Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Maurcio Michelon
Bernard Patury
08.08.09
September 2013
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 2
Introduction
Overview: Introduction;
Comparison of explicit and implicit time integration;
Time step control;
Program execution syntax;
Description of keyword input;
Element library;
Hourglass control;
Material models;
Boundary conditions;
Initial conditions;
Loads;
Sets;
Contacts;
Rigid bodies;
Damping;
Output control;
Restart;
Static prestress;
Units;
Recommendation for control settings.
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 3
Introduction
What is LS-DYNA:
LS-DYNA is a pure solver, therefore needs an input file in a specific format and
produces results in form of binary and ASCII data.
Input file is generated using a pre processor, e.g. LS-PrePost, FEMB, ANSA,
ANSYS/LS-DYNA (Classic or LS-DYNA Export), EASi-Crash, FEMAP,
HyperMesh, Medina, Oasys Primer, Patran. All pre processors have in common,
that they produce a Keyword text file as a input file for LS-DYNA.
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 5
Introduction
LS-PrePost version 3.0 can read IGES- and VDA-Files and mesh them with a
surface mesh, moreover simple geometric entities can also be generated.
Post processing for binary and also ASCII data is typically done using LS-
PrePost; other post processors are also avaliable e.g. Animator Evaluator (GNS),
ANSA, HyperMesh, ANSYS/LS-DYNA, Oasys D3PLOT.
LS-DYNA also comes with LS-OPT for optimization using the successive
response surface method.
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 6
Introduction
Characteristics of LS-DYNA:
Large Element library: - Simple and fast elements for standard applications.
- High-order elements available, but costly.
Mass Scaling: Local increase of mass, minor changes of the total mass.
Automobile (side-impact);
Automobile (component- and complete models);
Railway construction;
Aerospace industry;
Drop tests.
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
1 DOF System Equation of motion PAGE 11
Equilibrium : f f fs p
i d (t )
..
Inertia force : f M. u
i
.
Damping force : f C.u
d
Elastic force : f s K.u
.. .
Equation of motion : M. u(t) C.u(t) K.u(t) p(t)
The equations of motion are evaluated at time tn (i.e. at the begin of the current
time step):
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 13
Newmark method / linear acceleration method (implicit)
Problem: stiffness matrix K on left hand side Equilibrium iteration for nonlinear
problems necessary, costly solving of system of equation.
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 14
Central Difference method (explicit)
1 1 2 1 1
( Mn Cn ).u pn ( K n 2 M n ) u n ( 2 M n C ) u n 1
t 2 2t n 1 t t 2t n
If M and C are diagonal, no matrix inversion is necessary, solution is simple and fast!
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 15
Comparison explicit vs. implicit
Implicit time integration : e.g. Newmark-method
The equations of motion are evaluated at time tn+1 (i.e. at the end of the current
time step)
Characteristics: - Equilibrium must be satisfied at time tn+1.
- Thus necessary to solve a large system of equations.
- Iteration within time step, convergence may be a problem.
- Few but large time steps.
- Time step size depending on frequencies of interest.
- CPU time per time step depends on equation solver.
- One step method, self starting.
Implicit Explicit
The integration method is always stable; The integration method is only stable if
independently of the time step used. the time step is smaller as the so called
critical time step (conditional stable). The
Usually the time step has to be adapted critical time step is correlated with the
according to the expected results (eigen highest eigen frequency of the system
frequencies of interest). and reads for linear systems without
viscous damping.
In case of nonlinearities the time step
must be small enough in order to obtain
Convergence. 2
t t crit
max
LS-DYNA calculates the time step size for each element at each time step
automatically (Courand-Levy-Stabilitycriterion):
The smallest time step size will be used (might change from time step to time step).
By changing the scaling factor (default: 0.9), which is used in the program to
multiply the actual time step size:
By defining a load curve containing the maximum allowed time step size:
*CONTROL_TIMESTEP
$ dtinit tssfac
0.9
*CONTROL_TIMESTEP
$ dtinit tssfac
1.5
Courand-Levy-Stabilit Criterium
tssfac
- Distinguish between:
A A
l or l
Warped Shell-Elements: l max d max
Ve E
t c
c.A e, max (1 - 2 )
Solid-Shell-Elements:
Ve element vo lume
A e, max greatest element area
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 21
Control time step
Beam-Elements: E
c
In general:
- Shorter element-edges.
