Floor Vibrations: Design For Walking Excitation

FLOOR VIBRATIONS: Structural Engineers Association of Texas Dallas Chapter
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS AND MORE Luncheon Meeting
Presentation is based on
FLOOR VIBRATIONS AISC/CISC Design Guide 11
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS and
AND MORE SJI Technical Digest 5 2nd Ed.
Presented by
Thomas M. Murray, Ph.D., P.E. FloorVibe v2.20
Emeritus Professor Software for Analyzing
Floors for Vibrations Criteria Based
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia on AISC/CISC Design Guide 11
SJI Technical Digest 5
thmurray@vt.edu
SEAoT DALLAS CHAPTER SEI
Janurary 15, 2015 Structural Engineers, Inc.
537 Wisteria Drive
Radford, VA 24141
540-731-3330 Fax 540-639-0713
tmmurray@floorvibe.com
1/691 http://www.floorvibe.com 2/69
Frequently Asked Question

Questions Concerning
Design for Walking Excitation What is the power of Resonance?
3/69 4/69
Presented by Thomas M. Murray, PhD, P.E.

Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA January 15,2015 1
The Power of Resonance Phenomenon of Resonance

1 - 3% Damping
Floor Response Resonance occurs when a multiple of the
forcing function frequency equals a
natural frequency of the floor.
We are usually concerned with the first
natural frequency.
5 - 7% Damping
Resonance can occur because of walking
dancing, or exercising.
Natural frequency, fn
Forcing frequency, f
Note: Walking step frequency range is
0 1 2
5/69
1.6-2.2 Hz (96 to 132 bpm) 6/69
Harmonics Frequently Asked Question
Footstep = (
= i P cos 2 i f step t ) Why do some walkers cause more floor
motion then other walkers?
1st Harmonic f 1 = 1 f step
1P
2nd Harmonic
2 P
f 2 = 2 f step
3rd Harmonic f 3 = 3 f step

3 P 7/69 8/69

Frequently Asked Question Response from a Lightly Damped Floor
Why do some walkers cause more floor System Frequency

0.5
5 Hz 3rd Harmonic
Measured Autospectrum (Peak, %g)

motion then other walkers?
0.4
Because their pace is a sub-harmonic of
2nd Harmonic
the floor dominant frequency. That is, a 0.3
3.33 Hz
harmonic of their walking speed, i.e. 2 0.2 Walking
or 3 times their walking speed, matches Speed
the floor dominant frequency. 0.1 100 bpm
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
9/69 Frequency (Hz) 10/69
25
Frequently Asked Question Rhythmic Activities DG11 TD5
10 Outdoor Footbridges Use the
Peak Acceleration (% Gravity)

What is new in SJI TD5? 5 . . . . . . . . . . ._ _ _ _. . . . . . . . . . . . . Modified
Indoor Footbridges,
2.5 Shopping Malls, ISO Scale
Dining and Dancing
. . . . . . . . . . ._ _ _ _. . . . . . . . . . . . . Considering
1 Offices, Resonance
Residences
0.5 . . . . . . . . . . ._ _ _ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.25
0.1 ISO Baseline Curve
0.05 _ ___ _
1 3 4 5 8 10 25 40
11/69 12/69
Frequency (Hz)

DG11 and TD5 Walking Criterion DG11 and TD5 Walking Criterion
ap = peak acceleration ap Po exp(0.35 f n) ao
=
ao = acceleration limit g W g
Predicted Tolerance
g = acceleration of gravity
fn = fundamental frequency of a beam or joist panel, or a
combined panel, as applicable
ap Po exp(0.35 f n) ao
= Po = a constant force equal to 65 lb for floors and 92 lb for
g W g footbridges
= modal damping ratio (0.01 to 0.05)
W = effective weight supported by the beam or joist panel,
girder panel, or combined panel, as applicable
13/69 14/69
DG11 and TD5 Walking Criterion DG11 and TD5 Walking Criterion
Tolerance Acceleration Limits Updated Improved Approach for Estimating
Modal Damping
Tolerance
Occupancy Acceleration Limit Structural System 1%
ao/g x 100%
Ceiling and Ductwork 1%
Offices, Residences 0.5% 0.55%
Assembly Areas, Electronic Office Fit-out 0.5%
0.5% 0.55%
Churches, Schools Paper Office Fit-out 1%
Shopping Malls 1.5% Churches, Schools, Malls 0%
Indoor Footbridges 1.5%
Outdoor Footbridges 5.0%
Dry Wall Partitions in Bay 3% to 5%
15/69 Note: Damping is cumulative. 16/69

