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2. Maintenance
The purposes of motor maintenance are to prolong motor life and to foresee a motor failure. Motor
maintenance measures can therefore be categorized as either preventative or predictive.
Preventative measures, include voltage imbalance minimization, load consideration, motor
alignment, lubrication and motor ventilation.
Some of these measures are further discussed below. Note that some of them aim to prevent
increased motor temperature which leads to increased winding resistance, shortened motor life,
and increased energy consumption.
The purpose of predictive motor maintenance is to observe ongoing motor temperature, vibration,
and other operating data to identify when it becomes necessary to overhaul or replace a motor
before failure occurs.
The savings associated with an ongoing motor maintenance program could range from 2% to 30%
of total motor system energy use.
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3. Energy-efficient motors
4. Rewinding of motors
The power factor can be corrected by minimizing idling of electric motors (a motor that is turned
off consumes no energy), replacing motors with premium-efficient motors, and installing capacitors
in the AC circuit to reduce the magnitude of reactive power in the system.
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Performance
Average voltage
230
230
230
0.3
2.3
5.4
2.4
17.7
40
Use lighting controls to automatically turn lights on and off as needed, and save energy. Of course you can save energy
by turning off lights when they're not needed, but sometimes we forget or don't notice that we've left them on.
The most common types of lighting controls include:
Dimmers
Motion, occupancy, and photosensors
Timers.
Before purchasing and using any lighting controls, it's a good idea to understand basic lighting terms and principles.
Also, it helps to explore your indoor and outdoor lighting design options if you haven't already. This will help narrow your
selection.
DIMMER CONTROLS
Dimmer controls provide variable indoor lighting. When you dim lightbulbs, it reduces their wattage and output, which
helps save energy.
Dimmers are inexpensive and provide some energy savings when lights are used at a reduced level. They also increase
the service life of lightbulbs significantly. However, dimming reduces an incandescent bulb's lumen output more than its
wattage. This makes the bulbs less efficient as they are dimmed.
Because utility lights and some security lights are needed only when it is dark and people are present, the best way to
control might be a combination of a motion sensor and photosensor.
Incandescent flood lights with a photosensor and motion sensor may actually use less energy than pole-mounted highintensity discharge (HID) security lights controlled by a photosensor. Even though HID lights are more efficient than
incandescents, they are turned on for a much longer period of time than incandescents using these dual controls.
HID lightbulbs don't work well with just a motion sensor, as they can take up to ten minutes to produce light.
PHOTOSENSOR CONTROLS
You can use photosensors to prevent outdoor lights from operating during daylight hours. This can help save energy
because you don't have to remember to turn off your outdoor lights.
Photosensors sense ambient light conditions, making them useful for all types of outdoor lighting. These light-sensitive
controls are less effective inside the home because lighting needs vary with occupant activity rather than ambient lighting
levels. Many LED nightlights, however, have this feature built in which makes them effective and easy to use.
TIMER CONTROLS
Timers can be used to turn on and off outdoor and indoor lights at specific times. There are two types of timers: manual
timers, which plug into an electrical outlet for controlling objects such as lamps or light strings; and in-wall programmable
digital timers (which look like digital thermostats), which automate indoor or outdoor lighting.
Programmable timers are not often used alone for outdoor lighting because the timer may have to be reset often with the
seasonal variation in the length of night. However, they can be used effectively in combinations with other controls. For
example, the best combination for aesthetic lighting may be a photosensor that turns lights on in the evening and a timer
that turns the lights off at a certain hour of the night (such as 11 p.m.).
For indoor lighting, timers are useful to give an unoccupied house a lived-in look. However, they are ineffective for an
occupied home because they do not respond to changes in occupant behavior, like occupancy sensors.
Using timers with CFL and LED Lighting
Timing controls work well with CFL and LED lightbulbs, as they do not interrupt the circuitry. This is especially true with
manual timers that use pins for setting the on and off times.
Improvements in motor efficiency can be achieved without compromising motor performance - at higher cost within the limits of existing design and manufacturing technology.
Motor efficiency is the ratio of mechanical power output to the electrical power input, usually
expressed as a percentage.
Considerable variation exists between the performance of standard and energy-efficient motors.
Energy-efficient motors reduce energy losses through Improved design, better materials, tighter
tolerances and improved manufacturing techniques and accomplishes more work per unit of electricity
consumed.
Energy-efficient
motors
offer
other
benefits.
Because
they
are
constructed
with
improved
manufacturing techniques and superior materials, energy-efficient motors usually have higher service
factors, longer insulation and bearing lives, lower waste heat output, and less vibration, all of which
increase reliability. With proper installation, energy- efficient motors can also stay cooler Most motor
conditions and the life cycle costs associated with the investment.
In general, premium efficiency motors are most economically attractive when replacing motors with
annual operation exceeding 2,000 hours/year. Sometimes, even replacing an operating motor with
efficient replacement.
This is true if the motor runs continuously, power rates are high, the motor is oversized for the
application, or its nominal efficiency has been reduced by damage or previous rewinds.
Efficiency comparison for standard and high efficiency motors is shown in Figure
Simply Stated:
motor operating at a 35% load is less efficient than a smaller motor that is matched to the
same load . Of course, some situations may require oversizing for peak loads, but in such
cases alternative strategies should be considered, such as a correctly sized motor backed up
with a pony motor.
7. Operating Speed. Select replacement energy-efficient motors with a comparable full-load
speed for centrifugal load applications (pumps and fans). Induction motors have an operating
speed that is slightly lower than their rated synchronous speed. For example, a motor with a
synchronous speed of 1800 rpm will typically operate under full load at about 1750 rpm.
Operating speed (full-load rpm) is stamped on motor nameplates. The difference between the
synchronous speed and the operating speed is called slip. Slip varies with load and the
particular motor model. Every pump and fan has a design speed. Centrifugal pump and fan
loads are extremely sensitive to speed variations; an increase of just 5 rpm can significantly
affect the pump or fan operation, leading to increased flow, reduced efficiency, and increased
energy consumption. Whenever a pump or fan motor is replaced, be sure to select a model
with a full-load rpm rating equal to or less than that of the motor being replaced.
8. Inrush Current. Avoid overloading circuits. Energy-efficient motors feature low electrical
resistance and thus exhibit higher inrush currents than standard models. The inrush
current duration is too short to trip thermal protection devices, but energy-efficient motors
equipped with magnetic circuit protectors can sometimes experience nuisance starting trips.