- Lower mass density. Reduce time step size by modelling.
- Added stiffness.
Two options to increase the time step size or to reduce calculation time:
- Mass Scaling;
- Subcycling.
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 22
Mass scaling
Mass scaling
- User defines the desired time step size:
*CONTROL_TIMESTEP, dt2msf
- Program changes the mass density of all elements in such way, that the step size for
all elements is equal to the given one.
Not useful for dynamic analyses; generally not recommended!
- Using a negative value for the time step size, will only change mass density for those
elements, whose step size is smaller than the desired one:
Also useful for dynamic analyses;
Check added mass carefully!
l n.min E
t specified and c
Element
c (1 - 2 )
(t specified ) 2 .E
l1 l2 l3
n
l n .(1 2 )
2
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 23
Subcycling
Subcycling
- The time step size is always limited by a single element in the finite element mesh, e.g.
due to a small element size, a low mass density or a high Youngs modulus.
- In using Subcycling the elements are sorted based on their time step size into
groups whose step size is some even multiple of the smallest element step size.
Then each group is calculated with its own time step size.
*CONTROL_SUBCYCLE
- Only recommended for models with very different sizes of elements (mesh refinement)
or with extremely different material values (e.g. steel and foam).
Exemple Subcycling :
E1 = 4 E2
A1 = A2
1 = 2
The time step size of material 2 is twice the time step size of material 1.
Consequently elements with material 2 are only calculated every second time step
sum of all nodal forces including external forces and contact forces)
- system of nodes with concentrated masses
determined by integration and nodal forces
loop over all nodes: explicit time integration in order to determine the primary
variables, i.e. displacements, velocities and accelerations
- no system of equation and no stiffness matrix set up (fast)
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 26
Hourglass control
Hourglassing is a state of strain, which is free of energy (ZEM: Zero Energy
Mode) and can emerge in case of one-point-integrated solid- (hexahedrons) and
shell elements.
The file input file must contain a complete input data for LS-DYNA. There are two
possible formats for the input file:
structured input: - the input data file is structured in using lines and columns
- the sequence of input data must be kept
- this format is old and not recommended
keyword input:
- the input data are described by keywords
- the sequence of the data is arbitrarily
- in each line the data can be defined either in a tabular format or in
a free format (separated by commas)
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 29
Program execution syntax (SMP)
The parameter memory defines the size of the working memory for the program.
Number_Words describes the working memory in words.
On most platforms the default is Number_Words = 8500000, this is approx. 32 MB.
Define e.q. memory=80m to have approx. 305 MB of working memory. An automatic
allocation of memory is also possible by definition of an environment variable
(LSTC_MEMORY = auto).
The parameter memory defines the memory in word for the first processor. The first processor has
to do the domain decomposition and therefore needs more memory compared to the other CPUs.
The parameter memory2 defines the memory for the remaining processors. In case that memory2
is not given, then all processors will allocate the memory given with memory.
An automatic allocation of memory through the definition of an environment variable is also possible
(LSTC_MEMORY = auto).
The so called pfile defines specific control options for MPP-DYNA. Since the same options are in
meantime possible to define in the keyword file directly (*CONTROL_MPP) the pfile is less
important in the future.
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 31
Program execution using Mechanical APDL Product Launcher
Mechanical APDL Product Launcher:
distributed memory
shared memory
domain decomposition necessary
good speed-up for few CPUs
(controlling is possible)
no domain decomposition necessary
Extraordinary scalability
few new coding necessary
new coding in parts necessary
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 33
SMP
Main Loop / Time Step
Process
Elements
Contact
Constraints
Update Nodes
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 34
MPP
Main Loop / Time Step
Process
Elements
Contact
Constraints
Update Nodes
Communication
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 35
Program execution syntax
Using LS-DYNA interactive, the run can be controlled with the following key combination:
^C (Control-C)
This sends an interrupt to LS-DYNA and the user is prompted to input a sense switch code:
For each keyword the required cards have to be defined. Each card is defined in its rigid
format form and is shown as a number of fields in an 80 character string.
Most cards are 8 fields with a length of 10. An typical description in the Users Manual is
shown below:
The type is the variable type and is either F for floating point or I for integer. The
default value is set, if zero is specified, the field is left blank or the card is not defined.
In case the card format differs from eight fields of length 10, it is indicated above the
card (e.g.*NODE).
