Original Passage Compiled

The world of probability revolves around the use of terminology to both understand and
apply the concepts to the many word problems that arise within this subject. Probability is
the measure of the likelihood that an event will occur. Probability is quantified as a number
between 0 and 1 where 0 indicates impossibility and 1 indicates certainty. The higher the
probability of an event, the more certain that the event will occur. Theres several types of events
that we need to be able to identity such as dependent, independent and mutually exclusive
events. Two events are independent if the outcome of one has no effect on the outcome of the
other. The classic example would be rolling a pair of dice. What happens with one die has no
effect on what happens with the other die. Two events are dependent if the outcome of one has an
effect on the outcome of the other. The classic example would be drawing cards from a deck
without replacement. The probability of drawing a card changes depending on what other cards
have already been drawn. The term mutually exclusive is often confused with independent, but
these terms are not interchangeable. Mutually exclusive events cannot occur simultaneously.
Independent events have no impact on the viability of other options. For example, you cannot
roll two numbers simultaneously on a single die. However, getting a certain number on an initial
roll has no impact on the result of a subsequent roll. All rolls of a die are independent events.
Finding the probability of a single event entails taking the number of desired outcomes divided
by the total number of outcomes possible also known as the sample set. Finding the probability
of multiple events is more complex and requires the use of permutations and combinations. It is
very important to make the distinction between permutations and combinations. In permutations,
order matters and in combinations order does not matter.

CLOZE
THE

TEST

WORLD OF PROBABILITY REVOLVES AROUND THE USE OF TERMINOLOGY TO BOTH

UNDERSTAND AND APPLY THE CONCEPTS TO THE MANY WORD PROBLEMS THAT ARISE
WITHIN THIS SUBJECT.
AN EVENT WILL
BETWEEN

PROBABILITY

_____(2)_____. PROBABILITY

AND

WHERE

_____(5)_____. THE

_____(4)_____

_____(7)_____

EVENT WILL OCCUR.

THAT

_____(9)_____

NEED TO BE

BE ROLLING A
NO EFFECT

THE

_____(15)_____

_____(17)_____

OF DRAWING A

OFTEN CONFUSED WITH

INTERCHANGEABLE.

MUTUALLY

_____(35)_____

OPTIONS.

SIMULTANEOUSLY ON A

FOR

_____(37)_____

_____(40)_____

OF A SUBSEQUENT ROLL.

_____(42)_____

INDEPENDENT EVENTS.

_____(44)_____

_____(46)_____

SAMPLE SET.

_____(22)_____

HAS AN EFFECT ON

_____(26)_____. THE

_____(39)_____

CARDS

_____(30)_____

_____(32)_____
OCCUR

NO IMPACT ON THE VIABILITY OF

ROLL TWO NUMBERS

GETTING A CERTAIN

NO IMPACT ON THE

_____(41)_____
THE

PROBABILITY

_____(28)_____

_____(33)_____

HOWEVER,

TWO

EXAMPLE WOULD BE

_____(36)_____

FINDING

DIE.

ROLLS OF A DIE

_____(43)_____

OF A SINGLE

THE NUMBER OF DESIRED

_____(45)_____

DIVIDED BY

OF OUTCOMES POSSIBLE ALSO

_____(47)_____

AS THE

_____(48)_____

COMPLEX AND

_____(20)_____

BUT THESE TERMS ARE

DIE.

ON AN INITIAL ROLL

THE TOTAL

DIE HAS

_____(34)_____

_____(38)_____

EVENT ENTAILS

_____(18)_____

TERM MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE

EXAMPLE, YOU

NO

HAPPENS WITH

EXCLUSIVE EVENTS

SIMULTANEOUSLY. INDEPENDENT EVENTS

_____(14)_____

WOULD

CHANGES DEPENDING ON WHAT

_____(31)_____,

TYPES OF EVENTS

_____(16)_____

THE _____(24)_____

_____(29)_____. THE

THE MORE CERTAIN

CLASSIC

FROM A DECK WITHOUT

_____(27)_____

HAVE ALREADY BEEN

THE

IF THE OUTCOME OF

OF THE OTHER.

_____(25)_____

WHAT

INDICATES

_____(12)_____. TWO

THE OUTCOME OF ONE

OF THE OTHER.

OF DICE.

TO IDENTITY SUCH AS

WHAT HAPPENS WITH THE

_____(21)_____

_____(23)_____

DRAWING

_____(13)_____

_____(19)_____

EVENTS ARE

_____(6)_____,

THERES _____(8)_____

_____(10)_____

THAT

_____(3)_____

INDICATES IMPOSSIBILITY AND

INDEPENDENT AND MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE

EVENTS ARE INDEPENDENT

EFFECT ON THE

IS QUANTIFIED AS A

HIGHER THE PROBABILITY OF AN

THAT

_____(11)_____,

_____(1)_____

IS THE MEASURE OF THE

THE PROBABILITY OF MULTIPLE

_____(50)_____

_____(49)_____

THE USE OF PERMUTATIONS AND

IS MORE

_____(51)_____. IT

IS

VERY IMPORTANT TO

_____(52)_____

COMBINATIONS. IN PERMUTATIONS,

THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN

_____(54)_____

_____(53)_____

MATTERS AND IN

AND

_____(55)_____

ORDER DOES NOT MATTER.

Vocabulary List (Week 2 Assignment)

Combination: a grouping of items in which order does not matter

Data: The observation gathered from an experiment, survey or observational study.
Dependent events: Two events are dependent if the occurrence of either affects the

probability of the occurrence of the other.

Geometric Probability: form of theoretical probability determined by a ratio of lengths,

areas, or volumes
Independent events: Two events are independent if the outcome of one event has no

effect on the outcome of the other.

Mutually Exclusive: events that cannot both occur in the same trial of an experiment
Odds: A way to represent the likelihood of an events occurrence.
Outcome: An outcome is the result of an experiment.
Permutation: a selection of a group of objects in which order is important
Probability: the chance that a particular event will occur expressed on a scale from 0 to

1.
Sample Set: The set of all possible outcomes
Union Formula: P(A or B) =P(AUB)=P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)
Addition Rules

Answer Key to Cloze Test

1. Likelihood
2. Happen
3. Number
4. 0
5. Certainty
6. Event
7. The
8. Several
9. We
10.
Able
11.
Dependent
12.
Events
13.
If
14.
Has
15.
Outcome
16.
Example
17.
Pair
18.
One
19.
On
20.
Other
21.
Dependent
22.
One
23.
Outcome
24.
Classic
25.
Cards
26.
Replacement
27.
Card
28.
Other

29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.

Drawn
Is
Independent
Not
Cannot
Have
Other
Cannot
Single
Number
Has
Result
All
Are
Probability
Taking
Outcomes
Number
Known
Finding
Events
Requires
Combinations
Make
Permutations
Order
combinations

Randomized
Word Bank (Accommodation)

Known

Single

All

Cannot

Probability

Result

Not

Several

Combinations

Pair

Events

Cards

Number

Permutations

One

Number

Requires

Finding

Has

Dependent

Likelihood

Are

Able

Other

Example

Dependent

combinations

Classic

Have

Drawn

Order

Has

Replacement

Card

Certainty

Happen

Taking

Event

Make

Other

Outcome

Events

Other

Outcome

The

If

Is

Cannot

On

Independent

Outcomes

We

One

Number

Grading Scale
Grade
A
B
C
D
F

Number of Words Correct Out of the 55 Total

40 +
34-39
28-33
21-27
20 or less

Range of Percentages
70 % - 100%
61% - 70%
51% - 60%
38% - 49%
0% - 36%