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EXPLICIT DYNAMICS WITH LS-DYNA

Maurcio Michelon
Bernard Patury
08.08.09

September 2013
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 2
Introduction
Overview: Introduction;
Comparison of explicit and implicit time integration;
Time step control;
Program execution syntax;
Description of keyword input;
Element library;
Hourglass control;
Material models;
Boundary conditions;
Initial conditions;
Loads;
Sets;
Contacts;
Rigid bodies;
Damping;
Output control;
Restart;
Static prestress;
Units;
Recommendation for control settings.
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 3
Introduction
What is LS-DYNA:

Explicit Finite Element Program:


This means: FEM-Program with explicit time integration.
This also means: only transient dynamic analysis are possible.
There is also an implicit part in LS-DYNA (several things already possible,
but still under development):
Implicit static.
Implicit transient dynamics.
Modal analyses (determination of eigen frequencies and eigen modes).
Structural analyses are main field of application:
Coupling with temperature dependent problems possible.
Also fluid-structure interaction (FSI) with eulerian formulation possible
(e.g. aquaplaning, airbag inflation, tank sloshing).

Topic of this training is 3D structural analyses with explicit time integration.


Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 4
Introduction

LS-DYNA is developed by LSTC (Livermore Software Technology Corporation)


and has its roots in DYNA3D/2D from LLNL (Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratories); both are and have been developed by Dr. John Hallquist.

LS-DYNA is a pure solver, therefore needs an input file in a specific format and
produces results in form of binary and ASCII data.

Input file is generated using a pre processor, e.g. LS-PrePost, FEMB, ANSA,
ANSYS/LS-DYNA (Classic or LS-DYNA Export), EASi-Crash, FEMAP,
HyperMesh, Medina, Oasys Primer, Patran. All pre processors have in common,
that they produce a Keyword text file as a input file for LS-DYNA.
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 5
Introduction

LS-PrePost version 3.0 can read IGES- and VDA-Files and mesh them with a
surface mesh, moreover simple geometric entities can also be generated.

Post processing for binary and also ASCII data is typically done using LS-
PrePost; other post processors are also avaliable e.g. Animator Evaluator (GNS),
ANSA, HyperMesh, ANSYS/LS-DYNA, Oasys D3PLOT.

LS-DYNA also comes with LS-OPT for optimization using the successive
response surface method.
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 6
Introduction
Characteristics of LS-DYNA:
Large Element library: - Simple and fast elements for standard applications.
- High-order elements available, but costly.

Wide choice of material laws:

. plasticity: - Kinematic and isotropic hardening.


- Strain rate dependency.
- Temperature dependency.
- Failure.
- Anisotropic plasticity.
. Foam.
. Composite material: - anisotropic combined with failure.
. Rubber.
. Viscous.
. Fluid.
. User defined material via Fortran-interface.
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 7
Introduction

Contact-Algorithm: - With friction.


- Contact of deformable with rigid bodies in any combination.
- Single surface contact.
- Contact with analytical surfaces.
- Contact Rigid-Body and Rigid-Body.
- Definition quite simple.
- Very fast.

Rigid Body Dynamics: - Definition of rigid bodies with elements or nodes.


- Joints between rigid bodies.
- Deformable to rigid material switching at any time.

Models for gas inflow and gas outflow of airbags.

Possibilities to increase the time step (reduce calculation time):

Mass Scaling: Local increase of mass, minor changes of the total mass.

Subcycling: Grouping of elements according to their time step size.


Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 8
Fields of application for explicit FE programs

STATIC QUASI STATIC DYNAMIC

Structural problems Metal forming Impact


Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 9
Fields of application for explicit FE programs
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 10
Typical application for explicit FE programs
Simulation of short time dynamic problems where the frequencies of interest are
high (e.g. impact analyses), so that small time steps are also necessary in case of
implicit calculation.
Simulation of highly nonlinear problems, which require small time increments
(because of contact, large deformations), especially for large model sizes, therefore
also for quasi-static problems.

Crash- analyses Metal forming Turbine

Automobile (side-impact);
Automobile (component- and complete models);
Railway construction;
Aerospace industry;
Drop tests.
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
1 DOF System Equation of motion PAGE 11

Equilibrium : f f fs p
i d (t )
..
Inertia force : f M. u
i
.
Damping force : f C.u
d
Elastic force : f s K.u

.. .
Equation of motion : M. u(t) C.u(t) K.u(t) p(t)

Equation of motion depends on time discretization necessary!


2 possibilities: implicit or explicit time integration
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 12
Comparison explicit vs. implicit

Implicit time integration : e.g. Newmark-method


The equations of motion are evaluated at time tn+1 (i.e. at the end of the current
time step):

Explicit time integration : e.g. Central difference scheme

The equations of motion are evaluated at time tn (i.e. at the begin of the current
time step):
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 13
Newmark method / linear acceleration method (implicit)

Assumption : linear change in acceleration


. . t .. t ..
Velocity : u n 1 u n u n u n 1
2 2
2
. t 2 .. t ..
Displaceme nt : u n 1 u n u n t un u n 1
3 6

Equation of motion at time tn+1:


Displacement at time tn+1:
. ..
6 3 6 3
( 2
M C K ).u p M ( 2 u un 2un )
t n 1 t n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n t n t
.. .
3 t
C ( u un 2un )
n t n 2
K K (u )
n 1 n 1 n 1

Problem: stiffness matrix K on left hand side Equilibrium iteration for nonlinear
problems necessary, costly solving of system of equation.
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 14
Central Difference method (explicit)

Assumption : linear change in acceleration


. 1
Velocity : u n 1/ 2 (u n 1 u n )
t
n 1/ 2
.. 1 . .
Acceleration : u n (u n 1 / 2 u n 1 / 2 )
t
n

Equation of motion at time tn:

Displacement at new time tn+1:

1 1 2 1 1
( Mn Cn ).u pn ( K n 2 M n ) u n ( 2 M n C ) u n 1
t 2 2t n 1 t t 2t n

If M and C are diagonal, no matrix inversion is necessary, solution is simple and fast!
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 15
Comparison explicit vs. implicit
Implicit time integration : e.g. Newmark-method
The equations of motion are evaluated at time tn+1 (i.e. at the end of the current
time step)
Characteristics: - Equilibrium must be satisfied at time tn+1.
- Thus necessary to solve a large system of equations.
- Iteration within time step, convergence may be a problem.
- Few but large time steps.
- Time step size depending on frequencies of interest.
- CPU time per time step depends on equation solver.
- One step method, self starting.

Explicit time integration : e.g. Central difference scheme


The equations of motion are evaluated at time tn (i.e. at the begin of the current
time step)
Characteristics: - Equilibrium at time tn, non-equilibrium at time tn+1.
- Accelerations calculated to shift the system towards balance.
- No large system of equations to solve.
- Usually no problems with convergence.
- Only conditional stable, time step must be small enough:
Time step size depends on highest natural frequency.
- Many but very small time steps.
- Two step method; not self starting.
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 16
Implicit vs. Explicit time integration

Implicit Explicit
The integration method is always stable; The integration method is only stable if
independently of the time step used. the time step is smaller as the so called
critical time step (conditional stable). The
Usually the time step has to be adapted critical time step is correlated with the
according to the expected results (eigen highest eigen frequency of the system
frequencies of interest). and reads for linear systems without
viscous damping.
In case of nonlinearities the time step
must be small enough in order to obtain
Convergence. 2
t t crit

max

for nonlinear system the time step might


be significantly smaller!
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 17
Control of time step size

LS-DYNA calculates the time step size for each element at each time step
automatically (Courand-Levy-Stabilitycriterion):

Global time step = Minimum (all element time steps).

The smallest time step size will be used (might change from time step to time step).

The user can reduce the time step size:

By changing the scaling factor (default: 0.9), which is used in the program to
multiply the actual time step size:

*CONTROL_TIMESTEP (Control Card 1, tssfac).

By defining a load curve containing the maximum allowed time step size:

*CONTROL_TIMESTEP (Control Card 1, lctm).


Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 18
Time step control / stability aspects

Stable time integration:

*CONTROL_TIMESTEP
$ dtinit tssfac
0.9

tssfac -> Time step scaling factor.

Instable time integration:

*CONTROL_TIMESTEP
$ dtinit tssfac
1.5

values bigger than 1.0 will lead to


instability of the time integration
procedure
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 19
Control time step
- The time step size is calculated based on wave propagation in the material:

Courand-Levy-Stabilit Criterium

l l characteristic length of the element depends on


t 0.9
c c speed of sound element type

tssfac

- Distinguish between:

Solid, Shell and Beam Elements or Discrete Elements


l minimum length of the
E (1 )
element c
(1 )(1 2 )
Solid-Elements:
E Young' s Modulus
Poisson ratio
Mass density
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 20
Control time step

l minimum length of the


E (1 )
element c
Shell-Elements: (1 2 )

A A
l or l
Warped Shell-Elements: l max d max

- with *CONTROL_TIMESTEP , isdo

Ve E
t c
c.A e, max (1 - 2 )
Solid-Shell-Elements:
Ve element vo lume
A e, max greatest element area
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 21
Control time step

Beam-Elements: E
c

In general:

- Shorter element-edges.
- Lower mass density. Reduce time step size by modelling.
- Added stiffness.

Create mesh as uniform as possible


Mesh refinement increases calculation time

Two options to increase the time step size or to reduce calculation time:
- Mass Scaling;
- Subcycling.
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 22
Mass scaling
Mass scaling
- User defines the desired time step size:
*CONTROL_TIMESTEP, dt2msf

- Program changes the mass density of all elements in such way, that the step size for
all elements is equal to the given one.
Not useful for dynamic analyses; generally not recommended!

- Using a negative value for the time step size, will only change mass density for those
elements, whose step size is smaller than the desired one:
Also useful for dynamic analyses;
Check added mass carefully!

l n.min E
t specified and c
Element
c (1 - 2 )
(t specified ) 2 .E
l1 l2 l3

n
l n .(1 2 )
2
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 23
Subcycling
Subcycling
- The time step size is always limited by a single element in the finite element mesh, e.g.
due to a small element size, a low mass density or a high Youngs modulus.

- In using Subcycling the elements are sorted based on their time step size into
groups whose step size is some even multiple of the smallest element step size.
Then each group is calculated with its own time step size.
*CONTROL_SUBCYCLE

- Only recommended for models with very different sizes of elements (mesh refinement)
or with extremely different material values (e.g. steel and foam).