Free formats may be used with the data separated by commas. When using comma
format, the number of characters used to specify a number must not exceed the number
which would fit into the equivalent rigid format field. Rigid and free formats can be mixed
throughout the deck but not within a card.
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Part definition *PART PAGE 38
Part
*PART
the PART is defined with the Keyword *PART. It contains at least the ID of a
material definition (*MAT) and a section definition (*SECTION); optional an
equation-of-state ID (*EOS) and a hourglass ID (*HOURGLASS) can be given
the section definition includes the element formulation as well as the cross
section description in case of shell and beam elements
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Element Library *SECTION_SHELL PAGE 40
Shell element:
with the nodes I,J,K,L
Triangular
Shell element:
Shell thickness:
Middle surface
- special triangular element, because degenerated quad elements are very bad
- in setting *CONTROL_SHELL, esort=1, all triangular elements use this formulation automatically
-only a small number of triads recommended in a quad dominated mesh
- slightly slower than type 2 (1.2 times more expensive than type 2)
-little bit better results as type 2, especially for warped elements
- calculation time and accuracy comparable to type 10 (ca. 1.4 times more expensive than type2)
- physical Hourglass control, i.e. no input of Hourglass parameters needed
-for linear material it should be as accurate as an fully integrated element
- most costly shell element (1020 times more expensive than type 2)
- only shear part with reduced integration, otherwise 4 integration points in plane
thus only one Hourglass mode
- use of CSTYP=2 (unique normal orientation) in *CONTROL_SHELL recommended
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Element Library *SECTION_SHELL PAGE 47
- membrane element without bending stiffness, only 1 integration point throughout the
thickness
-one integration point in the element plane (Hourglass modes possible)
- same as Type 5, but 4 integration points in the element plane (no Hourglass modes)
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Element Library *SECTION_SOLID PAGE 48
SECTION_SOLID:
Hexahedron:
(favoured
solid element)
Tetrahedron:
(created by free mesh,
less accuracy)
Tetrahedron:
- 4-noded without rotation: very stiff,
only used for foams
- 4-noded with rotation: compromise
between effort and accuracy
- 10-noded very accurate but also
very costly in terms of computation time
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Element Library *SECTION_SOLID PAGE 49
fully integrated quadratic 8 node element with nodal rotations (Type 3):
- special hexahedron element for extra large deformations in combination with foam
material law 126 (*MAT_MODIFIED_HONEYCOMB)
- 4-nodes tetrahedron element with tri-linear shape functions and 1 integration point
- in general much too stiff
- often used in combination with foam material, then realistic results expected
Eulerian- formulation:
Lagrangian- formulation:
SECTION_BEAM:
except for Type 3, 6 and 9 all beam elements need a third node K,
which defines the orientation of the local coordinate system.
element formulation in LS-DYNA:
EQ.1: Hughes-Liu with cross section integration (default)
EQ.2: Belytschko-Schwer resultant beam
EQ.3: truss (resultant)
EQ.4: Belytschko-Schwer full cross-section integration
EQ.5: Belytschko-Schwer tubular beam with cross-section integration
EQ.6: discrete beam/cable
EQ.7: 2D plane strain shell element (xy plane)
EQ.8: 2D axisymmetric volume weighted shell element (xy plane)
EQ.9: spot weld beam
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Element Library *SECTION_BEAM PAGE 57
- efficient in computation
- only valid for linear material and for resultant material formulation (plastic hinges)
-cross section of the beam is described by area and moments of inertia
- expensive in computation
- also valid for plastic material
- predefined circular and rectangular cross section definition
- arbitrary cross section with user defined integration rule
(*INTEGRATION_BEAM)
- not really a beam, but a stiffness in all 6 directions between two nodes
- beam nodes should have (and may have) the same coordinates
- element length does not influence the time step
- element formulation only for material law 66-68
- *MAT_LINEAR_ELASTIC_DISCRETE_BEAM
- *MAT_NONLINEAR_ELASTIC_DISCRETE_BEAM
- *MAT_LINEAR_PLASTIC_DISCRETE_BEAM
- local beam coordinate system available
- input same as beam, output same as beam
Cable-Element (Typ 6):
SECTION_DISCRETE:
Spring
Damper:
Translations Rotations
Mass:
- discrete springs / damper with linear and non-linear characteristic and single mass
points
-define springs and dampers with *ELEMENT_DISCRETE
Those elements do not yet have a mass, the user must take care that the adjacent
elements and nodes have sufficient mass
*MAT_ELASTIC or *MAT_001:
simple material law for linear elastic behaviour of material, available for (almost) all
element types
Example input :
MID: Material ID
RO: Density
E: E-Modulus
PR: Poisson ratio
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Plasticity PAGE 62
*MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC (*MAT_003)
Example input :
*MAT_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY or *MAT_024:
nominal strain:
L
eng
L0
nominal stress:
F
eng
A0
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Engineering X True PAGE 65
engineering incremental
L L
eng
L0 L
With integration
L L0 L
ln 1 eng
L
dL
log ln L ln L0 ln ln
L0
L L0 L0
tot el plas
plas tot
E
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Engineering X True PAGE 66
true stress
L0 1
A A0 A0
L0 L 1 eng
*MAT_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY or *MAT_024:
To enter strain rate effects for plasticity:
a) constants C and P for Cowper&Symonds
b) TABLE-input via lcss
c) Load-Curve (lcsr) defining yield stress scaling factor vs. strain rate
x ( x x ) / 99
end in
Using internally a strain increment of 0.01 for the hardening curve, one has to
define in *DEFINE_CURVE for the first strain value 0 and for the last 0.99.
