Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ICS : 91.080.20
Descriptors : permissible clear span, solid timber joist, design limitations, bearing length, timber size,
joist spacing, sample calculations, span tables
Copyright
Email: central@dsm.gov.my
2
MS 544 : PART 11 : SECTION 1 : 2001
CONTENTS
Page
Foreword.. v
1 Scope. 1
2 Referenced documents.. 1
3 Definitions 1
4 Symbols 2
5 Design considerations 4
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6 Permissible spans 6
7 Bearing length.. 11
Tables
i
MS 544 : PART 11 : SECTION 1 : 2001
CONTENTS (continued)
Page
Appendices
ii
MS 544 : PART 11 : SECTION 1 : 2001
Committee representation
The Building and Civil Engineering Industry Standards Committee (ISC D) under whose supervision this Malaysian
Standard was developed, comprises representatives from the organisations :
The development of this Malaysian Standard is under the supervision of the following representatives of the CIDB
Standards Committee :
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Ir. Mohamed bin Mohd Nuruddin General Manager, Technology Development Division
Encik Megat Kamil Azmi bin Megat Rus Kamarani Senior Manager, Standard and Quality Unit
Puan Zainora binti Zainal Manager, Standard and Quality Unit
Puan Hanishahani binti Othman The Secretary of CIDB Standards Committee
The Technical Committee on Structural Use of Timber which developed this Malaysian Standards consists of
representatives from the following organisations :
Dr. Abdul Rashid bin Hj. Ab. Malik (Chairman) Forest Research Institute Malaysia
Puan Hanishahani binti Othman (Secretary) Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia
Tuan Hj. Mohd Shukari bin Midon Forest Research Institute Malaysia
Prof Madya Ir. Dr. Mohd Zamin bin Jumaat Universiti Malaya
Encik Mohd Nor Zamri bin Mat Amin Malaysian Timber Industry Board Malaysia
Tuan Hj. Mohamad Omar bin Mohamad Khaidzir Forest Research Institute Malaysia
iii
MS 544 : PART 11 : SECTION 1 : 2001
The Working Group on Recommendations For The Calculation Basis For Span Tables which developed this
Malaysian Standard consists of the following representatives:
Tuan Hj. Mohd Shukari bin Midon (Chairman) Forest Research Institute Malaysia
Prof. Madya Ir. Dr. Mohd Zamin bin Jumaat Universiti Malaya
Encik Mohd Nor Zamri bin Mat Amin Malaysian Timber Industry Board
Tuan Hj. Mohamad Omar bin Mohamad Khaidzir Forest Research Institute Malaysia
iv
MS 544 : PART 11 : SECTION 1 : 2001
FOREWORD
This Malaysian Standard was developed by the Working Group on Recommendations For
The Calculation Basis For Span Tables established at the Construction Industry Development
Board Malaysia (CIDB) under the authority of the Building and Civil Engineering Industry
Standards Committee.
In the development of this standard, reference was made to BS 5268 : Part 7 : 1989
Recommendations for the calculation basis for span tables. Section 7.1 : Domestic floor
joists.
MS 544 consists of the following parts and sections, under the general title Code of practice
for structural use of timber:
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Part 1 :
General
Part 2 :
Permissible stress design of solid timber
Part 3 :
Permissible stress design of glued laminated timber
Part 4 :
Timber panel products
Section 1 : Structural plywood
Section 2 : Marine plywood
Section 3 : Cement bonded particleboard
Section 4 : Oriented strand board OSB)
Part 5 : Timber joints
Part 6 : Workmanship, inspection and maintenance
Part 7 : Testing
Part 8 : Design, fabrication and installation of prefabricated timber for roof trusses
Part 9 : Fire resistance of timber structures
Section 1 : Method of calculating fire resistance of timber members
Part 10 : Preservative treatment of structural timbers
Part 11 : Recommendation for the calculation basis for span tables
Section 1 : Domestic floor joists
Section 2 : Ceiling joists
Section 3 : Ceiling binders
Section 4 : Domestic rafters
Part 12 : Structural laminated veneer timber for structural application.
