CELL
material which is composed of
- Is the fundamental unit of life
- All living things are made up of
cells
- All cells come from preexisting
cell
- Cells can either be unicellular or
multicellular
3 Fundamental Parts
a. Cell Membrane
- It regulates the passage of
materials into and out of the
cell.
b. Cytoplasm
- It consists of a thick semi-fluid
aggregate of chemical
compounds called cytosol.
c. Nucleus
- It is known as the control center
of the cell.
- It regulates and coordinates all
the activities of the cell.
2 Types of Cell according to nucleus
structure
1. Prokaryotic
- Lacks a nuclear membrane
- Nuclear materials occupy a
space in the cell called the
central body or nucleoid
2. Eukaryotic
- It has a nuclear membrane
which encloses its nuclear
materials
3 Parts of Nucleus
I. Nuclear Membrane
- Unlike cell membrane, it has
nuclear pores which serve as
pathways for the exchange of
materials between the nucleus
and the cytoplasm
II. Nucleoplasm
- It consists of nucleoproteins,
granules and fibrils
- Also found is the chromatin
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
III. Nucleolus
- It consists of ribonucleic acid
(RNA) which is responsible for
the synthesis of ribosomes
Organelles in the cytoplasm
A. Mitochondria
- It can harness energy by
breaking down food molecules
to make adenosine triphosphate
(ATP), which is the main carrier
of energy in cells
B. Ribosomes
- It receives coded message from
DNA as to kind of protein to be
synthesized or produced
C. Endoplasmic Reticulum
- It is usually the site for fat
metabolism and specializes in
the transport of lipids
D. Golgi Apparatus
- It is involved in modifying,
sorting and packaging
macromolecules for secretion or
for delivery to other organelles
E. Lysosomes
- Known as digestive sacs in the
cell
- It contains numerous hydrolytic
or digestive enzymes for the
breakdown of carbohydrates,
proteins and fats within the cell
- They play a role in the
destruction or repair of
defective parts of the cell
F. Peroxisomes
- Membrane-bound vesicles
which contain oxidative
enzymes
- They have enzymes for
oxidizing certain organic
molecules resulting in the
 formation of hydrogen peroxide
which is a toxic substance
- It is responsible for converting
hydrogen peroxide into water
and oxygen
G. Vacuoles
- It either serves as storage of
water and food, or for excretion
of waste materials