Fit out Condition: Fit out Condition:

Electronic Office. Limited number of file cabinets. No full- Paper Office. Suspended ceiling or ductwork below. No full
height partitions, suspended ceiling and ductwork below. height partitions.
Estimated Damping: Estimated Damping:

Floor Structure 1% Floor Structure 1%
Ceiling & Ductwork 0% Ceiling & Ductwork 1%
Electronic Office 0.5% Paper Office 1%
Damping 1.5% Damping 3%
17/69 18/69
Frequently Asked Question Frequently Asked Question

How accurate are the AISC DG11 and How accurate is the DG11 procedure?
SJI TD5 procedures? No. Agreement
Percent
Framing of DG11
Agreement
Bays Procedure
Hot-Rolled Framing 50 48 of 50 96%
Joists w/ Hot-Rolled
27 26 of 27 96%
Girders
Joists w/ Joist Girders 22 22 of 22 100%
Castellated Beams 6 6 of 6 100%
ALL 105 102 of 105 97%
Data from a study being conducted at the University
19/69 20/69
of Kentucky by Dr. Brad Davis.


No recommendations are given in DG11 for No recommendations are given in DG11 for
public areas like airport terminals, lobbies, public areas like airport terminals, lobbies,
etc. What do you recommend? etc. What do you recommend?
1.0%g based on personal experience of

spending many hours sitting at airline
departure gates. (Recommendation will be
included in AISC DG11 2nd Ed.)
21/69 22/69

Why is the full composite moment of Why is the full composite moment of
inertia used in the frequency calculations inertia used in the frequency calculations
even when the beam, joist or girder is even when the beam or girder is non-
non-composite? composite?
f n = 0.18 g /( b + g)
Annoying vibrations have displacements
= 5wL 4 / (384Es I t )
of 0.001-0.010 in. Thus, the interface
shear is negligible, so its acts as fully
23/69 composite for vibration analyses. 24/69


Does camber affect beam or girder Does camber affect beam or girder
frequency? Prestressing? frequency?
No! Classical frequency equation:
1/ 2
gEsIt
fn = is not part of equation.
2 wL4
Substituting
= 5wL 4 / (384Es I t )
Results in
25/69 f n = 0.18 g / 26/69

Is there a lower frequency limit? Is there a lower frequency limit?
To avoid resonance with the first harmonic
of walking and rogue or vandal jumping,
the minimum frequency should be greater
than 3 Hz, e.g.
fn > 3 Hz
(Required in the British building code.)

27/69 28/69

Frequently Asked Question Beam Panel Width
How do I determine floor width and floor

length when calculating effective panel Beam Panel:
weights, Wb and Wg? Wj = ( w j / s) Bj Lj
ap Po exp(0.35f n) ao Bj = Beam Panel

=
g W g Width
W
j g
W= Wj + Wg Bj = Cj(Ds/Dj)1/4 Lj
j + g j + g
2/3 Floor Width
29/69 30/69
30
Effective Girder Panel Width Floor Width and

Length Example
Girder Panel:
Wg = (wg/Lj,avg)BgLg) A
D
B C
Bg = Girder Panel
Width Bay Floor Floor
Width Length
Bg = Cg(Dj/Dg)1/4 Lg A
2/3 Floor Length B
C
D
31/69 32/69

Floor Width and Floor Width and

Length Example Length Example
A A
D D
B C B C
Bay Floor Floor Bay Floor Floor

Width Length Width Length
A 90 90 A 90 90
B B 150 90
C C
D D
33/69 34/69
Floor Width and Floor Width and

Length Example Length Example
A A
D D
B C B C
Bay Floor Floor Bay Floor Floor

Width Length Width Length
A 90 90 A 90 90
B 150 90 B 150 90
C 150 30 (45?) C 150 30 (45?)
D D 30 90
35/69 36/69

Bg = Cg(Dj/Dg)1/4 Lg 2/3 Floor Length Bg = Cg(Dj/Dg)1/4 Lg 2/3 Floor Length

Bays A & B
Bg = 59.9<2/3 Floor L
37/69 38/69
Bg = Cg(Dj/Dg)1/4 Lg 2/3 Floor Length Bg = Cg(Dj/Dg)1/4 Lg 2/3 Floor Length

Bays A & B Bays A & B
Bg = 59.9<2/3 Floor L Bg = 59.9<2/3 Floor L
Bays A: Bg = 54
Bays A:
ap/g=0.46%g < 0.5%
Floor Length = 81 OK
e.g. (32.5 + 16 + 32.5) Bay B:
Floor Length = 48.5
Bg=2/3x81 = 54 < 59.9
e.g. (32.5 + 16)
ap/g=0.46%g < 0.5% 2/3x48.5 =32.3 < 59.9
ap/g=0.61%g > 0.5%g
NG
39/69 40/69

How do I modify a design that does not satisfy How do I modify a design that does not satisfy
the criterion? the criterion?
Increase stiffness of the element with the
lower frequency to improve performance.
41/69 42/69
Example: Bay D of previous example.