Compliance with a Malaysian Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal
obligations.
v
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MS 544 : PART 11 : SECTION 1 : 2001
1. Scope
This Section of MS 544 : Part 11 recommends a calculation basis for the permissible clear
span for simply supported domestic floor joists of solid timber. The recommendations apply to
joists at a maximum spacing of 610 mm centre-to-centre, this being the maximum spacing of
which the `load-sharing' assumption may be adopted as described in MS 544 : Part 2. The
method of calculation makes no allowance for any contribution of the flooring to the load
resistance of the joists where such action can be provided by adequate attachments between
the elements as in a stressed skin panel floor. Only uniform loading is considered whereas
concentrated or line loads applied by partition, trimmers and other similar causes are
excluded.
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This Section of MS 544 : Part 11 is applicable to the species, strength and grades of timber
given in MS 544 : Part 2.
2. Referenced documents
The following referenced documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this Malaysian Standard. For dated references, where there are
subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However,
parties to agreements based on this Malaysian Standard are encouraged to investigate the
possibility of applying the most recent editions of the referenced documents. For undated
references, the latest edition of the publication referred to applies.
3. Definitions
For the purpose of this Section of MS 544 : Part 11, the definitions given in MS 544 : Part 1
apply, together with the following:
The length at each end of the joist in contact with the support.
1
MS 544 : PART 11 : SECTION 1 : 2001
Stress that can safely be permanently sustained by material of a specific section size and of a
particular strength group and grade.
Assembly to pieces of members that are constrained to act together to support a common
load.
Permissible unsupported span of a joist, measured between the faces of the supports at its
two ends.
NOTE. Permissible clear span is equal to permissible effective span less the notional bearing length.
Lowest value of effective span found from the calculations for bending strength, and
deflection.
Stress that can safely be sustained by structural material under a particular condition.
NOTE. For the purpose of this section of MS 544 : Part 11, it is the product of the grade stress and the appropriate
modification factors for section size, service and loading.
4. Symbols
For the purposes of this Section of MS 544 : Part 11, the following symbols apply.
b breadth of joist;
2
MS 544 : PART 11 : SECTION 1 : 2001
E modulus of elasticity;
Fd dead load per square metre applied by mass of ceiling and flooring materials
(excluding joist self weight);
G shear modulus;
h depth of joist;
L effective span;
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M bending moment;
deflection;
Z section modulus;
density;
stress; and
shear stress.
c compression; and
m bending.
b) Significance :
adm permissible;
cl clear;
g grade; and
3
MS 544 : PART 11 : SECTION 1 : 2001
max maximum.
c) Geometry :
It is recommended that where more than one subscript is used, the categories should be
separated by commas. Subscripts may be omitted when the context in which the symbols are
used is unambiguous except in the case of modification factor K.
5. Design considerations
5.1 General
The design calculations recommended by this Section of MS 544 : Part 11 are based on
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engineers bending theory and are consistent with the recommendations of MS 544 : Part 1 to
Part 7 and the shear stresses as given in MS 544 : Part 2 are not exceeded and that the
deflection does not exceed the recommended limit of 0.003 times the span or 14 mm (see
11.7 of MS 544 : Part 2) whichever is smaller.
NOTES:
The calculations given in this Section apply to systems of at least four domestic floor joists, at
a maximum spacing of 610 mm centre-to-centre and having adequate flooring to provide
lateral load distribution. Because load sharing take place the load sharing modification factor
K2 and the mean modulus of elasticity should be used.
The bearing length required at each end of the joist, calculated in accordance with 6.5, may
not be sufficient for practical construction purpose.
5.3 Loading
The design calculations provide for domestic floor loads which consist of the following.*
a) Imposed load
i) for an effective span equal to or greater than 2400 mm, the imposed load is
2
1.5 kN/m uniformly distributed;
* Concentrated or line loads applied by partitions, trimmers and other similar causes are excluded.
4
MS 544 : PART 11 : SECTION 1 : 2001
ii) for an effective span less than 2400 mm, the imposed load is 3.6 kN per
metre width of floor (measured perpendicular to the span) uniformly
distributed over the span.
NOTE. This imposed load of 1.5 kN/m2 entirely fulfils the recommendations of UBBL : 1984. The maximum imposed
load of 3.6 kN per metre width is a more onerous load applied to ensure that very small joist sizes do not result from
the calculations for small spans.
b) Dead load
2
Dead load per square metre Fd (in kN/m ) to provide for the mass of ceiling and flooring
materials, puggings, etc. Weights of materials are given in UBBL : 1984.
c) Self weight
Self weight per metre length Fj (in kN/m) to provide for the mass of the joists. The timber
3
densities (in kg/m ), given in Appendix A should be used.
