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atom
Atom: from idea to theory
Democritus developed the idea of atoms without proofs or facts. Smallest
particle of an element that retains the chemical identity of that element
Derived from Greek word atomos which means indivisible
5 main points of Daltons Atomic Theory: (proved through a series of
experimentation)
All matter is composed of extremely small particles called atom
All atoms of a given element are identical having the same size, mass and
chemical properties. Atoms of a specific element are different from those of
any other element
Atoms cannot be created, divided into smaller particles or destroyed
Different atoms combine in simple whole-number ratios to form compounds
In a chemical reaction, atoms are separated, combined or rearranged
Weaknesses:
Atoms consist of even smaller particles called electrons (-), protons (+) and
neutrons
Atoms can be created and destroyed in the nuclear reactions such as nuclear
fusion and nuclear fission
Atoms of the same element can have different physical properties (ex.
Isotopes)
Isotopes atoms that have the same number of protons but different number of
neutrons
Eugene Goldstein
Proved the existence of protons (1886) through canal ray tube
Joseph John Thomson
Discovered electrons (1897) through cathode ray tube experiment
Ernest Rutherford
The atom is mostly empty space
Most of the atoms mass concentrated in a tiny center, the nucleus and
electrons being held in orbit around it by electrostatic attraction
Niels Bhor
Electrons in an atom of an element are not randomly distributed around the
atomic nucleus but move around the nucleus in fixed orbits forming a circle
and with a fixed distance from the nucleus
James Chadwick
Discovered the presence of neutrons (1932) in the nuclear (neutrons make
protons stick together when they repel)
This tiny particle has no charge with mass is almost similar to the proton
mass
All nuclei contain protons and neutrons except for the hydrogen only has
proton
SYMBOL
P
n
e
RELATIVE CHARGE
+1
0
-1
RELATIVE MASS
1
1
1/1840 or
0.0005435
Where:
X element
Z atomic no
A mass no
C charge it applied
Nuclear Chemistry
Radioactivity
Spontaneous emission of radiation from an element (ex. U, Ra, Po)
Chemical properties of radioactive element change as it gives off radiation
(happens in nucleus)
Radioactive elements emits radiation
Alpha rays (x) alpha have (+) charged particles
Beta (b) rays have (-) charged particles
Gamma (Y) rays do not have particles (like xrays)
2 types of Nuclear Reactions
Changes occur in the nucleus
Reactions change the composition of an atoms nucleus
2 types of Nuclear Reactions
Nuclear Fission
Splitting the nucleus releasing great amount of energy
Nuclear Fusion
2 nuclei collide to form another nucleus releasing great amount of
energy
NAME
Alpha (x)
Beta (B)
Gamma (Y)
TYPES OF RADIATION
CHARGE
+2
-1
none
PENETRATING ABILITY
Low, stopped by paper
Medium, stopped by heavy
clothing
High, stopped by lead
*In nuclear reaction, the change is happening in the nucleus and the protons and
neutrons are affected by it while in chemical reaction the changes occur outside the
nucleus but the electron is affected
Elements with nuclear ability
Z = (1-20) -> stable nuclei protons neutrons
Z > 20 -> need more neutrons to be stable
Z> 83 -> unstable nuclei (radioactive elements) number of neutrons is
sufficient to glue the protons together
*What happens if the nucleus contain too few or too many neutrons?
There is nuclei reaction
*When electricity passed through the atoms, electrons get excited and release
energy through visible light.
*For every element emitted, light contains only certain wavelengths which gives
each element a unique spectrum
Quantum Mechanical Model
Bohrs Planetary Model of an Atom
each orbit is assigned a certain value called energy levels or energy shells
that is fixed
*Atoms will always find its stable state
de Broglies Description of Electron Behavior
particles of matter behave like waves and exhibit wavelength just as waves of
light behave like particles of matter
Can we locate an electron? NO
How do we locate an electron in an atom if it is in constant motion?
Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle
States that there is no way to determine both the precise location and
momentum (mass x velocity) of small particles at the same time
Led to the quantum-mechanical model of an atom through wave/quantum
mechanics
Quantum Mechanical Model
This model allow scientists to determine the probability of finding electron at
a particular time in specified regions in the atom
These regions are known as atomic orbitals
Quantum numbers used by scientists to locate/describe an electron
What are the quantum numbers used to describe an electron and its location?
Principal quantum number (n)
Correspond to the main energy level of an orbital
Orbital/ Azimuthal quantum number ( )
Represents the energy sublevels
Describes the shape (s,p,d,f) of the atomic orbital
Sharp
Principle
Diffuse
Fundamental
Sublevels; light
they emit
and arrows
1
1
2
2
4
8
3
9
18
4
16
32
1
1
3
1
3
5
1
3
5
7
Max no. of
electrons
2
2
6
2
6
10
2
6
10
14
What is a valence?
Valence shell the outermost principal energy level of an atom that includes
at least one electron
Valence electrons the electrons in the valence shell
Kernel of the atom the nucleus including all the energy level except for the
valence shell; innermost