- Grouping is possible for the following element and contact formulations:

Solid-Elements, Shell-Elements, Beam-Elements, Solid-Shell-Elements;


Penalty-Contacts;
not for Discrete-Elements (spring and damper).
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 24
Subcycling

Exemple Subcycling :
E1 = 4 E2

A1 = A2

1 = 2

material 1 is four times stiffer than material 2


E l
because of : c and T
c

The time step size of material 2 is twice the time step size of material 1.
Consequently elements with material 2 are only calculated every second time step

Subcycling is not generally recommended !


Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 25
Scheme of explicit FE program
Loop over all time steps:

loop over all integration points IP


calculation of strains at IP via deformed geometry
(strain tensor at IP from current node position)
calculation of stresses at IP with constitutive equation
calculation of nodal force contribution of IP

contact algorithm: loop over all contact partners


- calculation of penetrations and resulting contact forces

sum of all nodal forces including external forces and contact forces)
- system of nodes with concentrated masses
determined by integration and nodal forces

loop over all nodes: explicit time integration in order to determine the primary
variables, i.e. displacements, velocities and accelerations
- no system of equation and no stiffness matrix set up (fast)
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 26
Hourglass control
Hourglassing is a state of strain, which is free of energy (ZEM: Zero Energy
Mode) and can emerge in case of one-point-integrated solid- (hexahedrons) and
shell elements.

Hourglass modes are mostly caused by:


- concentrated loads
- contact (contact force at several nodes )
In LS-DYNA there are 2 possibilities to prevent Hourglassing:
using the automatic stabilization against this deformation with

-*HOURGLASS (input for each part) or


- *CONTROL_HOURGLASS (global control)
using a fully integrated element type

disadvantages: - more computation time


- more sensible with respect to large element deformations
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 27
Hourglass control

Recommendation for *HOURGLASS and. *CONTROL_HOURGLASS

for shell elements ihq=4 (stiffness form, default settings)


for solid elements (in general) ihq=5 (stiffness form, default settings)
for solid elements (foam) ihq=3 (viscous form, default settings)
for solid elements (elastic) ihq=6,qm=1.0 (stiffness form)
for solid elements (plastic) ihq=6,qm=0.01-0.001 (stiffness form)
For solid elements (rubber, viscoel) ihq=6,qm=1, qw=1 (stiffness form)

Note: ihq=6 is a special solid element formulation according to Belytschko-Bindeman


Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 28
Program execution syntax (SMP)
With the call of LS-DYNA up to 19 parameters can be declared. For a standard
execution the following are important:
lsdyna i=input file memory=number_words ncpu=number_processors

The file input file must contain a complete input data for LS-DYNA. There are two
possible formats for the input file:

structured input: - the input data file is structured in using lines and columns
- the sequence of input data must be kept
- this format is old and not recommended

keyword input:
- the input data are described by keywords
- the sequence of the data is arbitrarily
- in each line the data can be defined either in a tabular format or in
a free format (separated by commas)
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 29
Program execution syntax (SMP)

The parameter memory defines the size of the working memory for the program.
Number_Words describes the working memory in words.
On most platforms the default is Number_Words = 8500000, this is approx. 32 MB.
Define e.q. memory=80m to have approx. 305 MB of working memory. An automatic
allocation of memory is also possible by definition of an environment variable
(LSTC_MEMORY = auto).

Use Number_Processors to define the number of CPUs for parallel processing.


Defining Number_Processors as a negative number induces, that the calculation is
done in such way that the results are independent of the number processors used (this
is related to a somewhat lower performance (see also *CONTROL_PARALLEL).

For Distributed-Memory-Paralelisation (MPP) another executable is necessary as well


as a different start procedure.
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 30
Program execution syntax (MPP)
The Distributed-Memory-Version of LS-DYNA, MPP-DYNA, is started using a
MPIprogram. Thereby slight changes in the argument list compared to SMP is needed.
On a linux cluster the program execution could be as follows:

mpirun np ncpu mppdyna i=Inputfile memory=number_words memory2=number_words


p=pfile

ncpu is the number of CPUs used

The parameter memory defines the memory in word for the first processor. The first processor has
to do the domain decomposition and therefore needs more memory compared to the other CPUs.

The parameter memory2 defines the memory for the remaining processors. In case that memory2
is not given, then all processors will allocate the memory given with memory.

An automatic allocation of memory through the definition of an environment variable is also possible
(LSTC_MEMORY = auto).

The so called pfile defines specific control options for MPP-DYNA. Since the same options are in
meantime possible to define in the keyword file directly (*CONTROL_MPP) the pfile is less
important in the future.
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 31
Program execution using Mechanical APDL Product Launcher
Mechanical APDL Product Launcher:

2 - Choose Analysis Type

1 - Choose LS-DYNA Solver


at Simulation Environment. 3 - Browse working directory
Select the License.

If HPC license is available


Its possible to set the
number of CPUs.
5 - Run 4 - Browse keyword file
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 32
Parallelization
Shared Memory Parallelization Massive Parallel Programming
(SMP) (MMP)

distributed memory
shared memory
domain decomposition necessary
good speed-up for few CPUs
(controlling is possible)
no domain decomposition necessary
Extraordinary scalability
few new coding necessary
new coding in parts necessary
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 33
SMP
Main Loop / Time Step

Process
Elements

Contact

Constraints

Update Nodes
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 34
MPP
Main Loop / Time Step

Process
Elements

Contact

Constraints

Update Nodes

Communication
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 35
Program execution syntax
Using LS-DYNA interactive, the run can be controlled with the following key combination:
^C (Control-C)

This sends an interrupt to LS-DYNA and the user is prompted to input a sense switch code:

sw1 - A restart file is written and LS-DYNA terminates;


sw2 -LS-DYNA responds with time and cycle numbers;
sw3 -A restart file is written and LS-DYNA continues;
sw4 -A plot state is written and LS-DYNA continues;
swa -Flush ASCII file buffers.

This can be used to stop the


calculation at arbitrary time and
to continue (restart) later.

If the job runs in the back


ground, one has to generate a
file d3kil in the working
directory. The file contains then
the above mentioned sense
switches. In the next time step
LS-DYNA reads the file, deletes
it and does the corresponding
action.
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 36
Description of keyword Input

The Keyword input file


starts with the line
*KEYWORD, followed by
all input data in an arbitrary
order.

A data block begins with a


keyword followed by data
pertaining to the keyword.

Each keyword is started


with an * in the first
column of the line.

The keywords are


described in the LS-DYNA
Users Manual in alphabetic
order.
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
General Card format Keyword input PAGE 37

For each keyword the required cards have to be defined. Each card is defined in its rigid
format form and is shown as a number of fields in an 80 character string.
Most cards are 8 fields with a length of 10. An typical description in the Users Manual is
shown below:

The type is the variable type and is either F for floating point or I for integer. The
default value is set, if zero is specified, the field is left blank or the card is not defined.
In case the card format differs from eight fields of length 10, it is indicated above the
card (e.g.*NODE).
Free formats may be used with the data separated by commas. When using comma
format, the number of characters used to specify a number must not exceed the number
which would fit into the equivalent rigid format field. Rigid and free formats can be mixed
throughout the deck but not within a card.
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Part definition *PART PAGE 38

Part
*PART

Section Material Hourglass


*SECTION_ *MAT_ *HOURGLASS_

Section Element- Cross-section- Material Material Hourglass Hourglass-


ID formulation Definition for ID information ID Control-Typ
SHELL and
BEAM Elements
(form,integration)
)
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Part definition *PART PAGE 39

in LS-DYNA each element has only one attribute: the PART ID

the PART is defined with the Keyword *PART. It contains at least the ID of a
material definition (*MAT) and a section definition (*SECTION); optional an
equation-of-state ID (*EOS) and a hourglass ID (*HOURGLASS) can be given

the section definition includes the element formulation as well as the cross
section description in case of shell and beam elements
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Element Library *SECTION_SHELL PAGE 40

SECTION_SHELL: preferred element type

Shell element:
with the nodes I,J,K,L

Triangular
Shell element:

Shell thickness:

- the shell thickness is defined in *SECTION_SHELL, t1 until t4


- additional input is possible in the element card, with
*ELEMENT_SHELL_THICKNESS; this overwrites the thickness from section definition
- in order to consider thickness change of the shell due to membrane straining one has
to set *CONTROL_SHELL, istupd (e.g. for sheet metal forming).
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Element Library *SECTION_SHELL PAGE 41

Number of integrations points:


- most shell elements (other than type 6, 7 and 16) have 1 integration point in
plane, shell element types 6, 7 and 16 have 4 integration points in plane
- The number of the integration points across the thickness is variable and must
be defined in *SECTION_SHELL, nip
Default is nip=2, which is not sufficient for most applications.
- use the following rules to define the number of integration points throughout
thickness:
for membranes 1 integration point
for linear material 2 integration points sufficient
Attention: stress output not accurate on shell top- and bottom surface
in case of non-linear material 3 until 5 (or more) integration points are needed
- with *DATABASE_EXTENT_BINARY; maxint, declare the number of
integration points, for which LS-DYNA writes results to the binary database
For maxint =3 (default) the results are written for the middle and the two
outermost integration points, available as middle, lower and upper surface.
Shell normal

Middle surface

NIP=5 ; MAXINT=3 NIP=5 ; MAXINT=5


Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Element Library *SECTION_SHELL PAGE 42

GAUSS integration points across the thickness


- usually the Gauss integration rule is used for thickness integration
- although the outer integration points are not located on the surface, this method gives
accurate results and is commonly used.
- thickness integration can be switched from Gauss to Lobatto integration by setting
*CONTROL_SHELL, intgrd=1
In this case the inner and outer integration points are located on the shell surface. This
feature is only available for 3-10 integration points throughout the thickness
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Element Library *SECTION_SHELL PAGE 43

Elements formulation in LS-DYNA:


EQ.1: Hughes-Liu
EQ.2: Belytschko-Tsay -> default
EQ.3: BCIZ triangular shell
EQ.4: co-rotational C0, triangular shell
EQ.5: Belytschko-Tsay membrane
EQ.6: S/R Hughes-Liu
EQ.7: S/R co-rotational Hughes-Liu
EQ.8: Belytschko-Leviathan shell
EQ.9: fully integrated Belytschko-Tsay membrane
EQ.10: Belytschko-Wong-Chiang
EQ.11: fast (co-rotational) Hughes-Liu
EQ.12: plane stress (x-y plane)
EQ.13: plane strain (x-y plane)
Only for 2D analysis
EQ.14: axisymmetric solid (y-axis of symmetry) area weighted
EQ.15: axisymmetric solid (y-axis of symmetry) volume weighted
EQ.16: fully integrated shell element with EAS-formulation (very fast)
EQ.17: fully integrated DKT, triangular shell element
EQ.18: fully integrated linear DK quadrilateral/triangular shell
EQ.20: fully integrated linear assumed strain C0 shell Only for linear implicit
EQ.21: fully integrated linear assumed strain C0 shell
EQ.43: Mesh-free plane strain
Only for 2D EFG
EQ.44: Mesh-free axisymmetric
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 44
Element technique reduced/selective reduced integration

