of Hindon.
settlements
takes place
and authorities.
during nights.
road etc.
Strict monitoring by urban authorities and timely implementation of proposals needs to be

ensured.
94
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i

Thesis report on Impacts of Land-Uses on Hindon River, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.

Thesis report on Impacts of LandUses on Hindon River, Ghaziabad, Uttar

Department of Environmental Planning

Thesis report on Impacts of Land-Uses on Hindon River, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.

School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi

Thesis report on Impacts of Land-Uses on Hindon River, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.

Dr. Meenakshi Dhote

Thesis report on Impacts of Land-Uses on Hindon River, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.

(Syed Tauseef Hussain)

Thesis report on Impacts of Land-Uses on Hindon River, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.

Impact Assessment of Land-Uses on Hindon River

Thesis report on Impacts of Land-Uses on Hindon River, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.

Thesis report on Impacts of Land-Uses on Hindon River, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.

Thesis report on Impacts of Land-Uses on Hindon River, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.

Thesis report on Impacts of Land-Uses on Hindon River, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.

Thesis report on Impacts of Land-Uses on Hindon River, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.

Thesis report on Impacts of Land-Uses on Hindon River, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.

Figure 21 Chronological Longitudinal profile for B.O.D(mg/l) (Hindon River)(07-12) .... 60

Thesis report on Impacts of Land-Uses on Hindon River, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.

Thesis report on Impacts of Land-Uses on Hindon River, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.

Thesis report on Impacts of Land-Uses on Hindon River, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.

Syed Tauseef Hussain NS/EP/286

Thesis report on Impacts of Land-Uses on Hindon River, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.

To ascertain the environmental status of Hindon with respect to water pollution

To assess the physical impacts due to development activities in Hindons flood

To assess the involvement of peoples participation in ecological conservation of

To recommend/suggest remedial measures for mitigating adverse impacts on

1.3 Introduction to study

Figure 1 Introduction to study area.

Syed Tauseef Hussain NS/EP/286

Thesis report on Impacts of Land-Uses on Hindon River, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.

Syed Tauseef Hussain NS/EP/286

Thesis report on Impacts of Land-Uses on Hindon River, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.

1.4 Research Methodology

Figure 2 Research Methodology

Syed Tauseef Hussain NS/EP/286

Thesis report on Impacts of Land-Uses on Hindon River, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.

1.5 Need for Study

Condition of Hindon river in Ghaziabad Nagar Nigam limits of Ghaziabad district is

CPCB apex body for pollution in India released Cumulative Environmental

residences(mostly unplanned in the vicinity of study area) which is generating

Syed Tauseef Hussain NS/EP/286

Thesis report on Impacts of Land-Uses on Hindon River, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.

1.6 Scope/Limitations of study

Syed Tauseef Hussain NS/EP/286

Thesis report on Impacts of Land-Uses on Hindon River, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.

Syed Tauseef Hussain NS/EP/286

Thesis report on Impacts of Land-Uses on Hindon River, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.

2.1 Influence of urbanization on water bodies

Syed Tauseef Hussain NS/EP/286

Thesis report on Impacts of Land-Uses on Hindon River, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.

River as biodiversity conservation area: As of now stretch of Hindon passing through

2.2 River Classification

Classification of rivers based on discharge characteristics and the drainage area

1. Very large rivers

Syed Tauseef Hussain NS/EP/286

Thesis report on Impacts of Land-Uses on Hindon River, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.

2.3 Background Study

Syed Tauseef Hussain NS/EP/286

Thesis report on Impacts of Land-Uses on Hindon River, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.

2.4 Indian River System

Syed Tauseef Hussain NS/EP/286