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Plasticity PAGE 69
This feature needs some more computation time, but leads to a smoother and more
realistic stress curve. It is generally recommended.
In the standard strain rate formulation (VP=0), the effective strain rate is calculated
once based on the components in the current strain rate tensor.
In the viscoplastic strain rate formulation (VP=1), the effective strain rate is calculated
only based on the plastic part of the strain rate tensor. In this formulation you need to
do iteration on the effective plastic strain rate during the corrector state of the
backward euler integration scheme typically used in material models for metals.
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Plasticity PAGE 71
*MAT_MODIFIED_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY or *MAT_123:
*MAT_NULL or *MAT_009:
-shell elements and beam elements with this material definition neither have a stiffness
nor need any significant computation time
-application:
- in combination with solid elements also for fluids in tanks, when the mass of the fluid is
relevant. An additional *EOS definition is necessary. The mass of the fluid comes from
*MAT_NULL and the compressibility comes from the *EOS definition
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Rigid PAGE 73
Type 20 (*MAT_RIGID):
with this material any element can become a rigid body
the Young's modulus, which should be in the same order than the surrounding material, is used
only to compute the contact stiffness if the rigid body interacts in a contact definition; neither
element length nor material data have an influence on the time step size
a part with MAT_RIGID is one rigid body and has only 6 degrees of freedom for calculation
elements of one rigid body must not be connected. Nevertheless they move like a single body
(Attention !). For independent rigid bodies different parts are necessary and must be defined
nodes connected with rigid bodies may have no additional boundary conditions or constraints
define boundary conditions for rigid bodies in the material definition, this applies to the centre of
gravity
the centre of gravity, the mass and the moments of inertia are calculated by the shape of the
elements, this can be overwritten by
*PART_INERTIA
Example input:
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Foams PAGE 74
Fundamental Behavior
3. Material is compacted:
significant stress increase;
densification is obtained
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Foams PAGE 75
*MAT_LOW_DENSITY_FOAM or *MAT_057
For highly compacted foams with low densities (e.g. seat cushion)
Very stable, viscoelastic formulation (no permanent deformation)
Similarities to a Kelvin element
Input of engineering strains and -stresses
Unloading with hysteretic option (HU)
Form and amount of unloading hysteresis controlled with parameters (HU and
SHAPE)
Most simplest strain rate dependency(1 parameter); corresponds to a Maxwell
element
Optional tension cut off for tensile stress; otherwise linear elastic behavior with
E-Modulus without transverse contraction under tensile loading
Optional input of reference geometry in order to calculate the initial stress
stress state
The time step is calculated based on the steepest tangent in the stress strain
curve under consideration of the CURRENT density
If KCON is input, the time step is calculated according to this value
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Elastic foam PAGE 79
Type 57 (*MAT_LOW_DENSITY_FOAM):
Exemple input:
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Elastic foam PAGE 80
Determination of the stress strain curve from quasi-static or dynamic compression tests.
Needed values: engineering stresses over strains (strain measure depends on used
material model)
In order to avoid localization, the stress strain curves have to fulfill the following
conditions:
0 0
0 0
.