Shear Locking and Hourglassing:

(a) true material behavior


(b) fully integrated linear element (shell 4, solid 8 integration points)
(c) fully integrated quadratic Element (shell 9, solid 27 integration points)
(d) reduced integrated linear Element (shell 1, solid 1 integration points)
(e) reduced integrated quadratic Element (shell 4, solid 8 integration points)
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Element Library *SECTION_SHELL PAGE 45

Belytschko-Tsay-Shell (Type 2):

- standard element with one point integration


- very fast
- problems in case of warping and large shear deformation
-very efficient: moderate accuracy (often sufficient) in combination with high speed

C0 Triangular shell (Type 4):

- special triangular element, because degenerated quad elements are very bad
- in setting *CONTROL_SHELL, esort=1, all triangular elements use this formulation automatically
-only a small number of triads recommended in a quad dominated mesh

Fully integrated shell (Type 16):

- fully integrated element with EAS-formulation and without Hourglass modes


- very fast for a fully integrated element (2.5 times more expensive than type 2)
- new standard element of Belytschko-Tsay group for increased accuracy
-Bathe/Dvorkin behavior for improvement of transversal shear

DKT Triangular Shell (Typ 17):


- fully integrated Discrete Kirchhoff Dreieck-Element
- better than type Typ 4 triangular, especially in bending; but twice calculation time
- appr. 1.9-times calculation time compared to type 2; additionally appr. twice elements
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Element Library *SECTION_SHELL PAGE 46

Belytschko-Wong-Chiang (Type 10):

- slightly slower than type 2 (1.2 times more expensive than type 2)
-little bit better results as type 2, especially for warped elements

Belytschko-Leviathan (Type 8):

- calculation time and accuracy comparable to type 10 (ca. 1.4 times more expensive than type2)
- physical Hourglass control, i.e. no input of Hourglass parameters needed
-for linear material it should be as accurate as an fully integrated element

Hughes-Liu-Shell (Type 1):

- developed from continuum model, one point integration


- high accuracy (also in case of twisted elements )
-highly expensive (2.5 times more expensive than type 2)

selective reduced Hughes-Liu-Shell (Type 6,7):

- most costly shell element (1020 times more expensive than type 2)
- only shear part with reduced integration, otherwise 4 integration points in plane
thus only one Hourglass mode
- use of CSTYP=2 (unique normal orientation) in *CONTROL_SHELL recommended
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Element Library *SECTION_SHELL PAGE 47

Belytschko-Tsay- Membrane (Type 5):

- membrane element without bending stiffness, only 1 integration point throughout the
thickness
-one integration point in the element plane (Hourglass modes possible)

Fully integrated Belytschko-Tsay- Membrane (Type 9):

- same as Type 5, but 4 integration points in the element plane (no Hourglass modes)
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Element Library *SECTION_SOLID PAGE 48

SECTION_SOLID:

Hexahedron:
(favoured
solid element)

Tetrahedron:
(created by free mesh,
less accuracy)

Tetrahedron:
- 4-noded without rotation: very stiff,
only used for foams
- 4-noded with rotation: compromise
between effort and accuracy
- 10-noded very accurate but also
very costly in terms of computation time
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Element Library *SECTION_SOLID PAGE 49

Elements formulation in LS-DYNA:


EQ.1: constant stress hexahedron element (default)
EQ.2: fully integrated S/R hexahedron
EQ.3: fully integrated quadratic 8 node hexahedron with nodal rotations
EQ.4: S/R quadratic tetrahedron element with nodal rotations
EQ.5: 1 point ALE hexahedron
EQ.6: 1 point Eulerian hexahedron
EQ.7: 1 point Eulerian ambient hexahedron
EQ.8: acoustic hexahedron
EQ.9: 1 point corotational hexahedron for *MAT_MODIFIED_HONEYCOMB
EQ.10: 1 point tetrahedron
EQ.11: 1 point ALE multi-material element, hexahedron
EQ.12: 1 point integration with single material and void, hexahedron
EQ.14: 8 point acoustic hexahedron
EQ.15: 2 point pentahedron element
EQ.16: 5 point 10 noded quadratic tetrahedron with mid side nodes
EQ.18: 8 point enhanced strain hexahedron element for linear statics only
EQ.31: 1 point Eulerian Navier-Stokes
Only for fluid analysis
EQ.32: 8 point Eulerian Navier-Stokes
EQ.41: Mesh-free solid - EFG
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Element Library *SECTION_SOLID PAGE 50

standard element (Type 1):

- 8-node hexahedron solid element with tri-linear shape functions


- reduced integration, i.e. stresses are calculated only in one integration point in the middle of the
element
-Hourglass modes possible

fully integrated quadratic element (Type 2):

- 8-node hexahedron solid element with tri-linear shape functions


- fully integrated with 8 integration points
- no Hourglass modes
- 2-3 times more expensive than type 1
- helpful, if Hourglass modes are a problem
- handicap: lower deformations obtained as with type 1
-uses B-bar-method to overcome transversal shear locking 8 integration points

fully integrated quadratic 8 node element with nodal rotations (Type 3):

- 8-node hexahedron solid element with quadratic shape function


- 6 degrees-of-freedom per node: translations and rotations
- 14 integration points
- not useful for plasticity or material with Poisson ratio close to 0.5
- very expensive in cpu time (3 times more expensive than type 2)
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Element Library *SECTION_SOLID PAGE 51

Solid element - (type 8):

- for acoustic simulation (sound distribution within fluids)


- nodes only have a pressure degree of freedom

1 point corotational for *MAT_MODIFIED_HONEYCOMB (Type 9):

- special hexahedron element for extra large deformations in combination with foam
material law 126 (*MAT_MODIFIED_HONEYCOMB)

Pentahedron element (Type 15):

- 6-noded element with trlinear displacement behavior and 2 integration points


- element typically is generate when triangular surface element is extruded into the
depth
- with the input:
*CONTROL_SOLID, esort=1
all 6-noded solid elements get automatically this element formulation
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Element Library *SECTION_SOLID PAGE 52

Tetrahedron element (Type 10):

- 4-nodes tetrahedron element with tri-linear shape functions and 1 integration point
- in general much too stiff
- often used in combination with foam material, then realistic results expected

S/R quadratic tetrahedron element with nodal rotations (Type 4):

- 4-node tetrahedron solid element with quadratic shape functions


- 6 degrees-of-freedom per node: translations and rotations
- 5 integration points
- very expensive in cpu time (5 times more expensive than type 10)
- accuracy better than tetrahedron type 10, but less than hexahedron type 2
- accurate tetrahedron elements must have midside nodes, but impracticable for explicit
computations

10-noded tetrahedron element (Type 16):

- tetrahedron element with midside nodes and quadratic displacement behavior


- 4+1 integration points
- needs approx. The same computation time as Type 4 but time step is halfed
- for post processing only a constant stress within element available
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 53
Element comparisson

- typical bending application modelled with


different element formulations
- in case of hexahedrons, 4 elements are
used across the height
- in case of tetrahedrons only 1 element is
used across the height
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 54
Element Library ALE-formulation in Section_Solid;Shell

Eulerian- formulation:

- is used in fluid mechanics


- mesh of elements is fixed in space
- material flows through the elements
-variable boundary conditions are complicated

Lagrangian- formulation:

- is used in structure mechanics


- material and elements are bonded together
-large deformation induces element distortion

ALE: Arbitrary- Lagrangian- Eulerian:

- both formulations in combination, may be alternated by time


- two possible kinds of applications:
REZONING: large deformation in structure mechanics;
mesh must be corrected
FLUID-STRUCTURE-INTERACTION: Airbag inflation
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Element Library *SECTION_SOLID PAGE 55

Solid element - ALE (type 5):

- 8-node hexahedron element with trilinear displacement behavoir with reduced


integration
- ALE = Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian
coupling of lagrangian and eulerian formulation
- Eulerian: materials flow through elements
- useful for simulations with large element distortion

Solid element - (type 6 and 7):

- represent fluid elements within an ALE formulation

Solid element - (type 11 and 12):

- admit within ALE formulation different materials in one fluid element


- use in combination with *ALE_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP (11) or in combination with
void-definition (12)
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Element Library *SECTION_BEAM PAGE 56

SECTION_BEAM:

except for Type 3, 6 and 9 all beam elements need a third node K,
which defines the orientation of the local coordinate system.
element formulation in LS-DYNA:
EQ.1: Hughes-Liu with cross section integration (default)
EQ.2: Belytschko-Schwer resultant beam
EQ.3: truss (resultant)
EQ.4: Belytschko-Schwer full cross-section integration
EQ.5: Belytschko-Schwer tubular beam with cross-section integration
EQ.6: discrete beam/cable
EQ.7: 2D plane strain shell element (xy plane)
EQ.8: 2D axisymmetric volume weighted shell element (xy plane)
EQ.9: spot weld beam
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Element Library *SECTION_BEAM PAGE 57

Belytschko-Schwer-Beam (Type 2):

- efficient in computation
- only valid for linear material and for resultant material formulation (plastic hinges)
-cross section of the beam is described by area and moments of inertia

Hughes-Liu-Beam (Type 1):

- expensive in computation
- also valid for plastic material
- predefined circular and rectangular cross section definition
- arbitrary cross section with user defined integration rule
(*INTEGRATION_BEAM)

Truss-Element (Type 3):

- simple element for tension and compression only


- described by cross section area
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Element Library *SECTION_BEAM PAGE 58

Discrete beams (Type 6):

- not really a beam, but a stiffness in all 6 directions between two nodes
- beam nodes should have (and may have) the same coordinates
- element length does not influence the time step
- element formulation only for material law 66-68
- *MAT_LINEAR_ELASTIC_DISCRETE_BEAM
- *MAT_NONLINEAR_ELASTIC_DISCRETE_BEAM
- *MAT_LINEAR_PLASTIC_DISCRETE_BEAM
- local beam coordinate system available
- input same as beam, output same as beam
Cable-Element (Typ 6):