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The total load per metre length of span, F, is found in different ways depending on whether
the span is less than or greater than 2400 mm.
For spans equal to or greater than 2400 mm, F (in kN/m) is given by the equation
s +F
F = (1.5 + Fd ) j (1)
1000
For spans equal to or less than 2400 mm, F (in kN/m) is given by the equation
3600 + F s + F
F = d (2)
L 1000
j
where,
NOTE. At a span of 2400 mm, equations (1) and (2) give the same value for F.
5
MS 544 : PART 11 : SECTION 1 : 2001
where,
3
is the timber density (in kg/m );
6. Permissible spans
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6.1 General
The permissible effective span of a timber joist subjected to the applied loads given in 5.3
should be the shortest effective span resulting from calculations for bending strength, shear
strength and deflection, as given in 6.2, 6.3 and 6.4.
The permissible clear span should be calculated as the permissible effective span less the
notional bearing length, calculated in accordance with 6.5.
m, adm
2
(in N/mm ) is given by the equation
where,
2
m,g is the grade bending stress (in N/mm ) (see MS 544 : Part 1);
K1 is the load duration modification factor, 1.0 for long term (see Table 5 of MS 544 :
Part 2);
K2 is the load sharing modification factor, 1.1 (see Clause 10 item (a) of MS 544 : Part
2); and
K6 is the section depth modification factors 1.0 (see.11.6 of MS 544 : Part : 2).
6
MS 544 : PART 11 : SECTION 1 : 2001
s L2 6
m,g x 1.0 x K 6 x 1.1 = (1.5 + Fd ) + Fj (6)
1000 8 bh
2
L 2400 mm
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s 2
(1.5 + Fd )
3
+ Fj L - m,g x 1.0 x K 6 x 1.1 = 0 (8)
4bh 2
1000
L 2400 mm
3 s 2 2700 s
Fd + Fj L + L - m,g x 1.0 x K 6 x 1.1 = 0 (9)
4bh 2
1000 bh 2 1000
adm = g K1 K2 (10)
where,
2
g is the grade shear stress (in N/mm ) (see MS 544 : Part 2);
K1 is the load duration modification factor, 1.0 for long term (see Table 5 of MS 544 :
Part 2); and
K2 is the load duration modification factor, 1.1 [see clause 10 Item (a) of MS 544 : Part
: 2].
3 FL
adm = (11)
2 2 bh
7
MS 544 : PART 11 : SECTION 1 : 2001
s L
(1.5 + Fd )
3
g x 1.0 x 1.1 = + Fj (12)
2 1000 2bh
Effective span L 2400 mm
3 3600 s L
g x 1.0 x 1.1= + Fd + Fj (13)
2 L 1000 2 bh
NOTE. These equations lead to the following polynomials in L.
L 2400 mm
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s
(1.5 + Fd )
3
+ Fj L - g x 1.0 x 1.1= 0 (14)
4bh 1000
L 2400 mm
3 s 2700 s
- g x 1.0 x 1.1= 0 (15)
Fd + Fj L +
4 bh 1000 bh 1000
From MS 544 : Part 2, the recommended deflection limitation max (in mm) is given by the
equation
8
MS 544 : PART 11 : SECTION 1 : 2001
NOTE. In addition to the deflection due to bending, the shear deflection can be significant and has been taken into
account.
or, inserting the expressions for equivalent uniformly distributed load, for an effective span L
2400 mm
s 5 L4
max = (1.5 + F )
d j x
+ F (18)
1000 384 EI
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3600 s 5 L4
max = + Fd + Fj x (19)
L 1000 384 EI
s 5 L4 12
0.003 L = (1.5 + Fd ) + Fj x
1000
3
384 E bh (20)
3600 s 5 L4 12
0.003 L = + Fd + F j x 3 (21)
L 1000 384 E bh
A further design equation is required for the 14 mm limitation on deflection of spans greater
than or equal to 2400 mm: this is similar to equation (20) but with '0.003L' replaced by 14'.
The deflection of spans less than 2400 mm will be limited to less than 14 mm by equation
(21).