0
0 For a bunch of stress strain curves in a TABLE
0
definition
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Elastic foam PAGE 81
*MAT_LOW_DENSITY_FOAM or *MAT_057:
*MAT_LOW_DENSITY_FOAM or *MAT_057:
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Elastic foam PAGE 83
*MAT_LOW_DENSITY_VISCOUS_FOAM or *MAT_073
Enhancement to *MAT_LOW_DENSITY_FOAM
For highly compressible low density foams with large strain rate effects
Input of engineering stresses and strains for strain rate Independent part
Strain rate effect either determined with a relaxation curve or with pairs of
shear modulus and exponent (Prony-Serie) > those input parameters are
typically not easy to determine, consequently seldom used.
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Elastic foam PAGE 84
*MAT_FU_CHANG_FOAM or *MAT_083
*MAT_CRUSHABLE_FOAM or *MAT_063
*MAT_MODIFIED_CRUSHABLE_FOAM or *MAT_163
Additional strain rate dependency: input with TABLE option for different stress
strain curves for different strain rates
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Elastic foam PAGE 87
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Plastic foam PAGE 88
*MAT_BILKHU/DUBOIS_FOAM or *MAT_075
*MAT_HONEYCOMB or *MAT_026
*MAT_MODIFIED_HONEYCOMB or *MAT_126
AOPT=0.0:
local orthotropic material cosy defined by the
element node numbering; only useful for structured
meshes with equal or predefined orientation of
element cosy
AOPT=1.0:
local orthotropic material cosy defined by element
center and vector to origin P; only for solid elements
AOPT=2.0:
global orthotropic material cosy defined by two
vectors a and d; only useful for flat or minimal curved
structures (plates)
AOPT=3.0:
local orthotropic material cosy defined by element
normal and vector v; also useful for curved structures
AOPT=4.0:
local orthotropic cylindrical material cosy defined
by point P and vector v; only for solid element
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 91
Boundary conditions
boundary conditions are used to fix displacements or rotations of nodes
nodes connected to rigid bodies may not get such boundary conditions
> define boundary conditions for rigid bodies at their centre of gravity in the
material description (*MAT_RIGID) or define a joint
(*CONSTRAINED_JOINT)
> translate center of gravity using *PART_INERTIA and new values
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 92
Initial conditions
- for time transient calculations initial conditions for displacements and velocities are
necessary, default is zero for all
- the acceleration is set to zero at time t=0
- initial velocities can be set with *INITIAL_VELOCITY,
-for rigid bodies define initial velocities in the part definition with *PART_INERTIA
> but then, all mass parameters of the rigid body (centre of gravity, mass, moments of
inertia) must be defined too
- to define initial displacements (e.g. for a prestressed structure) different ways are
possible
a) calculation of prestress deformation with LS-DYNA using dynamic relaxation
b) define initial displacements (for beams and shells also initial rotations) for
each node from a external file (may be created by an implicit code like
ANSYS)
> define *CONTROL_DYNAMIC_RELAXATION, idrflg =2
(initialisation to a prescribed geometry) and set m=filename as parameter
on the command line to start LS-DYNA
c) run the prestress calculation in LS-DYNA using the implicit solver
- initial temperatures can be defined in the same way as initial displacements
- initial stresses and initial strains can be defined in the same way as initial
displacements, e.g. *INITIAL_STRESS_OPTION and *INITIAL_STRAIN_OPTION
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 93
Loads
possible loads:
-a set describes a group of nodes, parts, elements or segments with the reference of a set ID
- possible options are: GENERATE - generate a block of entities between a starting nodal ID
and an ending nodal ID number
GENERAL - combine a series of options, see Keyword-Manual
LIST - define a list of entities
LIST_GENERATE - generate a block of entities between begin and end
COLUMN - define additional attributes for nodes/parts/elements
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 96
Contact
- the contact algorithm prevents the penetration of nodes into element (contact)
segments
- contact segments can be element faces of solid elements or the element area of shell
elements; if necessary together with an offset of half the shell thickness
- for a contact definition, parts of the model coming in contact must be described as so-
called master and slave side. If it is not possible to describe two contacting model parts
a single surface contact can be used instead and only a slave side has to be defined
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 97
Contact
- the contact partners can be defined by direct input of the nodes and segments or by a
list of PART numbers and geometric box dimensions