- same input as in discrete 3D-beam, but with element length important


- acts as a rod, which can only transmit axial tensile forces
- element formulation is exclusively for material law 71:
- *MAT_CABLE_DISCRETE_BEAM
Spot weld beam (Type 9):

- good for description of elastic spot welds


alternative to rigid spot welds (*CONSTRAINED_SPOTWELD)
- often used in combination with *CONTACT_SPOTWELD to define mesh independent spot welds
- only available in combination with the material law 100 (*MAT_SPOTWELD)
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Element Library *SECTION_DISCRETE PAGE 59

SECTION_DISCRETE:

Spring

Damper:

Translations Rotations

Mass:

- discrete springs / damper with linear and non-linear characteristic and single mass
points
-define springs and dampers with *ELEMENT_DISCRETE

Those elements do not yet have a mass, the user must take care that the adjacent
elements and nodes have sufficient mass

- define mass-points with *ELEMENT_MASS and *ELEMENT_INERTIA (in order to


represent components which are not modelled in the model)
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 60
Material definition

description of a material with *MAT_...


the corresponding material ID is then referenced in the corresponding part definition
it should be noted that not all materials are available for each element type
the information, for which elements a material law is valid, is stated in the Keyword Manual
in the description of *MAT
often used material laws are:

Type 1: *MAT_ELASTIC linear elastic


Typ 3: *MAT_ELASTIC_PLASTIC plasticity (iso/kin)
Type 9: *MAT_NULL no effect
Type 20: *MAT_RIGID rigid
Type 24: *MAT_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY standard for plasticity
Type 123: *MAT_MODIFIED_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_ PLASTICITY improved for shells
Type 57: *MAT_LOW_DENSITY_FOAM foam

A FORTRAN interface is available to integrate own material routines.


For this material numbers 41-50 are reserved (*MAT_USER_DEFINED).
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Plasticity PAGE 61

*MAT_ELASTIC or *MAT_001:

simple material law for linear elastic behaviour of material, available for (almost) all
element types

Example input :

MID: Material ID
RO: Density
E: E-Modulus
PR: Poisson ratio
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Plasticity PAGE 62

*MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC (*MAT_003)

material law to describe isotropic materials


with plastic hardening behavior (isotropic or
kinematic hardening)
strain rate effects can be considered
available for Shells, Solids, Beams

Example input :

MID: Material ID SIGY: Yield strength FS: Failure strain


RO: Density ETAN: Tangent-modulus
E: E-modulus BETA: Hardening parameter iso/kin
PR: Poisson ratio SRC/SRP: Strain rate parameters
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Plasticity PAGE 63

*MAT_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY or *MAT_024:

standard material law to describe an elastic-plastic material behavior


the stress-strain curve is either bilinear with a yield stress (sigy) and the tangent
modulus (etan) or can be specified with an input table of a stress-strain curve (either in
the fields eps{n} and es{n} or as a load curve lcss with *DEFINE_CURVE
the true stress in relation to the logarithmic plastic strain must be entered
Example input :
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Engineering X True PAGE 64

nominal strain:

L
eng
L0

nominal stress:

F
eng
A0
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Engineering X True PAGE 65

Logarithmic strain (natural strain)

engineering incremental
L L
eng
L0 L

With integration

L L0 L
ln 1 eng
L
dL
log ln L ln L0 ln ln
L0
L L0 L0

tot el plas
plas tot
E
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Engineering X True PAGE 66

true stress

F true stress belongs to


true strains
A

Constant volume V AL0 L A0 L0 V0

L0 1
A A0 A0
L0 L 1 eng

1 eng eng 1 eng


F F
A A0
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Plasticity PAGE 67

*MAT_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY or *MAT_024:
To enter strain rate effects for plasticity:
a) constants C and P for Cowper&Symonds
b) TABLE-input via lcss
c) Load-Curve (lcsr) defining yield stress scaling factor vs. strain rate

Example input for TABLE-Option: Important for TABLE-Input:


-lcss is a TABLE-ID

- for any strain rate in the TABLE


a *DEFINE_CURVE must follow
immediately
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Plasticity PAGE 68

Specific load curves (*DEFINE_CURVE), which are used in material models,


LS-DYNA does an internal rediscretisation of the input curve. Thereby the new
curve is described with 100 x-y pairs, which have the same increment on the
abscissa.Starting from the smallest input value to the largest value, the
internal used increment on the abscissa is:

x ( x x ) / 99
end in

Using internally a strain increment of 0.01 for the hardening curve, one has to
define in *DEFINE_CURVE for the first strain value 0 and for the last 0.99.
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Plasticity PAGE 69

This is done for stress-strain curves e.g. in:

*MAT_024 and *MAT_123 (both only in case of TABLE input)


*MAT_120 (always)

This is done for almost all force curves of discrete beams:


*MAT_..._DISCRETE_BEAM

It is not done for stress-strain curves e.g. in:


*MAT_024 and *MAT_123 (both only if no TABLE input is used)
*MAT_36 (always)

It is not done for all force curves in discrete elements:


*MAT_SPRING_..

Recommendation: Largest value on abscissa as small as possible; material


curves will be linearly extrapolated. End values must be chosen in such way
that important inner pairs are well represented.
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Plasticity PAGE 70

Many plasticity material models allow the usage of a viscoplastic formulation,


activated with the input: VP=1

This feature needs some more computation time, but leads to a smoother and more
realistic stress curve. It is generally recommended.

In the standard strain rate formulation (VP=0), the effective strain rate is calculated
once based on the components in the current strain rate tensor.
In the viscoplastic strain rate formulation (VP=1), the effective strain rate is calculated
only based on the plastic part of the strain rate tensor. In this formulation you need to
do iteration on the effective plastic strain rate during the corrector state of the
backward euler integration scheme typically used in material models for metals.
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Plasticity PAGE 71

*MAT_MODIFIED_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY or *MAT_123:

description of an elastic-plastic material behaviour; same as Type 24, but with


extended failure criteria
only available for shell elements
Exemple input:
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Null PAGE 72

*MAT_NULL or *MAT_009:

-shell elements and beam elements with this material definition neither have a stiffness
nor need any significant computation time

-application:

- Null shells for description of contact surfaces on solid elements or between


beams
- Null beams for description of contact edges with
*CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_GENERAL
- visualisation of stonewalls, springs or draw beads (for invisible elements)

- in combination with solid elements also for fluids in tanks, when the mass of the fluid is
relevant. An additional *EOS definition is necessary. The mass of the fluid comes from
*MAT_NULL and the compressibility comes from the *EOS definition
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Rigid PAGE 73

Type 20 (*MAT_RIGID):
with this material any element can become a rigid body
the Young's modulus, which should be in the same order than the surrounding material, is used
only to compute the contact stiffness if the rigid body interacts in a contact definition; neither
element length nor material data have an influence on the time step size
a part with MAT_RIGID is one rigid body and has only 6 degrees of freedom for calculation
elements of one rigid body must not be connected. Nevertheless they move like a single body
(Attention !). For independent rigid bodies different parts are necessary and must be defined
nodes connected with rigid bodies may have no additional boundary conditions or constraints
define boundary conditions for rigid bodies in the material definition, this applies to the centre of
gravity
the centre of gravity, the mass and the moments of inertia are calculated by the shape of the
elements, this can be overwritten by
*PART_INERTIA

Example input:
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Foams PAGE 74

Fundamental Behavior

1. Cell walls carry loads: ~linear elastic (first region)

2. Cell walls buckle:


- few stress increase (horizontal plateau)
- air in pore carry little load or decelerates
- with or without failure

3. Material is compacted:
significant stress increase;
densification is obtained
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Foams PAGE 75

There is a distinction between elastic and crushable foams (plastic)


Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Foams PAGE 76

Material models available in LS-DYNA:

elasto-viscoplastic material models with failure (so-called crushable foams)


Viscoelastic formulation for foams with hysteretic behavior
Isotropy or anisotropy

Differences of the models:

Input of curves for stress-strain relationship


Input of material parameters
Consideration of strain rate effects

Similarities of the models:

Material behavior is controlled with volumetric strain


Stresses and strains input is positive for compression
Elastic foam has no transverse contraction
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Foams PAGE 77

Overview Elastic Foams: distinction in strain rate effect

*MAT_057 - viscoelastic with one term (most simple model)


*MAT_073 - viscoelastic with 6 terms (seldom used)
*MAT_083 - table input of stress strain curves; not viscoelastic but rate
dependent (often used)

Overview Crushable Foams: distinction in anisotropy and plasticity

*MAT_026 - for strongly anisotropic foams (Honeycomb), one-dimensional


uncoupled plasticity
*MAT_126 - modification of MAT_026, one-dimensional uncoupled plasticity
*MAT_063 - isotropic, one-dimensional plasticity (principal stresses)
*MAT_163 - isotropic, one-dimensional plasticity (principal stresses); strain rate
dependent
*MAT_075 - isotropic, three-dimensional plasticity
*MAT_142 - anisotropic, three-dimensional plasticity
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Elastic foam PAGE 78

*MAT_LOW_DENSITY_FOAM or *MAT_057

For highly compacted foams with low densities (e.g. seat cushion)
Very stable, viscoelastic formulation (no permanent deformation)
Similarities to a Kelvin element
Input of engineering strains and -stresses
Unloading with hysteretic option (HU)
Form and amount of unloading hysteresis controlled with parameters (HU and
SHAPE)
Most simplest strain rate dependency(1 parameter); corresponds to a Maxwell
element
Optional tension cut off for tensile stress; otherwise linear elastic behavior with
E-Modulus without transverse contraction under tensile loading
Optional input of reference geometry in order to calculate the initial stress
stress state
The time step is calculated based on the steepest tangent in the stress strain
curve under consideration of the CURRENT density
If KCON is input, the time step is calculated according to this value
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Elastic foam PAGE 79

Type 57 (*MAT_LOW_DENSITY_FOAM):

- simple material law for highly compressible low density foams


- for compression a stress-strain-curve has to be defined
- in tension linear behaviour up to failure

Exemple input:
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Elastic foam PAGE 80

Determination of the stress strain curve from quasi-static or dynamic compression tests.

