Problem Statement:

Human life matters a lot. Considering that a

significant amount to capital and time is invested on developing medical
procedures mostly to increase the chances of success, medical science also
has to deal with the erratic nature of human body. Even placebo controlled
studies do not provide a dependable result most of the time. On the other
hand, morally human body cannot be subjected to medical experiments with
freehanded approach and low success surety. Therefore, it is necessary that
developments and innovations in medical science must be first applied to
test specimens which are also subject to unavailability.

Recommended solution:

High fidelity simulators use computerized

mannequins, body parts etc. They are employed mostly for learning
purposes in nursing. The current research trend in HFS is based on its
effectiveness in teaching however, it is aimed that simulation must be more
defined and detailed w.r.t body responses in order to ensure their
effectiveness in surgical procedures.
To emphasize the need of high fidelity simulation, lets first get to know
what are currently the riskiest surgeries which will help us to establish a wide
problem area.

Bariatric surgeries: These surgeries are performed for obese

patients. The complications that come with them are:
o High requirement of anesthesia doses due to high fat
accumulation in tissues.
o Special instruments and expert hands are required since internal
organs maybe hard to separate additionally having slippery fat
making procedures more difficult.
Septal Myotomy: Procedure is done to remove a portion of septum to
eradicate any obstruction of blood from left ventricle to aorta. Without
procedure mortality may increase over a period of years. The
associated complications may occur due to:
o It requires patient to be placed on heart lung machine while
surgeon performs on still heart.
o Constant and intensive monitoring of patient may be required as
a responsiveness to the procedure cannot be established with
certainty.
Pancreatectomy: It is the surgical removal of or a part of pancreas.
Associated risks may include
o This process is notorious for having a contemptable prognosis
due to the fact that body suffers from lack of important
hormones and enzymes.

Port surgical bleeding and delayed gastric emptying is also

observed.
Aortic dissection: Synthetic graft is used to rebuild the tear in the
innermost layer of heart. Heart being a complex body organ needs
very precise instruments as a well as availability of an experienced
surgeon.
Esophagectomy: The procedure is done to remove all or a part of
esophagus usually in cases of tumors and reconstructing the area. The
new connection made is prone to food leakages.
Bladder cystectomy: Surgical procedure to remove a whole or a part
of bladder in cases of bladder cancer. For part removal process there is
high risk of internal urine leakage leading to other problems.
Coronary revascularization: Coronary arteries are rerouted by this
process using a graft taken from any other part of body. Hemorrhage
and infections are associated with this process.
Surgical ventricular restoration: Congested heart is treat by this
process. The person is put on heart lung machine and repairs are done
to the heart thereby increasing the risk.
Craniectomy: A part of skull is removed to give swelling brain space
without it being squeezed. The risk associated is that brain damage
may occur due to multiple possibilities.
o

Hence along with other risky surgeries, it can be concluded that all kinds of
incision procedures pose significant post-surgery risks.

Most expensive surgical processes:

It is seen that all kinds of transplant surgeries are expensive. However, one
trend observed was that the most prevalent were the least expensive. For
instance, intestine transplant and heart-lung transplant are much more
expensive than kidney transplant. Also hospital stays and administration
generally add to the larger share of expensiveness compared to equipment
and procedure costs.

Most prevalent surgical processes in Pakistan:

For this, a study conducted in Pakistan is taken into account.
The study was conducted in two hospitals of Karachi namely Fatima Hospital
and Baqai Medical University for five years. The symptoms of surgical cases
are included in this:
The list is given below in terms of total cases and percentage of that specific
disease.

Disease pattern

Case
s

%ag
e of
total
case
s

Alimentary tract
Urinary tract
Hernia
Superficial lumps
Hepato-biliary
Breast
Scrotal
Thyroid
Salivary gland
Vascular
Thoracic
Miscellaneous

327
241
176
135
102
47
37
19
10
4
2
25

29.1
21.4
15.6
12.0
9.1
4.2
3.3
1.7
0.9
0.4
0.2
2.2

REFERENCES:
http://www.healthcarebusinesstech.com/the-10-riskiest-medical-procedures/
http://www.healthcarebusinesstech.com/the-10-most-expensive-medicalprocedures/
http://jpma.org.pk/PdfDownload/3256.pdf (GO THROUGH THIS ONE)