V7 Predict Meaning Using Prefixes A prefix is a part of a word that is attached before the word root and changes the meaning of the word. Prefix Meaning Word. im not possible New word: impossible New meaning: not possible “Prefixes in English have areas of meanings, and. knowing prefixes will help you to add more words to your vocabulary. Although there are many prefixes, knowing the most important ones should be part of your preparation for the TOEEL, os BEFORE THE TOEFL sonmon prefixes in English Use the following lists of prefixes in English to become fatniliar with each prefix, its area of meaning, and some example words, Study the words in Column A. Complete Bxercises 7A and 7B to fill in Coluurt B. Column A, Column B p Example word Example word of your own Prefixes for negation . - not amoral dis not disassociate ae iL not illiterate Illegal im not smmpossible not inactive Indecis not irrational mis wrong mmisgiving nor. not nonexistent — — un not unintentional inimportant. Prefixes for number and size dem half demitasse — hemi: half hemisphere — sent- half semicircle — mono one monologue pe one unification _ proto— first prototypical 56 Vocabulary Appendixoligarchy poly many polygamy bilingual trimester ten decade heck hundred centennial — mayrie— ten thousand —myriameter Prefixes for very small | micro small microscope - thousandth milligram. Prefixes for very large macro large macroeconomics mega large megalomania magni great magnificent _ Prefixes for time >s ante before antebellum co _ au Be pre before preindustrial _ a pro before progeny _ as re again regain ~ after after aftertaste 7 epi after epilogue post after postgraduate postpone — Prefixes for where ac to, toward ue i ak to,toward addiction a ae of to,toward affirm is 7 ag to,toward aggressive _ = an to,toward annotate bye near bystander Vocabulary Appendix 457im intro enter inter opi para per peri trans— Prefixes for amount extra hyper— in into within inside among among upon out, away out outside from middle beside throughout around all around across ‘trough forward back back under too much too little all surpassing 458 Vocabulary Appiendix envelope immerse intramural introspection entertain interstate epidermis emigrate exit extraterrestrial deme: offspring midsummer onshore paralegal - pervasive circumvent periphery frariscontinental diagonal proceed retract flex subzero underachiever withdraw supervisor - : ~ telecomununications extravagant hyperactive hypoglycemic ~ omnipresent outdoalmost beyond under ‘ess than peninsula vltramadern tndetweight Prefixes for relationship of together or separate auto- self self self away fom with with with co together sym syn together together Prefixes that makera judgment against contra~ against ays mat bad mis— wrong bene good eu good pro- Other prefixes ambi— amphi- hetero hhomo- meta pseudo autocratic self-sufficient abdicate colleague commune connect coordinate symphony synthesis antisocial contrageption dysfunction maladjusted misfortune benefactor euphoria ambivalent amphitheater befriend heterodox homogeneous metabolism neoclassicism, pseudonym 459 Vocabulary Appendix Reg x Lert aNEXERCISE 7A: Practice with Prefixes Each of the following listed words has a prefix. Put each word into one of the given groups according to the meaning of the prefix. Look up in your. dictionary any words that you don’t know. Then, write each word on one of the blank lines in Column B of the lists of prefixes on pages 456-459. If you can, add a word of your own in Column B, too. The first ist of wortis has been done for you. 1. afterthought, unimportant, epitaph, indecisive, postpone, illegal Negative After unimportant attertl epitap postpone 2. symphony, adhere, ascend, annex, cooperate, access, synthesis Where (to, toward) Together 3, immigrate, antiwar, preamble, contradict, prologue, intrastate, antecedent, introvert retroactive, recall Where (into,inside) Judgment (against) Time (before) ‘Where (back) 4, universe, hyperactive, myriad, transcontinental, megaphone, monarch, diameter, outnumber, ultrasensitive, circumvent magnificent Large Too much, excessive Through, across Vocabulary AppendixEXERCISE 7B: More Practice with Prefixes Give the meaning of each prefix in the following list, Then, give a sample word for each prefix. Use your dictionary if necessary. Add this word to the list of example words in Column B, pages 1564 Prefix Meaning Example Word Lun C unpopular poly bi hemi- micro~ . deci homo~ under ante. inter We) Predict Meaning Using Suffixes A suffix is a part of an English word that attaches.to the end of the word. Suffixes change the part of speech of a word, as well as marking general areas of meaning. Knowledge of Fnglish suffixes will help you to identify the part of speech ofa word ine sentence and to predict its probable area of meaning, Noun Verb Adjective Adverb accuracy x accurate accurately instruction instruct instructional _instructively instructive agreement agree agreeable agreesbly satisfaction satisfy satisfactory satisfactorily west x westem westward '@ BEFORE THE TOEFL + Leam the forms and meanings of English suffixes See Gw/20 for more information on forming nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs by ad