Limitation 0.003L
L 2400 mm
s 3
(1.5 + Fd )
5 (22)
+ F j L - 0.003 = 0
32 Ebh 3
1000
9
MS 544 : PART 11 : SECTION 1 : 2001
5L s
3
118000 L2 s
3 d + Fj + 3 - 0.003 = 0
F (23)
32 Ebh 1000 32 Ebh 1000
Limitation 14 mm
L 2400 mm
4
s
(1.5 + Fd )
5L (24)
+ Fj - 14 = 0
32 Ebh 1000
3
The calculation of clear span requires the deduction of a notional bearing length from an
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effective span.
The calculation of the notional bearing length to be deducted from the permissible effective
span to produce the clear span is made after finding L adm , the smallest of the effective spans
for a given cross section, as limited by:
From MS 544 : Part 2, the permissible compression perpendicular to the grain stress c,,adm
2
(in N/mm ) is given by the equation
where,
2
c,,g is the grade compression perpendicular to the grain stress (in N/mm )
(see Table 4 of MS 544 : Part 2);
10
MS 544 : PART 11 : SECTION 1 : 2001
K2 is the load sharing modification factor, 1.1 (see clause 10 item (a)
of MS 544 : Part 2).
The notional bearing length a (in mm) required at each end should be determined from the
equation
FL adm (26)
c,, adm ba =
2
where,
Inserting the expressions for F, equation (26) gives for an effective span L 2400 mm
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s L adm
c, ,g x 1.0 x 1.1 ba = (1.5 + Fd ) + Fj (27)
1000 2
for L 2400 mm
The equation corresponding to the loading condition governing the permissible effective span
should be solved for a, and half the value of a should be deducted from each end of the span
(total deduction a, see Figure 1) to give the permissible clear span. Lcl (in mm) is given by the
equation
7. Bearing length
Although correct for the calculation of clear span the procedure given in 6.5 for the calculation
of notional bearing length may not ensure that the permissible compression perpendicular to
the grain stress is not exceeded for all loading cases.
The design of some members may be governed by a loading case which does not represent
the greatest total load of all loading cases. For example, the governing design case may
include a concentrated load, but another less critical loading may consist of a greater total
load uniformly distributed along the span.
11
MS 544 : PART 11 : SECTION 1 : 2001
There are many possible formats for span tables. A typical format suitable for domestic floor
joist at predetermined centers and for quoted loading is given in Appendix C.
This Section of MS 544 : Part 11 does not recommend formats for different components but
whatever format is used the following information should be given in the heading or in the
main body or in the footnotes of the span tables, or in an introduction to the tables:
a) the loading;
c) the member sizes and their maximum permissible deviations and/or the standards
that define these quantities;
d) the stress grade or strength group and/or the standards that define these properties;
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f) a statement that the spans have been calculated in accordance with the
recommendations of MS 544 : Part 2;
a L cl a
a/2 a/2
L adm
12
MS 544 : PART 11 : SECTION 1 : 2001
Appendix A
(normative)
13
MS 544 : PART 11 : SECTION 1 : 2001
Appendix B
(normative)
The objective is to find the permissible clear span, given the following data as applicable to a
particular design case.
Modification factors
MS 544 : Part 2
Load duration, K1 = 1.0 long term Table 17
Load sharing, K2 = 1.1 Clause 10
Depth, K6 = 1.0 Clause 11.6
14
MS 544 : PART 11 : SECTION 1 : 2001
Application of the design equations from 6.2 to 6.4 leads to the following solutions for effective
span L :
NOTE. Solutions to all seven design equations have been provided in (a) to (d) for illustrative purposes but in
practice fewer solutions would be required for any individual permissible span calculation. Some solutions are
invalid; for example the solution of equation (9) is invalid because it exceeds 2400 mm.
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Ladm = 1248 mm
The appropriate equation is selected from 6.5 (i.e. in this case for L <2400 mm) to calculate
the notional bearing length, a, as 15 mm.
