Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
This consists of a burette and a capillary as shown. All one does is to fill the burette with water and
then to follow the drop of water level with time. On representing the reactant concentration by the
height of water, or C = h, we then can write
(a) Find the constants k and n in terms of the flow parameters of the system d, D.
(b) For d = 1 mm, D = 15 mm, find what equation (ii) reduces to.
(c) For water system of part (b) how long would it take or the water level in the burette to drop
from h = 1m to h = 0.5m ? [Levenspiel]
(b) In the above problem, the water is flowing in a slit like tunnel
as shown in the figure, and the water fills half the slit. Can
you repeat the shell balance without assuming that air offers
negligible resistance at the surface to the flow of water. (Neglect
entrance and exit effects). When is the assumption made in the previous
problem reasonably valid? You need to find the velocity profile in the
air layer to (Here one should remember that the static pressure variation
in static air outside may not negligible in comparison to the
gravitational force on the air layer). What is the rate at which air is
delivered at the exit?
8. Derive velocity profile relationships and define friction factors for the following cases :
(a) Flow of a fluid between two vertical parallel plates a distance 2B apart and infinite in width and
length. A constant pressure gradient is acting, apart from gravitational force.
(b) Same as above but one of the plate is moving up at a constant speed of Vo parallel to the other
plate.
(c) Same as above but the plates are horizontal and the pressure gradient is zero.
Can the result in (b) be got as a case of superposition of results in (a) and (c)?
9. A steel pipe (cold rolled) 0.5 m i.d. is to carry 1800 m3/day of oil from an oil field to a refinery
located 1000 km away. The difference in elevation of the two ends of the line is negligible.
(a) Calculate the power required to overcome friction in the pipe line.
(b) Since the maximum allowable pressure in any section of the line is 4 MPa (about 40 atm), it will
be necessary to have pumping stations at suitable intervals along the pipe line. What is the
smallest number of pumping stations required ?
Data: At the temperature involved, the oil has a viscosity of 0.05 Pa.s and a density of 870 kg/m3.
[Levenspiel]
10. Water at 20oC flows from the base of a large storage tank through a smooth horizontal pipe (100-
mm-i.d., 1 km in length) at a velocity of 1 m/s. That is not fast enough. How much pipe must be
sawed off to get 2.5 times the velocity through the pipe ? Ignore kinetic energy and entrance effects
[Levenspiel]
11. The village of Schaffzell high in the Swiss Alps operates its own modest hydroelectric plant which
produces electricity continuously whether it is used or not. When not needed the 240 kW of
electricity runs a motor-turbine at 75% efficiency which pumps 5oC water at 0.1 m3/s through an
equivalent length of 780 m of pipe (spiral welded) to a little lake located 153 m uphill. When extra
electricity is needed the flow is reversed, water runs downhill at the same flow rate, 0.1 m3/s, from
the little lake through the turbine to generate the needed electricity, again at 75% efficiency. How
much power can be generated with this down-flow from the little lake ?
What size of pipe was used by the village of Schaffzell in their system that pumps water up to the
little lake ? [Levenspiel]
Date: The temperature is 20oC; mother tube pressure = 200 kPa; ambient pressure = 100 kPa;
drippers are manufactured in three diameters: 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm, and 1.5 mm.
14. Oxygen is being delivered to a steel melt shop (SMS) at the rate of 500 Nm3/min through a 500 m
long, 100 mm piping from a reservoir at the oxygen plant. The piping has five 90o bends of standard
radius. In addition one gate valve and one globe valve are situated in the pipeline. If the delivery
pressure at the SMS should be 106Pa, what should be the minimum pressure at the reservoir ? Pipes
are made of GI. (Nm3 represents cu.m. at STP). Take the flow to be incompressible, and estimate the
density at the average pressure (we will see how good is this approximation later).
15. We have a 50mm water line which supplies water to our induction furnace. We would like to install
a flow meter in the line to measure the flow rate of water. The water-over-mercury manometer that
we would like to use should not show a height difference of more than 100 mm, since we have a
height constraint. If the maximum flow rate that the line can deliver is not expected to exceed 100
lpm, what diameter of venturi would you suggest? Assume a discharge coefficient of 0.98.
16. Next summer the Professor wants to dam Dope creek to form a little
lake in his farm. Building the dam is simple; however he hasn't yet
figured out what size of galvanized iron pipe to use for the water to
overflow. The dry season is no problem. It is the wet season with the
thunderstorms and flash floods that worries him. His personal
meteorologist estimates that in the worst conceivable situation the
flow in Dope creek can reach 1.52 m3/s. If the pipe is too small the
water level will rise too high ( more than 1m from the overflow pipe intake point) and will overflow
damaging the dam. How large a pipe is needed to guarantee that the water does not flow over the
dam if the discharge end of the pipe is 3m below the intake point ? Can you help the professor ?
Length of the pipe is small, and therefore neglect friction losses. [Levenspiel]
17. Every summer I carefully grow a giant tomato plant because I love the taste of its fresh-picked fruit.
Since these plants need 2 liters of water each day of the growing season to produce these
delectable and irresistible fruit, how do I grow my plant next summer when I will be away for four
weeks with no way to water it ?
One solution would be to connect a long plastic tube 0.4 mm-i.d. to the faucet at my home where
the water pressure is 100kPa,g and lead it to the plant. Determine how long the tube would have
to be to deliver 2 lit/day of water. Of course, everything is on the level. (kPa,g refers to pressure in
relation to the ambient) [Levenspiel].
18. I have just seeded a new 2400 m2 lawn and the gardner recommends that I sprinkle it with 8
liter/m2/day of water to make it grow properly. To do this I bought a pump, 25m of 25mm-i.d.
plastic hose (smooth inside), and a sprinkler, which then are all connected. The pump draws water
from a stream whose level is 3 m below the pump, the water intake is a large polyethylene pipe
(negligible resistance) and the lawn is 9m above the pump. The pump is run for about 7 hr/day, its
outlet pressure gauge reads 5.5bar, my electricity receipts show that I pay 5.00/kWh and I must
sprinkle for 32 days to develop a healthy lawn, so says the gardner. If the daytime temperature
of water (when I plan to sprinkle) is 27oC and the pump is 25% efficient, find the cost of
electricity for this 32-day job. [Levenspiel]
19. Capillary Flowmeter: Determine the rate of flow through the capillary flow meter, where the
pressure drop across a capillary tube of length L is measured using a manometer. The fluid flowing
in the inclined capillary tube is water at room temperature and the manometer fluid is carbon
tetrachloride with density of 1594 kg/m3. The capillary diameter is 0.254 mm. (Note that
measurements of height H in the manometer and L are sufficient to calculate the flow rate; that is
need not be measured!) (WWWR)
[ Note : the trajectory shown may not be the one leading to longest distance of travel].