suffixes. You will get more practi suffixes by completing the Word Form Charis for 5-480 and Vocab #2, pages 481-483, Vocabulary Appendix 461 Pre Tennrds. exemple ¥ Noun Suffixes Use the following lists of suffixes to become familiar with suffixes, their area of mearting; and ‘The following suffixes are added to nouns to show: ‘The one who practices nist The one who works with —man wright Art or skill ship Females ess, ~stress, —t “ine otrix: A trade or occupation. ~ant,-ent ney “ite ay An action or process -ade age ~ation ism ~thent : ure A product or thing de -2ry, ~ment mony Material ine Place for rium ary orium -ory 462, ary Appendix magician socialist, biologist playwrig showmanship, craftsmanship comedienne, equestrienne ‘hostess, seamstress, actress usherette, majorette heroine aviatrix applicant, occupant, correspondent engineet teacher, 1 surgery, robbery socialite dentistry, husbandry blockade, parade mamiage, pilgrimage vacation, visitation accuracy, truancy baptism, heroism amusement agreement tenure, seizure, failure orangeade mastery, jewelry adorament, instrument harmony, matrimony ning, stulting, siding aquarium, planetarium infirmary, library sanatorium,auditorium Iaboratory, observatory‘Small things The study of cology Scientific or social systems ics Surgical removal of ~ectomy, Inflammation of ~itis State or quality of “ancy, -ency ation ~y ~dom “ization ment ness or -ship -th tion tude Adjective Suffixes Full of ful ~ose -ulent Lacking or without less particle, icicle molecule, minuscule bonnet, sonnet Kitchenette, cigarette owlet, pamphlet duckling, fledgling physics, statistics tonsillectomy, appendectomy tonsillitis, appendicitis admittance, dependence buoyancy, insurgency demonstration, registration infancy, primacy freedom, kingdom treachery boyhood companion, passion socialism, feudalism, racism brevity, inequity commercialization, civilization advertisement, enjoyment happiness, friendliness, rashness horror, terror, stupor friendship, hardship dimension, apprehension ength, width, warmth partition, confirmation rectitude, attitude felicity, obscurity i I i i ‘The following suffixes are added to nouns and verbs to form adjectives which mean: anxious, joyous joyful, hopeful verbose, grandiose turbulent | hopeless, joyless | Vocabulary Appendix 463 |Relating to -al,-an natural, urban picturesque pathetic congenial agrarian barbaric identical bovine childish lifelike comely, sisterly celluloid popular Made of “=a earthen, flxen Capable of able-ible fixable, irable, intelligible Inclined to ~acious tenacious ~ant, -ent observant, prudent -ative talkative -ble capable of -ive responsive -some quarrelsome State or quality of ~ate temperate 4a lucid, splendid ile hostile, docile ious ambitious und moribund uous sensuous ~y wealth ny, sunriy, Adverb Suffixes ‘The following suffixes attach to adjectives and nouns to forsn adverbs of Manner ~ily (spelling change) happily, speedily ~y quickly, jointly ways sideways ~wise clockwise Extent aly urgently, extremely 464 Vocabulary AppandixVerb Suffixes The following suffixes form verbs with the meanings: To make ~ate liberate, activate -en brighten, broaden ty nullify, satisfy -ize popularize, generalize Action or process invade scrimmage, pillage badger, deliver flourish, nourish mure endure, censure Repeated action ~ble fumble, mumble, stumble ‘These English suffixes should be reviewed often as you fill in the Word Form Charts in VW9. If you are not sure of a form, use your ¢ EXERCISE 8A: Practice Identify each suffix listed below as a noun, verb, adjective, or adverb suffix. Then, give a sample word for each suffix. ith Suffixes | Suffix Part of Speech Example Word | 1, =ment noun disagreement Vocabulary Apj recenty\ ‘Match the phrase on the left with the appropriate word from the column on the right. Use the lists on pages 462-465 if you need help. EXERCISE 8B: More Practice with Suffixes Inflammation of the appendix powerless Material for covering a roof arrogantly Diminutive: dining furniture set °. roofing, Capable of being broken D. appendicitis Someone who works in biology dinette Related to riding horses biologist Without power G. breakable In an arrogant manner H. equestrian EXERCISE 8C: More Practice with Suffixes Use the suffix given for the phrase to find the correct word. Write the word in the blank. Use the lists on pages 462-465 if you need help. A. woman who acts on stage Having many clouds ‘Tomake dark The quality of having ambition ‘To make popular Place for scientific experiments 7. To repeatedly fall when walkin; Amvdous; without rest Jess EXERCISE 8D: More Practice with Suffixes Give the correct word for the phrase. Use the lists on pages 462465 if you need help. Something that makes you worry is A person who writes plays ‘Time of life as an infant “The state of being friends Full of wishes A person who practices medicine Having a lot of wind A drink of lemons, sugar, and water Vocabulary AppendixEXERCISE 8E: Practice Using Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes to Predict Word ‘Meaning When working wn roots, prefies, and suffices, follow these steps te the word into prefixes, roots, and suffixes and give the area of meaning for each. Refer to your lists of roots, prefixes, and suffixes in VW‘6, VW7, and VW’. Identify the part of speech by noting the suffix. B. Write your predicted meaning of the word based. on your knowledge of the roots, prefixes, and suffixes. C. Use your dictionary to look up the specific meaning of the word and write it below your predicted meaning: D. Use the word ina sentence of your own. 1. philanthropist A. phil — anthr of Noun (love) (human) (person) B. Predicted meaning: A person who loves humankind. C. Dictionary definition: A person who shows affection for humankind, especially by giving money, property, or doing work for the needy and poor. of dollars t nthropist Andrew Carnegie gave millione establish librar 0. 