Q0 Q Q This study sheet provides a

HOMEWORK y a x p q
2
b b 2 4ac
x
20
basic review of all topics in the
Po P P
2a BC Math 11 Principles

STUDY SHEETS
DEPOT
Math11 Formula Sheet
y a x 2 x 3 x 4
10
curriculum. For an extensive
online lesson of each topic,
visit www.BCMath.ca

V) Inverse Functions: y f x
1
Ch 2: Quadratic Functions: Graphing Quadratic Function: y ax 2
I) Quadratic Function: 1st Find the vertex from p, q When finding the inverse function, switch x
y

& y, then isolate y

y a x p q 2nd Plot points using 1,3,5,7
2 8

Ex: Find the inverse of f x 3 x41

8

5 process when a 1
p, q
6 6

Vertex: 3 y 1
4
If a 2 , use 2,6,10,14 y 3 x 1 x 4 x 3 y 1 (isolate y)
Axis of Symmetry: x p 4

If a 3 , use 3,9,15,21 4 4

Domain: x
2

2
3 3rd Graph is symmetrical 4 x 1 3 y 4 x 1 y 4 x 1 f 1 x
3 3
Range: y q or y q Flip over the Axis of
x

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

1
symmetry for points on Graphs of Inverse Functions:
x

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

If ' a ' is positive graph opens up Vertex other side. The graph of an Inverse Function is a
If ' a ' is negative graph opens down ( p, q ) reflection of f x in the line y x
How a, p, q Affects the Graph
Ex: Given y 2 x 12 3 Find all the
p Horizontal shift (Left or right) N S, W E, U C
y y
y

properties of a parabola: ie: x 3 3units right, x 2 2units left

8 8 8

6 6 6

a 2, p 1, q 3 Vertex (1,3) (minimum) q

Vertical shift (up or down)
4

2
4

2
4

Opens Up, AOS: x 1

x x x

y x 2 3 3 units up y x 2 4 4 units down

-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8

-2 -2

Domain: x
-2

, Range: y 3
a Vertical expansion or compression
-4 -4 -4

-6 -6 -6

-8 -8 -8

II) Finding Vertex in General Form: 0 a 1 (Vert. Comp) a 1 (Vert. Expand)

1st Method: (X.A.V.) (Wide) (Thin) y y y

8 8 8
y y

Ex#1) Find the vertex y x 2 10 x 21

6 6 6

8 8 4 4 4

i) Find X intercepts: (make y = 0)

2 2 2

6 6 x x x

0 x 3 x 7 x 3,7
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8

-2 -2 -2
4 4

-4 -4 -4

ii) Axis of Symmetry (average of x-intercepts)

2 2 -6 -6 -6

-8 -8 -8
x x

3 7
5 x5
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

2
iii) Vertex: plug AOS into equation III) Application of Quadratic Functions: VI) Inverse of Quadratic Function:
Maximizing Revenue When obtaining the inverse of QF, split the
y 5 3 5 7 y 4 vertex 5, 4
Q Qo domain using the axis of symmetry to 2
2nd Method: Find the vertex by Ti-83 P Po
Q P
I
parts: The domain of f x will become the
Q Q Q o
2 nd Trace 3 / 4 :Max / Min L.Bound R. Bound Guess
R PQ P Po P range of f 1
x :
y x p q f 1 x x q p
2
3rd Method: Completing the Square: Qo initial quantity Q change in quantity
A process to convert a quadratic equation x p Right y p Top
Po initial price P change in price
from general to standard form
Ex: A shop sells 400 books at $20 each. Each x p Left y p Bottom
y ax 2 bx c y a x p 2 q increase in $4 will result in 40 fewer sales.
a) Write Q as a function of price p Ex: Find the Inverse of y ( x 2) 2 1
Ex: Complete the square: 3x 12 x 10 0
2
b) Find the price that yields maximum Revenue x 1 ( y 2) 2
y ( x 2) 2 1
a) I
3 x 12 x 10 0
2
x ( y 2) 2 1 x 1 y 2
3x 12 x 10 0
2
bracket 1st 2 terms Q 400 40 Q 400 40
4
Q 600 10 p
x 1 ( y 2) 2 2 x 1 y
3 x 4 x 10 0
2 P 20 4 P 20
factor out "a" Split the domain to 2 parts: Then f 1 x is:
b) R Q P 600 10 p p (find vertex)
3 x 2 4 x 4 4 10 0 Add/Subtr. 12 b
2
y ( x 2) 2 1 y 2 x 1
3 x 4 x 4 12 10 0 Take out ' ve value, mult w/ "a"
Vertex 30,9000 P $30, Max Re v $9000
D : x 2 Right R : y 2 Top &
2