- internally LS-DYNA uses always nodes and segments, where segments are element
areas (shell elements or faces of solid elements)
-in some contact types the normal direction of the contact plane is important. In solid
elements the normal is always outward directed, for shell elements the element normal
is used
- this is the most general formulation for contact between rigid and deformable bodies in
arbitrary combination
- in most cases a penalty-method is used, i.e. inner pairs of forces are applied
at those locations where penetrations are observed
k = slsfac sf KA/ d
k = slsfac sf KA /V
- the contact stiffness is computed for each segment on the master and slave side;
in case of contact the smaller value is used
- if these two values differ about a factor of more than 100, the mean value is computed
and a warning message is given
-the biggest disadvantage of the penalty method is, that a contact stiffness has to be
defined, which might be not optimal for all cases:
> if the stiffness is too low, the penetration will be too high
> if the stiffness is too high, high frequency vibrations are activated and the
explicit time integration procedure may become unstable
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Contact Contact stiffness PAGE 101
- at the beginning of a calculation LS-DYNA computes and prints the needed time step
size for contact stability (surface time step) into an output file. Those step sizes must be
compared with the used time step size and should be almost equal
> if the contact time step size is smaller than the time step size used for the
calculation, the contact is too stiff
- a reduction of the contact stiffness would be reasonable
> if the contact time step size is larger, then the contact might be to soft
- the contact stiffness may be increased
soft constraint
-this new version of contact search is an extended version of the so-called pinball-
algorithm
- penalty formulation is used but not penetration of single node into contact segment is
checked, but always segment area with segment area is checked (segment based
contact)
> Friction
- slave nodes are tested whether they penetrate into the master segments
- the simplest and most robust contact formulation
- can also be used, if no element segments exist on the slave side, e.g. beams
- master side must consist of segments; direction of normal only relevant for master side
- graphical representation of contact stress in interface force file only for master side and
not for slave side (missing control possibility)
- recommendation: finer discretized side should be slave; rigid bodies must be master
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Contact Sliding interfaces PAGE 106
- slave nodes are tested for penetration into the master segments and master nodes are tested for
penetration into the slave segments
- in fact, this is the same than two definitions of contact type 10 with exchanged master and slave
side
- accurate, but more time consuming
- depending on contact situation not always the best choice
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Contact Sliding interfaces PAGE 107
- same formulation as type 13, but a more expensive contact search for thin multilayer
structures
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Contact Sliding interfaces PAGE 108
Options, to
- with *CONTACT, optional card B,
influence the - *CONTROL_CONTACT, xpene
penmax
scan depth
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 110
Contact with or without AUTOMATIC
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Contact Tied contacts PAGE 111
- usually a tied contact implies, that slave nodes lie exactly on the element surface
of the master segments
- in using *CONTACT_TIED_... it is possible to introduce a distance between the
contact pairs, which is given by the option _OFFSET
- without the _OFFSET option the slave nodes are shifted during contact initialisation
onto the master surface and will be kept there due to constraint equations
- with _OFFSET they remain at their original positions relative to the tied surface and
are kept with the help of penalty forces
Stonewalls (*RIGIDWALL)
- stonewalls are not penetrable and in general not visible and not movable planes
- in order to keep the contact condition, the relative velocity of the penetrating node
is set stepwise to zero (energy absorbing)
- the energy dissipated hereby is monitored in the rigidwall energy
- nodes to get in contact with rigidwalls are either defined direct or by using a box
definition
- by default, rigid bodies are not allowed to get into contact with stonewalls
- an option is available to handle also rigid bodies with the help of penalty forces
*CONTROL_CONTACT, rwpnal=1
- if the keyword input is used, LS-DYNA internally creates for visualisation reasons
a single shell element in the plane of the stonewall
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Contact Geometric contac entities PAGE 118
*CONSTRAINED_...