5 2. manufacture Pe Peat 3, induction A B. c D. Vocabulary Appendix 46710. 468, popular A B, c D. transportation Vocabulary AppendixEXERCISE 5F page 449 EXERCISE 6C page 455 Small Large Ae 5B ove diminutive bulky 2c 6.8 10. D stunted gigantic BA 7c microscopic huge 4D BA miniature ‘immense tite massive , ae portly VAL dainty prodigious EXERCISE 7A page 460 Ea ee 1. Negative After . unimportant afterthought EXERCISE 5G page 449 e pity LC 5.D 9.C een 2A 6C 10. A 2. Where (to or toward) Together 3.D 7.8 i. D adhere synthesis 48 BA WB ascend symphony access cooperate Vocabulary Checkpoint Test Two Ace 7 ier eaten) (into, inside) (against) immigrate antiwar 1B intrastate contradict 2A introvert 3.c : Time (before) Where (back) a preanble recall > rologue retroactive 6A sniecedent r 4. Large Too much, excessive we rnagrifcent hyperactive EXERCISE 6A. page 453 megaphone outnumber Suggested words are given. Others are possible. myriad ee 1. mindful memoit, memorable, memorial Trroush; across One oe ee die ear 4, life biology, biography, biosphere Cheumvent 5. sure certain, certify, certainty EXERCISE 7B page 461 6. time chronology, chronic, ae ane ene as Synchronaze suggested words are given. Others are possible. 7. people democratic, endemic, 1, not ‘unpopular demography 2 many polyglot, polygamy 8. gather congregation, gregarious 3. two bicycle, bicentennial 9. law just, justice, justification 4, hundred century, centennial 10. small miniature, minute, minimal 5. very large macroeconomics, IL move movement, remove, immovable macrostructure 12 think repute, reputation, computer 6. new neophyte, neoclassic 13. live vivacious, vivid 7. again reaffirm, remember 8. wrong misunderstand, misinterpret EXERCISE 6B page 454 9. half hemisphere, hemicycle 1B circum 7.8 10. very small microscopic, micrometer 2. A vine 8c IL. ten decimal, decigram 3. D lab 9.8 12. same homogenous, homosexual 4. A cede 10. A put 13, less than _underachiever, undersize B.A sta 1. C dem 1. before antecedent, antebellum 6.C pul 12. A chron 15, among intermingle, intertwine 592 Vocabulary Appendix Answer Keyi) EXERCISE 8A page 465 Suggested words are given. Others are possible. 1. noun disagreement 2. adjective heroic 3. adjective observant noun servant 4..verb minimalize 5. noun subsidiary 6 childish 7. adjective spacious 8. adjective happily 9. verb vilify 10. adverb crosswise UL. adjective spectacular 12. noun dependency EXERCISE 8B page 466 LD 4G 78 2c 5.5 8B 3.5 6.H EXERCISE 8C page 466 1. actress 5. popularize doudy 6. laboratory 3. darken 7. stumble 4, ambitious 8. restless EXERCISE §D page 466 1. worrisome 5. wishful 2. playwright 6. physician 3. infancy, 7. windy 4, friendship 8. lemonade EXERCISE SE page 467 ‘There are several meanings for each words in the dictionary. The definitions given below are the most common ones in relation to topics tested on the TOEFL. 1. philanthropist ‘A. phil anthe —opist_ Noun (ove) (human) (person) B. A person who loves humankind. C. A person who shows affection for humankind, especially by giving money, property, or doing work for the needy and poot. 2. manufacture A omanu fact ure Verb (hand) (make) (a process) B. The process of making something, perhaps by hand. C. Tomake anything on a large scale. In modem times, especially by machinery. induction A in duction (inside) (lead) —_ (a state) B. The state of being led or taken into something. CC. @) A form of reasoning by which the conclusion about the whole class is reached by observing the parts of the class. (2) The act of installing into an office or organization, activate A. activ ate Verb (action) (to make) B. The process of making something active. C. Tomake active optician A. optician Noun (eyes) (person who works with) B. Apperson who works with eyes. C. Apperson who makes or sells eyeglasses to correct defects of the eye. 6. prediction pre dict ion Noun (before) (speak or tell) (a state) B. Something told beforeh CC. Theact of telling in adv prophecy, 7 urban A ub an Adjective (city) _(elating to) B. Relating to the city C. Of or pertaining to a city or town. autograph A. auto graph Nounor Verb Gel) (write) B. (1) Towrite yourself Q) Something written yourself. (N) C. (1) Aperson’s signature, especially of a famous person. (N) (2 To sign one’s own name, as a memento. (V) ™) popular A ular Adjective (people) (relating B. Relating to people. (Q) Looked on with favor and affection by most people. (2) Pertaining to or originating from a group of persons transportation Vocabulary Appendix Answer Key 593