3 x 2 x 2 22 0 Factor trinomial Ex) A farmer wants to build a rectangular R : y 1 D : x 1

barn using 120 meters of fencing separating
3 x 2 22 0
y y

Combine trinom square

2

his cows and chickens. Determine the

4 4

2, 22
3 3

y 3 x 2 22 Vertex largest possible area for the barn.

2 2 2

1 1

L Perimeter : P 2 L 3W
x x
-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8

-1 -1

iii) Finding the Quadratic Equation: 120 2 L 3W L 60 32 W -2 -2

W
Ex#3)Find equation of a parabola with Area : A L W 60 32 W W y ( x 2) 1 2
y 2 x 1
vertex (0,3) & passing (3,4) D : x 2 Left R : y 2 Bottom
1st step: p 0, q 3, x 3, y 4 Complete the square to find Vertex (Maximum) R : y 1 D : x 1
y y

2nd step: solve for a A 1.5W 2 60W 1.5 W 2 40W

4 4

3 3

y a x p q 4 a 3 0 3
2 2 2 2

1.5 W 20 600 Vertex 20, 600

2 1 1

x x

a y x 3 2 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
1 1
Width 20m, Area 600m , L 30m 2 -1 -1

9 9
-2 -2
Ch3:Polynomial & Rational Missing Constant with Unknown Roots Rational Functions (RF):
Functions Ex: Determine the values of k, so that one A RF is a function there is a polynomial in
Polynomial Functions: All powers of x are both the numerator & denominator.
root is double the other: x 2 kx 7 0
positive integers & all coefficients are real Note: One root is double the first r, 2r Rational Function
Polynomial
numbers x r x 2r 0 Expand and Foil
Polynomial

y ax n bx n 1 cx n 2 ..... dx e Vertical Asymptote: Values that makes the

x 2 rx 2rx 2r 2 0 Simplify denominator equal to zero, NPV
Linear y mx b x 3rx 2r 0
2 2
Horizontal Asymptote: Use long division. If a
Quadratic y ax 2 bx c Compare with original equation: remainder exist, the quotient will be the
x 2 kx 7 0 with x 3rx 2r 0
2 2 Horizontal Asymptote. If no remainder, then
Cubic y ax 3 bx 2 cx d No Horizontal Asymptote.
2r 2 7 r 7
Solve for "r",then for " k " x2
Quartic y ax 4 bx3 cx 2 dx e 2
Ex: y Find VA, HA, and Graph
x 9
2

a, b, c, d ...are constants k 3r k 3 7
2
y

VA : x 2 9 0 4
A
Absolute Max(A): point on graph Ex: Determine the values of k, so that one
30

x 3
3

with the greatest y-coordinate 20

root is triple the other: 16 x 2 kx 27 0
2

C 1 quotient 1
y 1
Absolute Min (B): point on graph
10
Note: One root is triple the firstr,3r HA : x 2 9 x 2 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
x

with the lowest y-coordinate 16 x kx 27 0

2 -1
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
27 48r 2 r 34 x2 9 -2

Relative Max(C): point on top of a hill 16 x r x 3r 0 x 3 x3

k 64r 64
-10 -3
3
D R 9, VA : y 1
16 x 2 rx 3rx 3r 2 0
-4
-20 4
Rel. Min(D): point on bottom of a crest
B k 48 Ex: y
x2
Note: An Absolute Max/Min may not exist if the 16 x 2 64rx 48r 2 0 x5
Find VA, HA, and Graph
graph extends up/down to infinity VA : x 5 0
y

Ti-83: Finding Zeroes & Intersections 1 x 5 NPV 40

Odd Function: Highest degree is Odd Finding zeroes for polynomial equations: x 5 quotient
Even Function: Highest degree is even. 2nd Trace " zero " 2 " LeftBound "
20

HA : x 5 x2 y x5
x2 5x
x

Enter " RightBound " Enter Enter

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

5x -20
x5
5 x 25
Finding Intersection points R=25 -40

2nd Trace " intersect " 5 " firstcurve " Vert. Asympt. y x

3.3: Finding Roots.