Needed values: engineering stresses over strains (strain measure depends on used
material model)

In order to avoid localization, the stress strain curves have to fulfill the following
conditions:

0 0

For each stress strain curve



2

0 0


.
0
0 For a bunch of stress strain curves in a TABLE
0
definition
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Elastic foam PAGE 81

*MAT_LOW_DENSITY_FOAM or *MAT_057:

influence of HU (hysteretic unloading parameter)


influence of SHAPE (shape factor for hysteretic unloading)
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Elastic foam PAGE 82

*MAT_LOW_DENSITY_FOAM or *MAT_057:
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Elastic foam PAGE 83

*MAT_LOW_DENSITY_VISCOUS_FOAM or *MAT_073

Enhancement to *MAT_LOW_DENSITY_FOAM

For highly compressible low density foams with large strain rate effects

Input of engineering stresses and strains for strain rate Independent part

Extensive viscoelastic formulation

Strain rate effect either determined with a relaxation curve or with pairs of
shear modulus and exponent (Prony-Serie) > those input parameters are
typically not easy to determine, consequently seldom used.
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Elastic foam PAGE 84

*MAT_FU_CHANG_FOAM or *MAT_083

For foams with low density


Input of engineering stresses and strains
Consideration of strain rate effects using a TABLE definition (simple input if
experimental data are available, therefore often used)
Optional input of engineering strain rate or logarithmic strain rate (SFLAG)
Optional input of stress strain relation or linear behavior for tensile (TFLAG)
Calculation type of strain rate can be changed (RFLAG)
Additional input of load curves to define the hydrostatic compression over
volumetric strain (PVID)
Hysteretic behavior during unloading
Time step calculated from Ed; if Ed=0 then from E; time step does not follow
the steepest tangent > E or Ed must be large enough
density change is not considered for calculating the time step
> Attention: for highly compacted foams and used mass scaling large increase
in mass might occur.
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Elastic foam PAGE 85
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Elastic foam PAGE 86

*MAT_CRUSHABLE_FOAM or *MAT_063

For foams with failure and permanent deformations

Isotropic, one-dimensional plastic formulation

Plasticity uncoupled in terms of principal stresses, yield surface is a cube

Unloading with elastic E-modulus

Input of unaxial stress over volumetric strain

*MAT_MODIFIED_CRUSHABLE_FOAM or *MAT_163

Same model as *MAT_063

Additional strain rate dependency: input with TABLE option for different stress
strain curves for different strain rates
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Elastic foam PAGE 87
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Plastic foam PAGE 88

*MAT_BILKHU/DUBOIS_FOAM or *MAT_075

For foams with failure and permanent deformation

Isotropic 3D plasticity formulation

Unloading with elastic E-modulus

Input of unaxial stress over volumetric strain (from uniaxial experiment)

Input of pressure at yield over volumetric strain (from triaxiality experiment)

Elliptical yield surface i.e. 3D plasticity

Optional with transverse contraction in the plastic region


Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Honeycomb PAGE 89

*MAT_HONEYCOMB or *MAT_026

For Honeycomb materials with highly anisotropic behavior


One dimensional formulation with permanent deformations
Plasticity uncoupled for the single material axes
Unloading with elastic E-modulus
Input of stress volumetric strain curves for each material direction; also for
shear components

*MAT_MODIFIED_HONEYCOMB or *MAT_126

For honeycomb materials with highly anisotropic behavior


One dimensional formulation with permanent deformations
Plasticity uncoupled for the single material axes
Unloading with elastic E-modulus
Input of stress volumetric strain curves for each material direction; also for
shear components
Small strain option available
Option for 3D plasticity available
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Material definition Honeycomb PAGE 90

Input of material direction is done with AOPT


definition on material card:

AOPT=0.0:
local orthotropic material cosy defined by the
element node numbering; only useful for structured
meshes with equal or predefined orientation of
element cosy
AOPT=1.0:
local orthotropic material cosy defined by element
center and vector to origin P; only for solid elements
AOPT=2.0:
global orthotropic material cosy defined by two
vectors a and d; only useful for flat or minimal curved
structures (plates)
AOPT=3.0:
local orthotropic material cosy defined by element
normal and vector v; also useful for curved structures
AOPT=4.0:
local orthotropic cylindrical material cosy defined
by point P and vector v; only for solid element
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 91
Boundary conditions
boundary conditions are used to fix displacements or rotations of nodes

boundary conditions can be defined in two different ways

> - at the end of the lines in the nodes definition (*NODE)


- this boundary condition always acts in the global coordinate system
- it is not possible to output the corresponding reaction forces
> - with *BOUNDARY_SPC_...
- this boundary condition may act in an arbitrary coordinate system
(the coordinate system 0 is the global coordinate system)
- the reaction forces are print to the ASCI file spcforc

nodes connected to rigid bodies may not get such boundary conditions

> define boundary conditions for rigid bodies at their centre of gravity in the
material description (*MAT_RIGID) or define a joint
(*CONSTRAINED_JOINT)
> translate center of gravity using *PART_INERTIA and new values
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 92
Initial conditions
- for time transient calculations initial conditions for displacements and velocities are
necessary, default is zero for all
- the acceleration is set to zero at time t=0
- initial velocities can be set with *INITIAL_VELOCITY,
-for rigid bodies define initial velocities in the part definition with *PART_INERTIA
> but then, all mass parameters of the rigid body (centre of gravity, mass, moments of
inertia) must be defined too
- to define initial displacements (e.g. for a prestressed structure) different ways are
possible
a) calculation of prestress deformation with LS-DYNA using dynamic relaxation
b) define initial displacements (for beams and shells also initial rotations) for
each node from a external file (may be created by an implicit code like
ANSYS)
> define *CONTROL_DYNAMIC_RELAXATION, idrflg =2
(initialisation to a prescribed geometry) and set m=filename as parameter
on the command line to start LS-DYNA
c) run the prestress calculation in LS-DYNA using the implicit solver
- initial temperatures can be defined in the same way as initial displacements
- initial stresses and initial strains can be defined in the same way as initial
displacements, e.g. *INITIAL_STRESS_OPTION and *INITIAL_STRAIN_OPTION
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 93
Loads
possible loads:

-- nodal forces (*LOAD_NODES ; *LOAD_RIGID_BODY)


> defines concentrated forces on nodes or on the centre of gravity of rigid
bodies
> possibility to modify the force direction with the deformation (follower
forces), e.g. shell with water loading

-- element pressure (*LOAD_SEGMENT)


-- prescribed displacements, velocities or accelerations
(*BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION_...)

> defines the displacement, the velocity or the acceleration as a function of


time
> for rigid bodies only displacements or velocities at centre of gravity can be
defined
> the use of prescribed velocity is recommended to get a smooth process
> the reaction forces are reported to the ASCII file bndout
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 94
Loads
-- acceleration field (e.g. gravitation) (*LOAD_BODY)
> this describes an acceleration of the ground

-- the quantity of the load is generally provided as a function of time


by pairs {time; value} in form of so-called load curves: *DEFINE_CURVE

-- load curves are also used for many other reasons:

> e.g. for the input of a time-dependent damping


> for the input of stress-strain-relation in the material description
> for the input of time dependent output frequency
> for the input of an arbitrary line in case of generating a axisymmetric body
as geometric contact entities
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 95
Sets
-SETS are needed to define contact, loads, boundary conditions or initial velocities, where a
number of nodes, elements or parts must be specified

-a set describes a group of nodes, parts, elements or segments with the reference of a set ID

- *SET_BEAM_OPTION (options: GENERATE ; GENERAL)


- *SET_DISCRETE _OPTION (options: GENERATE ; GENERAL)
- *SET_NODE _OPTION (options: LIST; COLUMN; LIST_GENERATE; GENERAL)
- *SET_PART _OPTION (options: LIST; COLUMN; LIST_GENERATE)
- *SET_SEGMENT _OPTION (options: GENERAL)
- *SET_SHELL _OPTION (options: LIST; COLUMN; LIST_GENERATE; GENERAL)
- *SET_SOLID _OPTION (options: GENERATE ; GENERAL)
- *SET_TSHELL _OPTION (options: GENERATE ; GENERAL)

- possible options are: GENERATE - generate a block of entities between a starting nodal ID
and an ending nodal ID number
GENERAL - combine a series of options, see Keyword-Manual
LIST - define a list of entities
LIST_GENERATE - generate a block of entities between begin and end
COLUMN - define additional attributes for nodes/parts/elements
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 96
Contact
- the contact algorithm prevents the penetration of nodes into element (contact)
segments

- contact segments can be element faces of solid elements or the element area of shell
elements; if necessary together with an offset of half the shell thickness

- for a contact definition, parts of the model coming in contact must be described as so-
called master and slave side. If it is not possible to describe two contacting model parts
a single surface contact can be used instead and only a slave side has to be defined
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 97
Contact
- the contact partners can be defined by direct input of the nodes and segments or by a
list of PART numbers and geometric box dimensions
- internally LS-DYNA uses always nodes and segments, where segments are element
areas (shell elements or faces of solid elements)
-in some contact types the normal direction of the contact plane is important. In solid
elements the normal is always outward directed, for shell elements the element normal
is used

-> it is generally recommended to create connected meshes with uniform


normal orientation
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 98
Contact
3 Types of Contact:

1) Sliding Interfaces (*CONTACT_...)


2) Stonewalls (*RIGIDWALL)
3) Geometric Contact Interfaces(*CONTACT_ENTITY)

1) Sliding Interfaces (*CONTACT_...)