*CONSTRAINED_NODE_SET
- coupling of nodal displacements (no rotations possible)
- not possible for rigid nodes
- be careful if the coupled nodes have different coordinates because this yields to
rotational constraints
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 120
Rigid body and rigid connections
*CONSTRAINED_LINEAR_OPTION (OPTION: GLOBAL, LOCAL)
- translational and rotational DOFs are coupled with linear functions
(but always only one DOF)
*CONSTRAINED_INTERPOLATION
- extended formulation of *CONSTRAINED_LINEAR
-the motion of the single node depend on the motion of several independent nodes
*CONSTRAINED_POINTS
- two shell elements at nodes (not element nodes) with predefined coordinate are
coupled
(Translation & Rotation)
- used e.g. for spot weld definition
- definition of failure possible
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Rigid body and rigid connections
*CONSTRAINED_SHELL_TO_SOLID
- connection between shell edge and solid element edge
*CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID
- couples lagrangian-mesh (slave) of shells, solids or beams with eulerian-mesh
(master)
- e.g. for fiber reinforced material or reinforcement in concrete, FSI
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Rigid body and rigid connections
*CONSTRAINED_RIVET
- rigid and mass less rivet between two nodes modelled with a rigid truss
- the nodes must not have the same coordinates
- distance of nodes is kept
*CONSTRAINED_SPOTWELD_OPTION
- defines a mass less spot weld between two nodes; modelled with a mass less rigid
beam
- displacements and rotations of nodes are coupled
*CONSTRAINED_GENERALIZED_WELD_OPTION
- more flexible than *CONSTRAINED_SPOTWELD because an arbitrary number
of nodes can be connected, e.g. spot weld through 3 sheets
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Rigid body and rigid connections
*CONSTRAINED_TIE-BREAK
- defines a bonded connection of two shell edges
- connection can locally fail, if surrounding shell elements exceed plastic strain limit
-e.g. opening of a weld line respectively seam line can be modeled
*CONSTRAINED_TIED_NODES_FAILURE
- defines a connected node-set, which may fail due to exceeding plastic strains
- location of the defined nodes must be coincide
- if plastic failure strain is reached, a crack forms, which runs through the whole mesh
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Rigid body and rigid connections
*CONSTRAINED_NODAL_RIGID_BODY
- an arbitrary number of unconstrained nodes (defined by *SET_NODE) can be set to
rigid, i.e. combined to a rigid body
*CONSTRAINED_EXTRA_NODES
- connect nodes of a deformable body with a rigid body without the necessity
of mesh connectivity
- nodes of the deformable body are tied to the rigid body, i.e. the connected
nodal coordinates of the deformable body are triggered by the rigid body motion
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Rigid body and rigid connections
*CONSTRAINED_RIGID_BODIES
- this keyword merges two rigid bodies to one rigid body in case they share common
nodes
- it can be also used to merge two completely separated rigid bodies to one rigid body
- the resulting rigid body only has the mass properties, boundary conditions and loads
of the master rigid part; all data from the slave parts are lost
-nevertheless the slave parts can be used for contact definitions
*CONSTRAINED_RIGID_BODY_STOPPERS
- simple modelling of a limit stop for rigid bodies: the motion stops, if the
displacements or the coordinates exceed certain given limit values
- for free moveable rigid bodies a maximum velocity can be defined; this is useful to
prevent undesirable dynamic effects in a quasi-static analysis
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
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Rigid body and rigid connections
*CONSTRAINED_JOINT_OPTION
- defines a joint between two rigid bodies
- possible options are: SPHERICAL
REVOLUTE
CYLINDRICAL
PLANAR
UNIVERSAL
LOCKING
TRANSLATIONAL_MOTOR
ROTATIONAL_MOTOR
GEARS
RACK_AND_PINION
PULLEY
SCREW
- to impose the kinematic conditions a penalty method is used. Consequently the joints have a
stiffness, which is set as large as possible regarding the time step size. But very high loads might
destroy the joints
- an implicit Lagrange multiplier option is available, where the joints are completely rigid,
but this may not be stable for all cases
*CONTROL_RIGID, lmf=1
An alternative to those joints is the usage of discrete beams ( *SECTION_BEAM,
elform=6) in combination with *MAT_GENERAL_JOINT_DISCRETE_BEAM
Those joints exclusively use the penalty method and can be used to connect elastic as well as rigid
bodies.
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Rigid body and rigid connections
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Joint Cylindrical joint PAGE 128
Door hinge: rotation and translation only possible in the direction of axis N1-N2.
The nodal pairs N1/N2 and N3/N4 must be coincide, i. e. they must have the same nodal
coordinates. In contrast, it is positive if the single nodal pairs are far apart, for a optimal
joint operation.
recommended:
small mass points applied to each joint node, in order to omit warning message mass
less nodes.
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Joint Spherical joint PAGE 130
The nodes N1/N2 must be coincide, i. e. they must have the same nodal coordinates.
recommended:
small mass points applied to each joint node, in order to omit warning message mass
less nodes.