Enter "secondcurve" Enter Enter Ex: y
2x
Find VA, HA, and Graph
Roots, Zeroes, & X-intercepts are all the x2 1
same thing. This section is about finding the
y

VA : x 2 1 0
x-intercepts of a function and factoring a
1.5

No NPV
Reciprocal Functions: y f 1x x 2 1 . 1

function into its factors. No Ver. Asympt

Can ' t sq.root! 0.5

3 steps to graphing reciprocal functions

Ex: Find the roots: y x 7 x 12 x
x
3 2
1.Find zeroes become vertical asymptotes
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8

HA : x 2 1 2 x -0.5

Degree is 3 3 possible roots 2.Common points when " y" co-ord is 1 -1

Can't divide
0 x3 7 x 2 12 x make y=0 3.Large small & small Large
-1.5

No Vert. Asympt
0 x x 2 7 x 12 factor common coefficient
Ex: If f x x 2 4 graph y
2 1
f x 3.9: Composite Functions:
0 x x 4 x 3 factor trinomial
y When 2 or more functions are applied one into
x 0, 4, 3 another.
Ex: Write a polynomial function with the 1st graph
parabola
4 Note: Whatever is in the brackets, you
following roots: Common points replace that for every x in the equation.
i) 4,2, 7 y x 4 x 2 x 7 at y 1
f g ( x ) Put function G into function F
2nd find zeroes:
ii) 3,3, 5 y x 3 x 5
2
2
(VA) x 0, x 4 g f ( x) Put function F into function G.
A double root is when a root appears twice. xf x g x Multiply the two functions
Graphically, the function will hit the x-axis -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
at the double root and bounce back. Ex#Given f x 2 x 4 , g x 3 5 x Find:
3rd Common points
y co-ord 1 -2 i) f g x ii) g f x iii) g f 1

4th Large to Small 2 g x 4 3 5 f x 3 5 f 1

Solving a Polynomial function.
Small to Large 2 3 5x 4
-4
Ex: Find equation of function with zeroes -1,1,3 Common points 3 5 2x 4 3 5 2
x 4 at x0
and y-intercept at -6 y 1 6 10 x 4 3 10 x 20 3 10
y a x 1 x 1 x 3 find binomial factors 2 10 x 23 10 x 13
Note:
6 a 0 1 0 1 0 3 Sub. y-intercept to The recip. of zero is undefined, so we get
iv) f f x v) g g x vi) g f g x
6 3a find "a" vertical asymptotes 1
0
undefined
2 f x 4 3 5 g x f g x 2 10 x
2 a y 2 x 1 x 1 x 3 The recip. of 1 or -1 does not change, so we
get common points 1
1
1 1
1
1 2 2x 4 4 3 5 3 5x
g f g x
4x 8 4 3 15 25 x 3 5 2 10 x
The recip. of a large number becomes small 4 x 12 12 25 x 7 50 x
and vice versa. 1
0.001
1000 1000
1
0.001
 Ch4:Analysis of Equations & 4.3: Remainder Theorem 4.7 :Radical Equations:
Inequalities When a function f x is divided by a binomial Ie: Solve 2 x 1 2 x
x p , the remainder will be equal to f p . 2 x
2
Quadratic Formula: 2x 1
2
Square both sides
Formula to solve for x with a quadratic
Ex: Find Remainder when 3x3 11x 2 6 x 10 2 x 1 4 4 x x2 Restrictions:
equation in the form of ax 2 bx c 0 is divided by x 4 . 0 x2 6 x 5 2 x 1 0 x 1
2

b b 4ac2
1st Find p from divisor x 4 p 4 0 x 5 x 1 2 x 0 2 x
x , where b2 4ac 0
2a x 5, x 1 Check using number line
2nd Substitute p into f x for x
Ex: Find the roots of 2 x 2 3x 4 0 x 5 is not within the restriction, so the solution
3 4 11 4 6 4 10
3 2
(Find a,b,c then plug into formula) is x 1 x=1 x=5
a 2, b 3 b 9, c 4
2
192 176 24 10 2 Re mainder 2
3 9 4 2 4 Cases with no solutions:
3 6.403
x x 3 41
1. Extraneous roots where solution is not
2 2 4 4 Ex: Find k when x3 5 x 2 kx 8 divided
within the restriction
x 0.851 x 2.35 by x 3 , remainder is 1.
2. Isolate radical and one side is negative
Note: First move all terms to one side 1st x 3 p 3 ie: i) x x 3 ii) 3 x 5 4
and becareful with signs.
2nd f 3 3 5 3 k 3 8 1
3 2