- this is the most general formulation for contact between rigid and deformable bodies in
arbitrary combination

- in most cases a penalty-method is used, i.e. inner pairs of forces are applied
at those locations where penetrations are observed

- the pair of forces are calculated based on penetration depth


and contact stiffness

- this procedure is neutral in energy (theoretically)


Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Contact Contact stiffness PAGE 99

- penalty force: F = k g with k - contact stiffness


g - penetration depth
- for shell elements the contact stiffness is determined by:

k = slsfac sf KA/ d

With: slsfac - global scale factor given in *CONTROL_CONTACT


sf - local scale factor given in *CONTACT_, Card 3 (sfs,sfm)
K - bulk modulus
A - element area
d - thickness or shortest diagonal

and for solid elements:

k = slsfac sf KA /V

With: slsfac - global scale factor given in *CONTROL_CONTACT


sf - local scale factor given in *CONTACT_, Card 3 (sfs,sfm)
K - bulk modulus
A - segment area
V - volume of element
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Contact Contact stiffness PAGE 100

- according to this, the contact formulation is identical to a spring under compression

- the contact stiffness is computed for each segment on the master and slave side;
in case of contact the smaller value is used
- if these two values differ about a factor of more than 100, the mean value is computed
and a warning message is given
-the biggest disadvantage of the penalty method is, that a contact stiffness has to be
defined, which might be not optimal for all cases:

> if the stiffness is too low, the penetration will be too high
> if the stiffness is too high, high frequency vibrations are activated and the
explicit time integration procedure may become unstable
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Contact Contact stiffness PAGE 101

- at the beginning of a calculation LS-DYNA computes and prints the needed time step
size for contact stability (surface time step) into an output file. Those step sizes must be
compared with the used time step size and should be almost equal

> if the contact time step size is smaller than the time step size used for the
calculation, the contact is too stiff
- a reduction of the contact stiffness would be reasonable
> if the contact time step size is larger, then the contact might be to soft
- the contact stiffness may be increased

-the contact stiffness can be changed in setting scale factors

*CONTROL_CONTACT, slsfac - acts global for all contact definitions


*CONTACT, sfs/sfm - acts only for this contact
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Contact Contact stiffness PAGE 102

soft constraint

- this is another option for the determination of the contact stiffness


- activated with *CONTACT,optional card A, soft=1
- then the contact stiffness is independent of material data and element length, but depends on the
actual time step size used
> for the contact stiffness the highest possible value is used, to keep the simulation
stable:
ms
k sofscl.
t 2

With sofscl - local scale factor from *CONTACT_,optional card A


ms - mass of slave node
t - time step size
- this stiffness can be scaled with the factor sofscl (*CONTACT)
- sofscl=0.5 to 1.0 gives a very stiff contact with only small penetrations
- this formulation is recommended for single surface contact situations in large models, where
different materials with huge stiffness differences (e.g. foam and steel) are in contact with
each other, because nearly the same contact stiffness is used for all segments
- also useful for bulk metal forming applications with high surface pressure
- be careful by using this option in combination with foam material, because the high contact
stiffness may produce high contact forces which may lead to self penetration of solid elements
(error message: negative volume in brick element )
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 103
Contact Alternative contact formulation
Segment Based Contact, Alternate Penalty, Pinball Algorithm

> new development: alternative contact formulation SOFT=2

-this new version of contact search is an extended version of the so-called pinball-
algorithm

- penalty formulation is used but not penetration of single node into contact segment is
checked, but always segment area with segment area is checked (segment based
contact)

- this alternative contact formulation is activated in setting


*CONTACT_, optional card A, soft=2 and uses as soft=1 a contact stiffness which
is calculated via the global time step;
scaling factors are sfs/sfm

- only available for SURFACE_TO_SURFACE, ONE_WAY_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE,


SINGLE_SURFACE contact defintions with and w/o AUTOMATIC- and ERODING-option
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Contact Friction PAGE 104

> Friction

- a Coulomb friction can be defined between pairs in contact


i.e. a friction force is calculated:
with: Fr - friction force
F .F Fn - normal force
r n - coefficient of friction

-the coefficient of friction is calculated by:

(s )e cv with: - static coefficient of friction (FS)


d d s

d - dynamic coefficient of friction (FD)
c - factor for velocity (DC)

> the coefficient of friction has to be defined in *CONTACT, card 2


> the use of the dynamic coefficient of friction FD is only meaningful in combination with
DC
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Contact Sliding interfaces PAGE 105

The most important contact type

Contact type 5: one-sided contact (*CONTACT_NODES_TO_SURFACE)

- slave nodes are tested whether they penetrate into the master segments
- the simplest and most robust contact formulation
- can also be used, if no element segments exist on the slave side, e.g. beams
- master side must consist of segments; direction of normal only relevant for master side
- graphical representation of contact stress in interface force file only for master side and
not for slave side (missing control possibility)
- recommendation: finer discretized side should be slave; rigid bodies must be master
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Contact Sliding interfaces PAGE 106

Contact type 10: one-sided contact


(*CONTACT_ONE_WAY_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE)
-slave nodes are tested for penetration into
the master segments
- same procedure as type 5, but segments
must exist on slave side too (better visualisation)
- very effective and sufficiently accurate, if slave side has
a finer discretisation than the master side
- slave side also depicted in interface force file

Contact type 3: symmetric contact (*CONTACT_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE)

- slave nodes are tested for penetration into the master segments and master nodes are tested for
penetration into the slave segments
- in fact, this is the same than two definitions of contact type 10 with exchanged master and slave
side
- accurate, but more time consuming
- depending on contact situation not always the best choice
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Contact Sliding interfaces PAGE 107

Contact type 13: single surface contact


(*CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SINGLE_SURFACE)
- only slave side is defined
- all nodes are tested for penetration into all elements
- complicated contact situations describable, e.g. buckling and folding
- most expensive contact type
- no resultant contact forces in rcforc file

Contact type 13a: airbag contact (*CONTACT_AIRBAG_SINGLE_SURFACE)

- same formulation as type 13, but a more expensive contact search for thin multilayer
structures
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Contact Sliding interfaces PAGE 108

Contact type 26 (*CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_GENERAL)


- the most general form of single surface contact
- contains additional EDGE-TO-EDGE contact (cylinders with shell thickness along shell
edges, so elements are bigger)
- contains additional BEAM-TO-BEAM contact
- not as stable as contact type 13
- not recommended "generally, but helpful if edge-to-edge or beam-to-beam contact
necessary
Contact type 22 (*CONTACT_SINGLE_EDGE)
- contact is included between edges of shell elements
- the contact occurs at the element edges without any offset
- automatic input will only find external shell edges
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 109
Contact with or without AUTOMATIC
WITH AUTOMATIC WITHOUT AUTOMATIC

- contact direction is based on normal


Segment - normal direction of elements
direction of the segments (for shell
orentation meaningless
elements the element normal)
- shell thickness is always used in
contact since shell elements more or - define with *CONTROL_CONTACT,
Shell
less treated as solid elements shlthk , whether the shell thickness is
tickness
> contact is always on top and bottom of taken into account or not in the contact
the shell element

- a node is released if the penetration is


more than penmax * shell thickness
- a node is released if the penetration is
penmax=0.4 for most contact types
Contact more than xpene * shell thickness
-contact is not found if a node
depth xpene=4.0 for most contact types
penetrates the full shell thickness in one
(sufficient)
time step
> problem by using very thin shells

Options, to
- with *CONTACT, optional card B,
influence the - *CONTROL_CONTACT, xpene
penmax
scan depth
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 110
Contact with or without AUTOMATIC
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Contact Tied contacts PAGE 111

Contact type 2 (*CONTACT_TIED_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE)


Contact type 6 (*CONTACT_TIED_NODES_TO_SURFACE)
- connection of different meshes
- only displacements are tied, no rotations; constraint method is used and therefore not
to be used with rigid bodies
- distance between slave and master must be zero (LS-DYNA moves nodes)

Contact type 2 (*CONTACT_TIED_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE_OFFSET)


Contact type 6 (*CONTACT_TIED_NODES_TO_SURFACE_OFFSET)
- connection of different meshes
- only displacements are tied, no rotations; penalty method is used and can be
used with rigid bodies
- distance between slave and master should not be too large
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Contact Tied contacts PAGE 112

Contact type 7 (*CONTACT_TIED_SHELL_EDGE_TO_SURFACE)


- both translations and rotations are tied
- using _OFFSET (Penalty-method) and
without (Constrained-method)

Contact type 8 (*CONTACT_TIEBREAK_NODES_TO_SURFACE)


- same as type 6, but with failure criteria
> after failure same behaviour as *CONTACT_NODES_TO_SURFACE

Contact type 9 (*CONTACT_TIEBREAK_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE)


- such as type 2, but with failure criteria
> after failure same behaviour as *CONTACT_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Contact Tied contact with OFFSET PAGE 113

- usually a tied contact implies, that slave nodes lie exactly on the element surface
of the master segments
- in using *CONTACT_TIED_... it is possible to introduce a distance between the
contact pairs, which is given by the option _OFFSET
- without the _OFFSET option the slave nodes are shifted during contact initialisation
onto the master surface and will be kept there due to constraint equations
- with _OFFSET they remain at their original positions relative to the tied surface and
are kept with the help of penalty forces

tied contact without _OFFSET tied contact with _OFFSET


> Node is moved onto master segment > Node remains at its original position
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Contact Spot weld PAGE 114

Contact type 7 (*CONTACT_SPOTWELD)


- to connect mesh independent elastic spotweld elements onto shell surfaces
- only in combination with *MAT_SPOTWELD and Spotweld-beams *SECTION_BEAM,
elform=9
- automatic generation of Spotweld beams using *ELEMENT_BEAM_PID possible
- translations as well as rotation are connected, but no rotation about the shell element
normal
- alternative to rigid spotweld using *CONSTRAINED_SPOTWELD
- Slave side composed of part-ids of spotweld beams
- Master side composed of part-ids of those shell elements to be connected
-can be also used in combination with solid elements to model spotwelds

Contact type s7 (*CONTACT_SPOTWELD_WITH_TORSION)


- same as Typ 7, but additionally connection of rotations about the shell normal
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Contact Sliding interfaces PAGE 115

Contact type 14,15,16 (*CONTACT_ERODING_...)


- this contact formulation is only useful for solid elements
- during contact initialisation only the outermost surfaces of all solid elements are used
as contact segments
- in case of failure and subsequent eroding of elements
in the contact area, new contact segments will
be generated on the surfaces of the elements below

Contact type 1 (*CONTACT_SLIDING_ONLY)


- the contact partners are connected to each other permanently, merely their surfaces
can slide on top of each other
- therefore sliding of a fluid at a surface
without the eventuality of vortex shedding
is possible
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Contact Sliding interfaces PAGE 116

Contact type m10, m3, m5 (*CONTACT_FORMING_...)


- special contact formulation for sheet metal forming simulation
- good for disconnected meshes of tool parts
- necessary to control adaptive mesh refinement based on tool curvature
- Lagrange multiplier option available instead of penalty method

Contact type 23 (*CONTACT_DRAWBEAD)


- not really a contact formulation
- used as a simplified draw bead model without
the need to mesh the draw bead geometry
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Contact Stonewalls PAGE 117

Stonewalls (*RIGIDWALL)

- stonewalls are not penetrable and in general not visible and not movable planes
- in order to keep the contact condition, the relative velocity of the penetrating node
is set stepwise to zero (energy absorbing)
- the energy dissipated hereby is monitored in the rigidwall energy
- nodes to get in contact with rigidwalls are either defined direct or by using a box
definition
- by default, rigid bodies are not allowed to get into contact with stonewalls
- an option is available to handle also rigid bodies with the help of penalty forces
*CONTROL_CONTACT, rwpnal=1
- if the keyword input is used, LS-DYNA internally creates for visualisation reasons
a single shell element in the plane of the stonewall
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Contact Geometric contac entities PAGE 118

Geometric Contact Entities (*CONTACT_ENTITY)


- describes the contact of nodes of deformable elements to geometrically described rigid
bodies
- Geometric Contact Entities can be:
- predefined primitives (sphere, cylinder, ellipsoid,...)
- bodies generated by rotating a polygon about an axis
- bodies from a CAD-description (VDA-FS or IGES)
- in all of these cases the contact surface is smooth (while the contact surface is always
facetted by the use of finite elements)

- a rigid material definition (*MAT_RIGID) is necessary for Geometric Contact Entities


- Geometric Contact Entities are invisible by default; with *CONTACT_ENTITY,go=1, a
dummy mesh is created for visualisation reasons
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 119
Rigid body and rigid connections
- there are two possibilities to define areas of the finite element model as rigid:
> rigid bodies composed of finite elements with material type 20 (*MAT_RIGID)
> nodal constraints, spot welds or nodal rigid bodies (*CONSTRAINED_...)