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
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Joints
Gear drive: nodal pairs (1,3) and (2,4) define axis orthogonal to the plane of the gear,
nodal pairs (1,5) and (2,6) define vectors lying in the plane of the gear
Rack drive: nodal pairs (1,3) define a vector orthogonal to the plane of the gear,
nodal pairs (1,5) define a vector lying in the plane of the gear and nodal
pair (2,4) define the motion direction of the second body
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
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Joints
*CONSTRAINED_JOINT_STIFFNESS_OPTION
- defines a curve for force vs displacement and stop angles of joints, which are
defined using *CONSTRAINED_JOINT_OPTION
e.g.
*CONSTRAINED_JOINT_STIFFNESS_GENERALIZED
defines in addition to a joint
- torsional moment versus angle change
- damping moment versus angle change velocity
- frictional moment due to angle change
- stop angle (elastic)
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Rigids and rigid connections
*CONSTRAINED_ADAPTIVITY
- using adaptiove meshing produces new nodes which do not have a connection to
adjacent nodes (hanging nodes); those nodes are then connected to the adjacent
element edge
- the coupling is done automaticall; all 6 DOF are connected
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
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Damping
Rayleigh Damping
.. .
- equation of motion: M. u (t) C. u (t) K.u(t) p(t) with C as damping matrix
0
Eigen frequency
- attenuation factor:
2 0
2 with 0
and 2f
>mass proportional damping:
2 0
>stiffness proportional damping 0
2
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 137
Damping
> usually in-between 1000 and 10000 time steps within a calculation
MPP-DYNA can not produce ASCII data, except GLSTAT. Instead a binary file dbout.nnnn is
written. nnnn is the processor number, i.e. there are as many dbout.* files as processors used.
The files dbout.* must be translated at the end of an mpp run with an additional program dumpbdb
in order to generate the ASCII files:
cat dbout.* > dbout
dumpbdb dbout
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
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Output controls
BINOUT
Since version 970 all ASCII files can be written to a binary file. This binout file can be
directly read by LS-PrePost (currently not recommended).
A small additional program l2a converts the binout file again into ASCII files:
l2a binout*
The binout file is typically used in MPP-DYNA as a newer alternative to the dbout-Files;
it is also available for SMP-Version
On the *DATABASE_option card one can set with the parameter binary, whether ASCII
data directly or binout has to be generated. Using binary=3 both methods are written
(ASCII-Files and binout);
this is recommended for MPP runs.
The SMP version writes per run only one binout-File, the MPP versionn typically more
than one (e.g.. binout0000, binout0004)
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
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Output controls
Message file
is a type of error file and contains all warnings and error messages
like initial penetrations, contact reorientation, nodes with no mass,
- instead of d3dumpnn the so called running restart file runrsf could be also used
- with *DATABASE_BINARY_RUNRSF the output frequency for this file can be
defined and the previous file is overwritten
- only one file runrsf exists, so it can be written more often than the
d3dumpnn
- rename this file before using it as a restart file
lsdyna r=d3dumpnn
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 146
Restart
The little restart
-small changes in the model input are possible:
> change of the termination time and the output frequencies
> deletion of contact surfaces
> deletion of elements or parts
> switch deformable bodies to rigid bodies and vice versa
> change of velocities
> change of load curves
- the restart input file contains only this changes, e.g. for termination time:
*KEYWORD
*CONTROL_TERMINATION
120.0
*END
-a big restart is necessary for those changes, which are not possible with a little
restart
- the restart input file contains now a complete input file and the additional input line
*STRESS_INITIALIZATION (identification for the big restart).
This will describe, how the old results are transferred to the new model
- initial velocities in the input file are ignored; in order to set velocities at the beginning
of the restart, use
*CHANGE_VELOCITY_...
-the new calculation starts at the time step where the old has ended
- all output-files, e.g. d3plot or glstat are created new, i.e. the old result files would be
overwritten
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PAGE 149
Static prestress
Dynamic relaxation
- dynamic relaxation is a method to obtain a static solution respectively a static prestress
in LS-DYNA although an explicit time integration used.
- the difference to a transient calculation is, that the program uses the critical damping
for all nodes in order to get the static solution as fast as possible;
the static solution is reached, if the kinetic energy falls below a certain tolerance
-dynamic relaxation can be carried out before a transient analysis in order to model a
static prestress
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