4.8: Absolute Value y f x

4.2: Nature of the Roots: 27 45 3k 8 1 63 3k k 21
Use the discriminant formula to find how Steps: Solving y f x
many roots are in the equation. O, 1 or 2
4.4 Factor Theorem: 1.Split the graph into 2 domains at the x-int.
D b 4ac If you divide a function by binomial x k 2.Draw V-shape graph for y f x . Label each
2
solns. Discrim Formula:
b 4ac 0 2 x intercepts
2
and the remainder becomes zero, then slope with equation. Left side has a neg. slope &
b 4ac 0 only 1 x intercept
2
x k is one of the factors of f x . Right has a pos. slope
3. Solve inequality on each side. Check, the
b 2 4ac 0 no x intercepts b/c can't 1 The factor theorem is used to convert a solution must be within its domain.
function from General Form to Factored
Note b 2 4ac is from Quadratic Formula How to Split the Domain:
form.
General Form: Factored Form: Ie: 2 x 6 10
Review: Synthetic Division: f x 2 x 3 3x 2 11x 6 x 3 2 x 1 x 2 Find x-int. within the abs. value
1.Use the divisor to find number on the left 2x 6 0 x 3
2.Bring the first number down, you add Steps to Factor a Polynomial:
downwards 1. Use Remainder Thm to find 1st root. (Find
3. Multiple each number on the bottom with x so that f x is zero.) Hint: Use factors of
divisor to find next number diagonally the constant (last) term in dividend.
Ex#1) Divide 3 x 3 11x 2 6 x 10 by x 4 2.Use Syn. Div. to find quotient. f x is the Left side, domain is Right side, domain
x3 x3 is x 3
3 11 6 10 dividend and the root is the divisor. Purpose:
4 Quot : 3 x 2 1x 2
12 4 8 break the function f x into factors: x k
Ex: Solve x 3 16
*If quotient has a degree of 3 or bigger, then
3 1 2 2 Remainder: 2 x 3 x 3
repeat steps 1&2, until the quotient is a
Note: Degree of terms in dividend must in trinomial
x 3 16 x 3 16
descending order. 3. Factor the quotient (trinomial).
x 3 16 x 13
Two Reminders with Synthetic Division x 3
i)If the Dividend is missing a term (skip in the Ex#2)Factor 2 x 5x x 6
3 2
x 19 3 13 Good

exponents), replace missing term with i)Rem. Thm. Use factors of 6: 1, 2, 3, 6 19 3 Good

coefficient of zero ie: (skipped from x3 to x1 ) f 1 2 1 5 1 1 6 Therefore, 1 is a root,

3 2
The intersections are at x 19, x 13
Ie: 3x 2 x 1 3 x 0 x 2 x 1
3 3 2
2 5 1 6 0 then x-1 is a factor
Ex: Solve: x 4 3x 4 10
2. If Divisor has a coefficient for the x-term, ii) Syn. Div. to find Quotient: Remainder
x 4
solve for x from the divisor. Do synthetic must be Zero!) x 4
division. At the end, factor out the same 2 5 1 6
coefficient from the quotient. 1 Quot : 2 x 2 7 x 6 3x 4 3x 4
2 7 6
Ex: Divide: 4 x 6 x 2 x 4 2 x 1
3 2

2x 1 x 21
2 7 6 0R0 4
iii)Factor the quotient: x 4 x

4 6 -2 4
Dividend x 1
2 4x 4x 4 6
2
2 x 2 7 x 6 2 x 3 x 2
3

12

D =2 x 12 2 x 2 2 x 2 6
-2 -2 2 iv) Solution in Factored Form: x 4 3x 4 10 x 4 3x 4 10 x 4 3x 4 10

4 4 -4 6 D = 2 x 1 2 x 2
2x 2 6 2 x3 5 x 2 x 6 2 x 3 x 1 x 2 4 x 8 10 2 x 8 10 4 x 4 4 10
4 x 18 2 x 2 4 x 10
Quotient (Q): 2 x 2 2 x 2 Divisor (P): 2 x 1 x 4.5 rejected x 1 in domain x 2.5 in domain
Dividend 4 x3 6 x 2 2 x 4 Remainder R 6 Ti-83: Factoring a Polynomial Solutions: x 1 and x 2.5
Type equation into calc. and find the
Division Statement D PQ R zeroes. The zeroes are the roots.