> Important for all of these rigid bodies:


no node is permitted to be a part of two rigid bodies

*CONSTRAINED_...

*CONSTRAINED_NODE_SET
- coupling of nodal displacements (no rotations possible)
- not possible for rigid nodes
- be careful if the coupled nodes have different coordinates because this yields to
rotational constraints
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 120
Rigid body and rigid connections
*CONSTRAINED_LINEAR_OPTION (OPTION: GLOBAL, LOCAL)
- translational and rotational DOFs are coupled with linear functions
(but always only one DOF)

*CONSTRAINED_INTERPOLATION
- extended formulation of *CONSTRAINED_LINEAR
-the motion of the single node depend on the motion of several independent nodes

*CONSTRAINED_POINTS
- two shell elements at nodes (not element nodes) with predefined coordinate are
coupled
(Translation & Rotation)
- used e.g. for spot weld definition
- definition of failure possible
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 121
Rigid body and rigid connections
*CONSTRAINED_SHELL_TO_SOLID
- connection between shell edge and solid element edge

*CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID
- couples lagrangian-mesh (slave) of shells, solids or beams with eulerian-mesh
(master)
- e.g. for fiber reinforced material or reinforcement in concrete, FSI
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 122
Rigid body and rigid connections
*CONSTRAINED_RIVET
- rigid and mass less rivet between two nodes modelled with a rigid truss
- the nodes must not have the same coordinates
- distance of nodes is kept

*CONSTRAINED_SPOTWELD_OPTION
- defines a mass less spot weld between two nodes; modelled with a mass less rigid
beam
- displacements and rotations of nodes are coupled

*CONSTRAINED_GENERALIZED_WELD_OPTION
- more flexible than *CONSTRAINED_SPOTWELD because an arbitrary number
of nodes can be connected, e.g. spot weld through 3 sheets
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 123
Rigid body and rigid connections

*CONSTRAINED_TIE-BREAK
- defines a bonded connection of two shell edges
- connection can locally fail, if surrounding shell elements exceed plastic strain limit
-e.g. opening of a weld line respectively seam line can be modeled

*CONSTRAINED_TIED_NODES_FAILURE
- defines a connected node-set, which may fail due to exceeding plastic strains
- location of the defined nodes must be coincide
- if plastic failure strain is reached, a crack forms, which runs through the whole mesh
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 124
Rigid body and rigid connections

*CONSTRAINED_NODAL_RIGID_BODY
- an arbitrary number of unconstrained nodes (defined by *SET_NODE) can be set to
rigid, i.e. combined to a rigid body

*CONSTRAINED_EXTRA_NODES
- connect nodes of a deformable body with a rigid body without the necessity
of mesh connectivity
- nodes of the deformable body are tied to the rigid body, i.e. the connected
nodal coordinates of the deformable body are triggered by the rigid body motion
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 125
Rigid body and rigid connections

*CONSTRAINED_RIGID_BODIES
- this keyword merges two rigid bodies to one rigid body in case they share common
nodes
- it can be also used to merge two completely separated rigid bodies to one rigid body
- the resulting rigid body only has the mass properties, boundary conditions and loads
of the master rigid part; all data from the slave parts are lost
-nevertheless the slave parts can be used for contact definitions

*CONSTRAINED_RIGID_BODY_STOPPERS
- simple modelling of a limit stop for rigid bodies: the motion stops, if the
displacements or the coordinates exceed certain given limit values
- for free moveable rigid bodies a maximum velocity can be defined; this is useful to
prevent undesirable dynamic effects in a quasi-static analysis
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 126
Rigid body and rigid connections
*CONSTRAINED_JOINT_OPTION
- defines a joint between two rigid bodies
- possible options are: SPHERICAL
REVOLUTE
CYLINDRICAL
PLANAR
UNIVERSAL
LOCKING
TRANSLATIONAL_MOTOR
ROTATIONAL_MOTOR
GEARS
RACK_AND_PINION
PULLEY
SCREW
- to impose the kinematic conditions a penalty method is used. Consequently the joints have a
stiffness, which is set as large as possible regarding the time step size. But very high loads might
destroy the joints
- an implicit Lagrange multiplier option is available, where the joints are completely rigid,
but this may not be stable for all cases
*CONTROL_RIGID, lmf=1
An alternative to those joints is the usage of discrete beams ( *SECTION_BEAM,
elform=6) in combination with *MAT_GENERAL_JOINT_DISCRETE_BEAM
Those joints exclusively use the penalty method and can be used to connect elastic as well as rigid
bodies.
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 127
Rigid body and rigid connections
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Joint Cylindrical joint PAGE 128

Door hinge: rotation and translation only possible in the direction of axis N1-N2.

joints can be only defined between rigid bodies.


Consequently rigid spiders are often used.
a) *MAT_RIGID
b) *CONSTRAINED_NODAL_RIGID_BODY

Nodes for joints can be connected with


*CONSTRAINED_EXTRA_NODES
to existing rigid bodies
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Joint Cylindrical joint PAGE 129

Joint, as constructed in LS-DYNA Joint extracted for better visualization and


easier checking.

The nodal pairs N1/N2 and N3/N4 must be coincide, i. e. they must have the same nodal
coordinates. In contrast, it is positive if the single nodal pairs are far apart, for a optimal
joint operation.

recommended:
small mass points applied to each joint node, in order to omit warning message mass
less nodes.
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Joint Spherical joint PAGE 130

Sperical joint: rotation in all directions.


joints can be only defined between rigid bodies.
Consequently rigid spiders are often used.
a) *MAT_RIGID
b) *CONSTRAINED_NODAL_RIGID_BODY
Nodes for joints can be connected with
*CONSTRAINED_EXTRA_NODES
to existing rigid bodies
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
Joint Spherical joint PAGE 131

Joint, as constructed in LS-DYNA Joint extracted for better visualization and


easier checking.

The nodes N1/N2 must be coincide, i. e. they must have the same nodal coordinates.

recommended:
small mass points applied to each joint node, in order to omit warning message mass
less nodes.
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 132
Joints

Gear drive: nodal pairs (1,3) and (2,4) define axis orthogonal to the plane of the gear,
nodal pairs (1,5) and (2,6) define vectors lying in the plane of the gear

Rack drive: nodal pairs (1,3) define a vector orthogonal to the plane of the gear,
nodal pairs (1,5) define a vector lying in the plane of the gear and nodal
pair (2,4) define the motion direction of the second body
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 133
Joints

*CONSTRAINED_JOINT_STIFFNESS_OPTION
- defines a curve for force vs displacement and stop angles of joints, which are
defined using *CONSTRAINED_JOINT_OPTION

e.g.
*CONSTRAINED_JOINT_STIFFNESS_GENERALIZED
defines in addition to a joint
- torsional moment versus angle change
- damping moment versus angle change velocity
- frictional moment due to angle change
- stop angle (elastic)
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 134
Rigids and rigid connections
*CONSTRAINED_ADAPTIVITY
- using adaptiove meshing produces new nodes which do not have a connection to
adjacent nodes (hanging nodes); those nodes are then connected to the adjacent
element edge
- the coupling is done automaticall; all 6 DOF are connected
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 135
Damping
Rayleigh Damping
.. .
- equation of motion: M. u (t) C. u (t) K.u(t) p(t) with C as damping matrix

- Rayleigh-damping: C .M .K with M as mass matrix and


K as stiffness matrix


0
Eigen frequency
- attenuation factor:
2 0
2 with 0

and 2f


>mass proportional damping:
2 0


>stiffness proportional damping 0

the mass proportional damping affects mainly lower frequencies


- for the highest eigenfrequency it is almost zero
- global velocities are damped, i.e. a free flying body is decelerated due to mass proportional
Damping.
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 136
Damping
The stiffness proportional damping affects mainly higher frequencies
- relative velocities in the material are damped
- for a damping value, which has been chosen to damp low frequencies
significant, it might happen, that for high frequencies the damping is already
overcritical. On the other hand the high frequencies govern the critical time
step, such that overcritical damping might lead to instabilities in the explicit
time integration. Therefore use stiffness proportional damping with care!
- since LS-DYNA version 960 the input value for
*DAMPING_PART_STIFFNESS is no longer , but a factor for the critical
damping of the highest eigenfrequency.