LcI = Ladm a
= 1233 mm
15
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MS 544 : PART 11 : SECTION 1 : 2001
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120 3375 3253 2971 3237 3119 2846 2927 2818 2567 125
140 3920 3781 3456 3762 3627 3312 3405 3280 2989 150
165 4596 4435 4058 4414 4257 3891 3999 3853 3515 175
190 5106 4973 4655 4955 4824 4467 4589 4424 4038 200
215 5581 5437 5094 5418 5276 4938 5039 4903 4559 225
60x140 4220 4074 3730 4055 3912 3578 3677 3544 3234 63x150
165 4869 4744 4376 4727 4586 4200 4314 4160 3801 175
190 5387 5251 4924 5233 5098 4776 4872 4742 4364 200
215 5882 5736 5384 5717 5572 5224 5328 5188 4853 225
72x190 5600 5462 5130 5444 5307 4979 5077 4944 4619 75x200
215 6110 5963 5606 5943 5797 5443 5549 5406 5064 225
NOTES :
1. For species combinations in this strength group see Table 3 of MS 544 : Part 2.
2. The shown permissible clear spans are of the mean value between the dry and wet nominal size calculation.
3. All permissible stress calculations in this span tables are based on common grade stresses and mean modulus of elasticity.
4. The tables are computed on the basis that the specification does not exclude wane at bearing.
5. The spans have been calculated in accordance with the recommendations of MS 544 : Part 2 and Part 11 : Section 1.
Lateral support should be provided in accordance with 11.8 of MS 544 : Part 2.
6. The material should be stress graded in accordance with Malaysian Grading Rules 1984.
7. The nett sizes has taken into consideration their maximum permissible deviations .
1
MS 544 : PART 11 : SECTION 1 : 2001
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165 4439 4282 3915 4261 4109 3753 3858 3716 3387 175
190 4976 4844 4493 4827 4698 4309 4428 4267 3892 200
215 5440 5298 4960 5279 5140 4807 4906 4772 4395 225
60x140 4078 3935 3600 3916 3777 3452 3548 3418 3118 63x150
165 4747 4613 4225 4591 4430 4053 4165 4014 3665 175
190 5254 5119 4796 5101 4968 4650 4745 4606 4208 200
215 5739 5594 5246 5575 5432 5089 5191 5053 4723 225
72x190 5465 5328 5000 5310 5175 4850 4947 4816 4458 75x200
215 5965 5819 5466 5800 5654 5305 5409 5268 4930 225
NOTES :
1. For species combinations in this strength group see Table 3 of MS 544 : Part 2.
2. The shown permissible clear spans are of the mean value between the dry and wet nominal size calculation.
3. All permissible stress calculations in this span tables are based on common grade stresses and mean modulus of elasticity.
4. The tables are computed on the basis that the specification does not exclude wane at bearing.
5. The spans have been calculated in accordance with the recommendations of MS 544 : Part 2 and Part 11 : Section 1.
Lateral support should be provided in accordance with 11.8 of MS 544 : Part 2.
6. The material should be stress graded in accordance with Malaysian Grading Rules 1984.
7. The nett sizes has taken into consideration their maximum permissible deviations .
2
MS 544 : PART 11 : SECTION 1 : 2001
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165 4216 4065 3712 4045 3898 3556 3657 3521 3206 175
190 4787 4659 4262 4640 4474 4085 4200 4045 3685 200
215 5236 5097 4766 5078 4942 4610 4714 4565 4161 225
60x140 3875 3737 3415 3719 3585 3273 3365 3241 2953 63x150
165 4542 4383 4010 4362 4207 3845 3952 3808 3472 175
190 5059 4927 4601 4910 4779 4413 4535 4371 3989 200
215 5529 5387 5046 5368 5227 4892 4992 4857 4502 225
72x190 5266 5132 4810 5114 4982 4665 4759 4626 4228 75x200
215 5751 5607 5261 5588 5445 5103 5205 5067 4737 225
NOTES :
1. For species combinations in this strength group see Table 3 of MS 544 : Part 2.
2. The shown permissible clear spans are of the mean value between the dry and wet nominal size calculation.
3. All permissible stress calculations in this span tables are based on common grade stresses and mean modulus of elasticity.
4. The tables are computed on the basis that the specification does not exclude wane at bearing.
5. The spans have been calculated in accordance with the recommendations of MS 544 : Part 2 and Part 11 : Section 1.
Lateral support should be provided in accordance with 11.8 of MS 544 : Part 2.
6. The material should be stress graded in accordance with Malaysian Grading Rules 1984.
7. The nett sizes has taken into consideration their maximum permissible deviations .
3
MS 544 : PART 11 : SECTION 1 : 2001
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165 3872 3732 3404 3713 3577 3260 3353 3227 2935 175
NOTES :
1. For species combinations in this strength group see Table 3 of MS 544 : Part 2.
2. The shown permissible clear spans are of the mean value between the dry and wet nominal size calculation.
3. All permissible stress calculations in this span tables are based on common grade stresses and mean modulus of elasticity.