4 x 3 6 x 2 2 x 4 = 2 x 1 2 x 2 2 x 2 6
Ch5:Systems of Equations & Ex: Indicate the number of solution for each 5.7 Graphing Linear inequalities:
system: Steps:
Inequalities 1.Graph the line, y mx b
a ) 3 x 4 y 10 ratio for a is 2 a, b not in ratio
Review: Line Equations:
2.Pick a test point not on line, ie (0,0)
6 x 8 y 20 one soln.
y mx b m : Slope, b : y-intercept ratio for b is - 2
3.Plug point into line equation, test
b) 8 x y 16 ratio for a, b is 43 a, b in ratio but inequality for True/False
Ex: Indicate the slope and y-intercept:
6 34x y 12 ratio for c is 3 not"c" no soln 4. True-shade same side, False other side
y 3x 4 m 3, b 4 4
Ex: Graph 2 x 5 y 10
c) x y 2 ratio for a, b, c is 3 a, b, c in ratio
y 5 8 x m 8, b 5 1. Graph y 2x
2
3x 3 y 6 Infinite soln. 5
y 2 x 8
4
m 0.5, b
2
4
8
4
2 Note: Dotted line
Note: Solving a system means finding the
2.. Pick (0,0) to test
5.6 Solving Systems with 3 Variables 2 0 5 0 10
intersection Steps: 0 10 False!
1. Find LCM for one variable.
Solving a Linear System 3. Test is false, shade other side
2. Add/Subtr. to eliminate variable
1st Method 5.3: Solve by Add/Subtr. 3. Use elimination to solve the system
Find LCM of coefficients for either x or y. Ex: Graph the following System
Ex: Solve for: x, y, & z:
Add/Subtr. to eliminate variable with the x 6, x 1, y 3,
2 x 5 y 2 z 29 (Coeff. of "x" LCM<2,4,3>=12)
same coefficient. Solve for remaining 2x 3y 6
variable. 3x 6 y 3z 3 (Subtr. 1st &2nd eqn to elim. "x")
EX: Solve by Addition or Subtraction 4 x 3 y z 13 (Subtr. 2nd & 3rd eqn to elim. "x") Graph each line
7 x 5y 6 2 14 x 10 y 12 separately then
6 12 x 30 y 12 z 174
39 y 9 z 135 pick a test point
5x 2 y 5 5 25 x 10 y 25 3 12 x 9 y 3z 39 in each inequality
Subtract! 15 y 9 z 27
4 12 x 24 y 12 z 12 (Shade the
39 x 13 x 13 y 5
3 Add remaining eqn to eliminate z
common side)