0

2
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 137
Damping

5 types of damping are available

a) *ELEMENT_DISCRETE > discrete damper element


b) *DAMPING_GLOBAL > a mass proportional system damping (Rayleigh
damping) defined globally for all nodes of
deformable bodies and for the mass centre of
mass of rigid bodies
c) *DAMPING_PART_MASS > a mass proportional damping only for the defined
parts
d) *DAMPING_PART_STIFFNESS > a stiffness proportional damping (Rayleigh
damping) for the defined parts
e) *DAMPING_RELATIVE > a mass proportional damping relative to the
movement of a rigid body

-the types b) to e) correspond to the Rayleigh-damping: C .M .K

the term .M damps low frequencies (vibration period large)

the term .K damps high frequencies (vibration period small)


Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 138
Output controls
Four different kinds of result files are created in LS-DYNA:
> binary plot files d3plotnn
> binary time history database d3thdtnn
> ASCII database
> BINOUT (binary data basis for ASCII-Files)
> binary interface force files

Binary plot file d3plot


- contains for all nodes the displacements, velocities and accelerations
- contains for all elements the stresses and strains
- predominantly used for visualisation and animation of deformations, stresses and
strains, e.g. with the postprocessor LS-POST
- the output frequency must be defined in *DATABASE_BINARY_D3PLOT
care should be taken to produce not to much data
> usually 20 to 100 states are written during a simulation
- with *DATABASE_EXTENT_BINARY the extent of output data can be controlled
- it is a nice option to set *DATABASE_EXTENT_BINARY, ieverp=1 ;
thus every output state is written to a separate file with the name d3plotnn ;
after the first postprocessing, all unnecessary files might be deleted
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 139
Output controls

Time history file d3thdt

- contains some global results (energies, rigid body displacements)


- contains displacements, velocities and accelerations only for selected nodes
- contains stresses and strains only for selected elements
- with *DATABASE_HISTORY_... the desired nodes and elements must be specified
- with *DATABASE_BINARY_D3THDT the desired output frequency must be specified
-since this file contains only the results of some nodes and elements, a smaller output
increment can be chosen

> usually in-between 1000 and 10000 time steps within a calculation

- post processing can be done with LS-POST


Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 140
Output controls
ASCII files
-in addition to the two binary result files there is still a family of ASCII result files:
> GLSTAT - contains the total energy balance
> MATSUM - contains the energy for all parts separately
> NODOUT - contains the displacements of selected nodes
> ELOUT - contains the forces and stresses of selected elements
> DEFORC - contains the forces of all discrete spring and damper elements
> RBDOUT - contains the displacements of all rigid bodies
> RCFORC - contains the resultant forces for each contact definition
> NCFORC - contains the single node forces for each contact definition
> SPCFORC - contains the reaction forces for nodes having SPC boundary
conditions
> JNTFORC - contains the forces in joints
> BNDOUT - contains forces and energies for external load definitions
- the output increment is defined with *DATABASE_... (e.g. *DATABASE_GLSTAT)
- the number of output steps might be in-between 100 and 10000; a unique number for all files
cannot be given, since the size of these files can differ significantly, e.g. the file rcforc is very
compact, while the file rbdout can be much larger, even with the same number of output steps
(depending on how much rigid bodies exist)
- for the files nodout and elout the desired nodes and elements must be specified
with *DATABASE_HISTORY_...
- LS-POST is able to plot this data
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 141
Output controls
- besides the already mentioned ASCII files, there are additional ones:
> GCEOUT: - contains the contact forces on geometric contact entities
> SLEOUT: - contains the energies of contact surfaces
> SECFORC: - contains the cross section forces (*DATABASE_CROSS_SECTION)
> SBTOUT: - contains the forces and stresses of seat belts (*ELEMENT_SEATBELT)
> RWFORC: - contains the contact forces of the rigid walls (*RIGIDWALL)
> NODFORC: - contains the forces of defined groups of nodes
(*DATABASE_NODAL_FORCE_GROUP)
> ABSTAT: - contains Airbag statistics
> SWFORC: - contains forces in spot welds (*CONSRAINED_SPOTWELD)
> TPRINT: - contains thermal output from a thermal or coupled structural-thermal Analysis

-post processing of all ASCII data is done using LS-PrePost

MPP-DYNA can not produce ASCII data, except GLSTAT. Instead a binary file dbout.nnnn is
written. nnnn is the processor number, i.e. there are as many dbout.* files as processors used.
The files dbout.* must be translated at the end of an mpp run with an additional program dumpbdb
in order to generate the ASCII files:
cat dbout.* > dbout
dumpbdb dbout
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 142
Output controls
BINOUT
Since version 970 all ASCII files can be written to a binary file. This binout file can be
directly read by LS-PrePost (currently not recommended).
A small additional program l2a converts the binout file again into ASCII files:

l2a binout*

The binout file is typically used in MPP-DYNA as a newer alternative to the dbout-Files;
it is also available for SMP-Version
On the *DATABASE_option card one can set with the parameter binary, whether ASCII
data directly or binout has to be generated. Using binary=3 both methods are written
(ASCII-Files and binout);
this is recommended for MPP runs.

The SMP version writes per run only one binout-File, the MPP versionn typically more
than one (e.g.. binout0000, binout0004)
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 143
Output controls

Interface force file

- contains contact forces for all contact segments


- by default this file is not created, use the parameter s=d3intf on the command line
of LS-DYNA to create this file (d3intf is an arbitrary file name)

- by default the output increment is the same as for d3plot


- the ooutput frequency is input using *DATABASE_BINARY_INTFOR
- in the contact definitions one has to specify whether or not the output for this contact
is included in the Interface-Force-File (*CONTACT_, card 1, spr, mpr)
- the evaluation of the Interface-Force-Files takes place with LS-POST analogue to the
evaluation of the plot-files
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 144
Output controls

Message file
is a type of error file and contains all warnings and error messages
like initial penetrations, contact reorientation, nodes with no mass,

D3HSP file (High Speed Printer)


contains an report, how the input data is interpreted by LS-DYNA
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 145
Restart
- in case that a calculation is stopped with the sense switch code or terminated normally
due to endtime, a restart file is written with the name d3dumpnn . This restart file can be
later used to continue (restart) the calculation
- 3 types of restart are available:
> the simple restart
> the so-called little restart
> the big restart (full restart)

- instead of d3dumpnn the so called running restart file runrsf could be also used
- with *DATABASE_BINARY_RUNRSF the output frequency for this file can be
defined and the previous file is overwritten
- only one file runrsf exists, so it can be written more often than the
d3dumpnn
- rename this file before using it as a restart file

The simple restart


- the simple restart is used to continue a stopped calculation without any modifications:
-restart the simulation with

lsdyna r=d3dumpnn
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
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Restart
The little restart
-small changes in the model input are possible:
> change of the termination time and the output frequencies
> deletion of contact surfaces
> deletion of elements or parts
> switch deformable bodies to rigid bodies and vice versa
> change of velocities
> change of load curves

- the restart input file contains only this changes, e.g. for termination time:
*KEYWORD
*CONTROL_TERMINATION
120.0
*END

-continue the calculation with

lsdyna i={restart inputfile} r={restart file}

- all output files will be appended, nothing overwritten


Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 147
Restart
The following keywords can be used in a little restart:
*CHANGE_OPTION_ -> possible options are: BOUNDARY_CONDITION
CONTACT_SMALL_PENETRATION
CURVE_DEFINITION
RIGID_BODY_CONSTRAINT
RIGID_BODY_STOPPER
STATUS_REPORT_FREQUENCY
THERMAL_PARAMETERS
VELOCITY
VELOCITY_NODE
VELOCITY_RIGID_BODY
VELOCITY_ZERO
*CONTROL_DYNAMIC_RELAXATION
*CONTROL_TERMINATION
*CONTROL_TIMESTEP
*DAMPING_GLOBAL
*DATABASE_OPTION
*DATABASE_BINARY_OPTION
*DELETE_OPTION
*INTERFACE_SPRINGBACK
*RIGID_DEFORMABLE_OPTION
*TERMINATION_OPTION
*TITLE
*KEYWORD *CONTROL_CPU *SET_OPTION *DEFINE_OPTION
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
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Restart
The big restart

-a big restart is necessary for those changes, which are not possible with a little
restart

- the restart input file contains now a complete input file and the additional input line
*STRESS_INITIALIZATION (identification for the big restart).
This will describe, how the old results are transferred to the new model

- initial velocities in the input file are ignored; in order to set velocities at the beginning
of the restart, use
*CHANGE_VELOCITY_...

-the new calculation starts at the time step where the old has ended

- all output-files, e.g. d3plot or glstat are created new, i.e. the old result files would be
overwritten
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 149
Static prestress
Dynamic relaxation
- dynamic relaxation is a method to obtain a static solution respectively a static prestress
in LS-DYNA although an explicit time integration used.
- the difference to a transient calculation is, that the program uses the critical damping
for all nodes in order to get the static solution as fast as possible;
the static solution is reached, if the kinetic energy falls below a certain tolerance
-dynamic relaxation can be carried out before a transient analysis in order to model a
static prestress

Initialisation to a prescribed geometry


another way to start a explicit simulation with a prestressed model:
- perform an implicit calculating using an arbitrary program and write out all
displacements
- set *CONTROL_DYNAMIC_RELAXATION , idrflg =2
- start LS-DYNA and include the input of these displacements with the command line
option:
m=filename
> LS-DYNA will calculate the stresses based on the given displacements and use it
for the further calculation (displacements applied linearly in 100 steps such that history
variables calculated as well)
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 150
Units in LS-DYNA

Mass Length Time Force Stress Energy (steel) E(steel)


kg m sec N Pa Joule 7.83e+03 2,07E+11
kg cm sec 1e-02N 7.83e-03 2,07E+09
kg cm ms 1e+04N 7.83e-03 2,07E+03
kg cm ms 1e+10N 7.83e-03 2,07E-03
kg mm ms kN GPa kN-mm 7.83e-06 2,07E+02
gm cm sec dyne dyne/cm^2 erg 7.83e+00 2,07E+12
gm cm ms 1e+07N Mbar 1e7Ncm 7.83e+00 2,07E+00
gm mm sec 1e-06N Pa 7.83e-03 2,07E+11
gm mm ms N MPa N-mm 7.83e-03 2,07E+05
ton (1000 kg) mm sec N MPa N-mm 7.83e-09 2,07E+05
lbf-sec^2/in in sec lbf psi lbf-in 7.33e-04 3,00E+07
slug ft sec lbf psf lbf-ft 1.52e+01 4,32E+09

* 1 slug = 32.18 kg; 1 ft = 0.3048 m = 12*2.54 cm; 1 N = 105dyne = 1 lbf/4.4482;


1 Mbar = 1012 dynes/cm2; 1 bar = 14.7 psi = 1.0 atm= 105 Pa;
1 kg/m3 = 10-3 gm/cm3 = 0.9112 slug/ft3
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
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Units in LS-DYNA
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 152
Recommendations for *CONTROL
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 153
Recommendations for *CONTROL
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 154
Recommendations for Shell Elements
Simplest Belytscko Tsay, fast:
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 155
Recommendations for Shell Elements
Simplest Shell-Element Belytscko Tsay, more accurat (20% slower):
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 156
Recommendations for Shell Elements

Higher Shell-Element Fully integrated, default:


Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 157
Recommendations for Shell Elements
Higher Shell-Element Fully integrated, more accurate (20% slower):
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 158
Recommendations for Contacts
Contact:
Explicit Dynamics with LS-DYNA
PAGE 159
LS-DYNA related links
http://www.lstc.com
LSTCs Homepage

http://www.dynasupport.com/
Tutorials, Howtos, FAQ, Manuals, Release Notes

http://www.topcrunch.org
Benchmarking for Hardware, car model Neon & 3-cars

http://www.ncac.gwu.edu/vml/models.html
Freely available car models, Barriers

http://www.feainformation.com
Latest information on LS-DYNA and related things

http://www.feapublications.com
LS-DYNA Newsletter respectivly FEA-Newsletter

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