4. The tables are computed on the basis that the specification does not exclude wane at bearing.
5. The spans have been calculated in accordance with the recommendations of MS 544 : Part 2 and Part 11 : Section 1.
Lateral support should be provided in accordance with 11.8 of MS 544 : Part 2.
6. The material should be stress graded in accordance with Malaysian Grading Rules 1984.
7. The nett sizes has taken into consideration their maximum permissible deviations .
4
MS 544 : PART 11 : SECTION 1 : 2001
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165 3640 3505 3193 3488 3358 3055 3145 3024 2746 175
190 4177 4024 3668 4004 3856 3511 3613 3476 3158 200
215 4692 4540 4141 4518 4352 3965 4079 3925 3568 225
60x140 3349 3227 2942 3210 3092 2816 2897 2788 2534 63x150
165 3930 3788 3457 3769 3632 3311 3405 3278 2981 175
190 4507 4346 3969 4324 4168 3802 3910 3765 3426 200
215 4965 4832 4478 4815 4684 4292 4412 4249 3870 225
72x190 4733 4596 4205 4574 4412 4031 4144 3992 3638 75x200
215 5174 5039 4715 5021 4887 4548 4664 4504 4107 225
NOTES :
1. For species combinations in this strength group see Table 3 of MS 544 : Part 2.
2. The shown permissible clear spans are of the mean value between the dry and wet nominal size calculation.
3. All permissible stress calculations in this span tables are based on common grade stresses and mean modulus of elasticity.
4. The tables are computed on the basis that the specification does not exclude wane at bearing.
5. The spans have been calculated in accordance with the recommendations of MS 544 : Part 2 and Part 11 : Section 1.
Lateral support should be provided in accordance with 11.8 of MS 544 : Part 2.
6. The material should be stress graded in accordance with Malaysian Grading Rules 1984.
7. The nett sizes has taken into consideration their maximum permissible deviations .
5
MS 544 : PART 11 : SECTION 1 : 2001
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165 3391 3265 2971 3248 3126 2842 2925 2813 2552 175
190 3894 3750 3414 3731 3591 3266 3362 3233 2934 200
NOTES :
1. For species combinations in this strength group see Table 3 of MS 544 : Part 2.
2. The shown permissible clear spans are of the mean value between the dry and wet nominal size calculation.
3. All permissible stress calculations in this span tables are based on common grade stresses and mean modulus of elasticity.
4. The tables are computed on the basis that the specification does not exclude wane at bearing.
5. The spans have been calculated in accordance with the recommendations of MS 544 : Part 2 and Part 11 : Section 1.
Lateral support should be provided in accordance with 11.8 of MS 544 : Part 2.
6. The material should be stress graded in accordance with Malaysian Grading Rules 1984.
7. The nett sizes has taken into consideration their maximum permissible deviations .
6
MS 544 : PART 11 : SECTION 1 : 2001
165 3275 3149 2859 3133 3012 2677 2797 2636 2258 175
190 3762 3619 3260 3600 3461 3051 3186 3004 2594 200
215 4246 4086 3655 4065 3909 3421 3572 3369 2912 225
60x140 3018 2904 2639 2889 2779 2523 2598 2497 2152 63x150
165 3546 3413 3104 3396 3267 2968 3056 2937 2562 175
190 4071 3920 3567 3900 3753 3411 3512 3369 2919 200
215 4588 4423 4028 4401 4237 3834 3966 3777 3275 225
72x190 4314 4156 3788 4135 3982 3625 3730 3588 3186 75x200
215 4783 4655 4267 4638 4480 4088 4204 4048 3572 225
NOTES :
1. For species combinations in this strength group see Table 3 of MS 544 : Part 2.
2. The shown permissible clear spans are of the mean value between the dry and wet nominal size calculation.
3. All permissible stress calculations in this span tables are based on common grade stresses and mean modulus of elasticity.
4. The tables are computed on the basis that the specification does not exclude wane at bearing.
5. The spans have been calculated in accordance with the recommendations of MS 544 : Part 2 and Part 11 : Section 1.
Lateral support should be provided in accordance with 11.8 of MS 544 : Part 2.
6. The material should be stress graded in accordance with Malaysian Grading Rules 1984.
7. The nett sizes has taken into consideration their maximum permissible deviations .