2nd Method 5.4: Solve by Substitution: 54 y 162 y 3 Note: x k is a vertical line

Isolate one variable in 1st equation. Subst.
isolated variable into 2nd equation. Then
solve.
Ex. Solve by Substitution
4 x 5 y 13 Isolate Sub
x 2y 7 x 7 2y into 1st eqn!
4 7 2 y 5 y 13 28 8 y 5 y 13 12. The sum of twice the first number, the
3 y 15 y 5, x 3
5.2: Number of Solutions in a System
3 Possible Outcomes:
One soln:-1 intersection
Different Slope
(Not Parallel) (Consistent)
No soln:- Parallel
Slope-same but different
Y-intercepts
(No intersections inconsistent)
Infinite soln.: (Same Line)
Slope-same & same
y-intercept
(Lines overlap - consistent)
Determining number of solutions in a
Linear System with General Form:
When the lines equations are written in
general form ax by c , just compare the
coefficients of both equations.
a, b not in ratio 1 soln
a, b, c all in ratio infinite
a, b not c in ratio no soln.
15 3 9 z 27 z 2
Use previous eqn's to
solve for "z" then"x"
y k is a horizontal line
3 x 6 3 3 2 3 x 5
EX: The sum of triple the second and four Applications of Linear Systems
times the third number is equal to the one Investments: I Pr t
plus triple the first number. The sum of the
first number and triple the second is equal to I: Interest Earned, P: Principle,
r: rate (decimal), t: Time (years)
second number, and five is equal to twice the Ex: James invested $1600 into two stocks, A
third. Set up the system of equation. & B. Stock A pays 7% and stock B pays 5%,
3 y 4 z 1 3x 3x 3 y 4 z 1 annually. Total interest earned after one
x 3 y 12 x 3 y 0 12 year was $100. How much was invested in
each stock?
2 x y 5 3z 2 x y 3z 5
1st Set up Interest A 0.07 B 0.05 100
5.6) TI-83: Solving Systems with 3 Equations Pr inciple A B 1600
Variables 2nd Solve by Elimination
1st Enter the system into a Matrix: A 0.07 B 0.05 100 A 0.07 B 0.05 100
Matrix right column Edit Enter A B 1600 0.07 A 0.07 B 0.07 112
Press 3 4 for a 3 eqn system enter the
coefficients into the Matrix. 2nd Quit to exit 0.02 B 12 B $600, A $1000
2nd Solve the Matrix:
Ex: A car shop makes no more than 10
Matrix right, down to B : rref Enter
cars/day, or 15 bikes/day, and no more than
Matrix Scroll down and find the matrix you 20 vehicles a day altogether. Graph the
want to solve then Enter system
Let: Cars be x, Bikes be y
Note Reminders for Inequalities:
If inequality sign is or dotted line Set up System
If inequality sign is or solid line
0 x,0 y
Pick a test point that is NOT on line and is x 10, y 15
easy to evaluate. ie: (0,1), (1,0), (1,1)
x y 20
If test is True, shade same side
Shaded area is
If test if False, shade opposite side
the solution.
The inequality sign switches sides when
you divide or multiply both sides of an
equation by a negative number.
 Ch 7: Properties of Angles & 7.4 Properties of Angles in Circle Ch 8: Other Circle Properties:
Chord 1. An inscribed angle in a semi-circle is equal to 8.1 Properties of a Cyclic Quadrilateral
D 90 (aka: an inscribed angle containing or CQ:
F
Segment inscribing a diameter is equal to 90 ) i)All 4 vertices(corners) must be on the
circumference of the circle
ACB is C If CED is
H A ii)Opposite angles in a CQ add to 180
inscribing the 90 , then iii)The Exterior Angle of a CQ is equal to the
G
A diameter. the chord
O opposite interior angle
Sector O Therefore, E CD, must
Property ii)
C 1
E C ACB must be the 4
1 & 3 are opp.'s 1 3 180
B be 90 D diameter. 2 & 4 are opp. 's 2 4 180
Circumference: the distance around a 6 3
25
2. Central Angles containing equal chords/arcs Property iii)
circle C d
5 is ext , 4 is opp. int , 5 4
Radius: A line with one endpoint is on have equal angles
If the central angles 6 is ext , 1 is opp. int , 6 1
the circum. and the other on the center of A If chords AB
C and CD have
H GOI HOF
are
the circle. ie: CA the same G O
equal, then the
Diameter: A line with both endpoints on O length, then chords GI HF are
COD AOB also equal.
the circum & the midpoint on the center B D I F
of the circle. ie: DE 3. Inscribed angles containing(subtending) the IS a CQ! Not a CQ! One corner Not a CQ! Corner
Chord: Any line with both ends on the same(equal) chord/arc, will have equal angles not on circumference is on center
circumference. DH If chords
Arc: a fraction of the circumference:
A C ACB and AOB A C
AB = GD Tangent Properties:
are both inscribing 1.
Major Arc: an arc that is over 50% of the chord AB, so then
ACB =AOB AFB = GCD A tangent line to a circle is
circumference B D
B
D perp. to the radius at the
G
Minor Arc: an arc that is under 50% of O point of tangency.
the circumference 4. The inscribed angle is equal to half of the Note: A tangent line will
intersect a circle at
Sector: Pizza slice, area b/n two radiis of central angle containing(subtending) the same Point of Tangent
Tangency only one
a circle chord/arc. Line

C The outer 2.
Sector Angle: the angle of the sector in A AOB is a central angle A Tangent points
the center of the circle DAC , CAE angle, ACB is an O B
COD Exterior
to a similar
inscribed angle. Both is equal Point
Segment: (watermelon slice) An area of a
O
C contain chord AB. to twice C exterior point
circle separated by a chord B AOB 2 ACB , D of CBD . are equal in
Secant: An extension of a chord FG , FH 1
2
AOB ACB Then 2 CBD COD length: AC BC
B
Central Angle (aka: Sector angle) angle 5. Two Chord Theorem 3. Tangent Chord Theorem
in the center of circle created by two
If two chords in a circle have Angle between a tangent
radiis or diameter. DAC , CAE G B
the same length, they are 1
2 line and chord of a circle
Inscribed Angle: an angle created by two E
H
equal distance from the center. is equal to the inscribed
chords. Angle must be on the 0 If GH EF CO BO angle 1 4 & 2 3
circumference. EDG C
F
If two chords are equal 3
4
distance from center, the
chords have the same length.
7.2: Chord Properties:
8.6 Angles in a Polygon:
A) A line is perpendicular to a chord (cross Ex: Given O is the center and EC=6cm, find
i)Sum of all angles in a polygon with n
at 90 ) sides: S 180 n 2
measure of x, z, and BC .
B) A line bisects a chord (cut in half)
C) A line crosses the center of a circle (line
B
x 60; centr 2 inscr ii)Value of each interior angle in a Regular
is a radius, diameter, or one endpoint is 30 z 90 ; inscr by diameter polygon with n sides. A 180 360
n
on center) 0
Z BC 12; BEC is a 30-60-90 Ex: Find the sum of all the interior angles
If A & B are true then C must be true: D X
special triangle in a 5 pointed star.
If A & C are true then B must be true: 10 sides!
E
If B & C are true then A must be true: C
n 10 S 180 10 2 1440
ie: If O center of
circle (C) and OL
bisects KI (B), then Special Triangles
O
KLO 90 (A) 30 60 90 30 45 45 90 45
Equilateral 2x
K L I 3x Right angle 2x
triangle cut isosceles
1x

in half 1x
60
triangle 1x
45

Carpenters Method: Finding the center of a

circle Pythagorean Triples: a 2 b2 c 2
When you have two chords 3,4,5 5,12,13 8,15,17, 7,24,25 20,21,29 9,40,41
M
NM PQ in a circle, the 6,8,10 10,24,26 16,30,34 14,28,50 All rights reserved. Copyright at www.BCMath.ca
S

N perp. bisectors SO OR of NOTE: Many questions in this chapter contain right Homework Depot, Vancouver, Canada
O
each chord will cross at triangles. Use Pythagorean triples or Special Author: D.G.W. Young
the center of the circle. triangles to find lengths of missing sides. Made in Canada
P R Q
Ch 9: Co-Ordinate Geometry 9.2: Lines & Circles Ex: Find the Vertical, Horizontal, & Shortest
Review Formulas: Ex: Find the intersections points of Distance: 2 x 3 y 9 & 2 x 3 y 6
x 1 y 3 9 & y x 1
2 2
Slope: Midpoint:
Hor. 3 4.5 7.5
y2 y1
x2 x1
Rise
Run x m
, ym x1 x2
2
,
y1 y2
2 x 1 y 3 9
2

x 1 x 1 3 9
2 2
2
1st Substitution: y x 1
FOIL
2
Vert. 2 3 5
Shortest Distance:
-3 x 4.5
Use Right Triangle & Trig.
x x1 y1 y2 x 2 2 x 1 x 2 4 x 4 9 2nd Solve for "x"
2 2
Distance: D -3
2
2x 2 2 x 4 0 Factor trinomial 1st : use tan -1 to find angle at the bottom
2 x 2 x 1 0 tan 7.55 56
Slopes of perpendicular lines are negative
x 2, x 1 3rdSolve for "y" 2nd : use sin to find "x"
reciprocals. m 1
m
(Flip the number and
y 3, y 0 Points of intersection are 2,3 1, 0 sin 5x x 4.16
change the sign. ie : 3 1
3 Ex: Find the equation of the perpendicular
Ex: Find the equation of a tangent line to the circle
bisector of the line with endpoints 2, 9 & 4, 6
x 2 y 3 13 at the point 5,1
2 2
Multiplying slopes of two perpendicular lines
Note: Slope of radius is perpendicular to the
1stFind slope & Midpoint of line with endpoints
will become -1.
tangent line 9 6 15 15 2 4 9 6
m Midpt: , 3, 1.5
Trigonometry: SOH-CAH-TOA st
1 Find slope of radius from center to tangent point 24 2 2 2 2
2nd Find equation of perpendicular bisector:
sin x
opp
hyp
cos x
adj
hyp
tan x
opp
adj radius m 2315 23 2
y mx b : m (perpendicular) Point 3, 1.5
2nd Find slope of tangent line perpendicular 15
9.1 Circle Equation: 2 3 b
m 3
2 neg . reciprocals 1.5 15
R x h y k
2 2
3rd Find equation of tangent line: point 5,1 , m 2
2
3
2 1.1 b y x 1.1
15
Radius: R Center at h, k y 32 x b
Ex: Given x 2 y 3 16 , find the
2 2
h : horizontal shift, k : vertical shift 1 3
2 5 b (2,3)
equation of the vertical and horizontal
Ex Find the equation of a circle with
13
b
2
tangents:
radius 5 and center at 3, 5
(5,1)
y 32 x 132 or Horizontal Tangents:
y 1 y 7
R=5, h=3, k=-5 25 x 2 y 5
2 2 (2,3)
2 y 3x 13 13 3 x 2 y
( Vertical Tangents:
Ex Find the equation of a circle with x 6 x 2
endpoints of a diameter at 2,4 6, 6
Shortest Distance Problems: 9.5 Using Co-Ordinate Geometry to
1st Use Midpoint find Center The shortest distance from a point to a line Prove Conjectures
xm , ym 26 4 6
2 2 , 2, 1 h, k is always perpendicular to the line
Variables are used to represent numbers
2nd Use Distance find Radius 1st Method: Trigonometry: when labelling co-ordinates
Center: 2, 1 Endpoint: 2,4 6, 6 Ex: Find the shortest distance from the
origin to the line: 3x 5 y 15 Ex: Find the Co-ordinates of M.
2 6 1 6 41 R
2
D
2

Let x be the shortest distance (c,b) M?

3rd Substitute into circle equation: 1st : use tan -1 to find x-coord is d
R 41 R 2 41 41 x 2 y 1
2 2

tan 53 59 3 y-coord is b
x
Graphing Circles: 2nd : use sin to find "x"
Answer: M d , b
(c,a) (d,a)
1st: Find the center h, k sin 5x x 2.57 5
2nd: Find the radius: R 2nd Method: Shortest Distance Formula Ex: Find the coordinates of M given that
3rd: Draw points R units from the The shortest distance from any point m, n both P & M are both midpoints of
center and connect the points (up, down,
to any line in the form of Ax By C 0 is: AB & BC respectively.
left, right)
A m B m C *Some teachers prohibit B Since P is the midpoint of AB,
Ex: Graph x 2 y 3 9 d
2
the co-ord. of B is (2x,2y)
A B2 2 the use of this formula
(2,0)
Co-ord of M:
Center 2, 3
P(x,y) M
Ex: Find the shortest distance from the Midpoint-B(2x,2y) C(z,0)
point 4, 3 to the line: 3x 5 y 15
Radius = 3 2x z 2 y
, x 12 z , y
(2,-3) (5,-3)

(-1,-3)
1st Find m, n & ABC m 4, n 3 A(0,0) C(z,0) 2 2
3x 5 y 15 3 x 5 y 15 0
(2,-6)
A 3, B 5, C 15
2nd: Substitute into equation: b) Prove that PM 12 AC
Note: When h,k are both zero, then the 3 4 5 3 15 18 Dist. of AC = z, so 1
AC 1
z
center is at the origin. Ie: x 2 y 2 9 d 3.087 2 2
3 5
2 2
34 Dist. of PM= difference of x-coordinates
To find more points on the circle, create a = x 12 z x 1
z
Shortest Distance Between Two Parallel 2
right triangle with the radius as the Lines
hypotenuse. Use Pythagorean Triples if Vertical Distance: Difference of y-intercepts Therefore, PM 12 AC 12 z
possible. Horizontal Dist: Difference of x-intercepts