Original Design
W24 55
W21 44
W18x35 fb = 3.76 hz fn = 3.08 Hz

2.00 W24x55 fg = 5.37 hz ap/g=0.74%g
d e = 3.50 + = 4.50
2
W14 22
3.50
2.00
Improved Design
W18 35
Lj = 45
W18 35
W14 22
Increase Concrete Thickness 1 in.

W14 22
W18X35 fb = 3.75 hz fn = 3.04 Hz

S Section
W24x55 fg = 5.28 hz ap/g=0.65%g
Floor Width = 30 ft
W21 44 Floor Length = 90 ft
4 SPA @ 7- 6 =30= L g
Paper Office 43/69 44/69

Original Design Original Design

W18x35 fb = 3.76 hz fn = 3.08 Hz W18x35 fb = 3.76 hz fn = 3.08 Hz
W24x55 fg = 5.37 hz ap/g=0.74%g W24x55 fg = 5.37 hz ap/g=0.74%g
Improved Design Improved Designs

Increase Girder Size Increase Beam Size
W18X35 fb = 3.76 hz fn = 3.33 Hz W21x50 fb = 4.84 hz fn = 3.57 Hz
W24x84 fg = 7.17 hz ap/g=0.70%g W24x55 fg = 5.29 hz ap/g=0.58%g
W24x55 fb = 5.22 hz fn = 3.71 Hz
W24x55 fg = 5.28 hz ap/g=0.50%g
45/69 46/69

Question Concerning I am designing a floor in a health club
Design for Rhythmic Excitation that will be used for aerobics. Why are
my required members so large?
47/69 48/69


I am designing a floor in a health club that will Floor Vibrations
be used for aerobics. Why are my required
members so large? Frequently Asked Questions
Resonance with the first, second and third and
harmonics of the activity must be avoided.
More
(
Footstep = i P cos 2 i f step t ) (as in current research)
fstep = 1.5 Hz to 2.5 Hz (90 bpm to 150 bpm)
i = 1, 2, 3 which means fn > 7.5 Hz
49/69 50/69
Long Span (> 25 ft)eck Floors Long Span (> 25 ft)eck Floors
Single 30 ft by 30 ft bay constructed and

tested at the Virginia Tech .
Supported only at the perimeter with
W21x44 girders an W14x22 beams.
51/69 52/69

Long Span (> 25 ft)eck Floors Long Span (> 25 ft)eck Floors
If the deck is supported by beams, it will Low Frequency Floor: Provisions in DG11 or
probably be a low frequency floor (fn < 9-10 Hz) TD5 can be used.
and provisions in DG11 or TD5 can be used. Analyze assuming 1 ft width of slab is
If the deck is supported by walls, it will equivalent to a beam.
probably be a high frequency floor (fn > 9-10
1 ft
Hz) and further analysis will not be necessary.
53/69 54/69
Long Span (> 25 ft)eck Floors Analysis of Slender Stairs

Low Frequency Floor Analysis Model
55/69 56/69

Analysis of Slender Stairs Analysis of Slender Stairs

Loading is much more severe than walking on How do I evaluate a slender stair design?
floors: Much faster. More synchronization. Frequency: gEsIt
1/ 2
If linear or near linear model as a beam. fn =

2 wL4 L = Stringer Length
Predicted Acceleration:
2
a p = RQ cos (1 exp(100)) a o
g W g
Tolerance Acceleration:
1.7 to 4.6%g
Linear Near Linear
57/69 58/69
Analysis of Slender Stairs Alternate Bay Framing

References
Davis, B. and Murray, T.M. (2009). Slender
Monumental Stair Vibration Serviceability. J.
Architectural Engineering, 15(4), 111121.
Davis, B. and Avci, O. (2015 In Press) Simplified

Vibration Serviceability Evaluation for Slender
Monumental Stairs. Journal of Structural
Engineering.
59/69 60/69

Alternate Bay Framing Alternate Bay Framing

Advantages:
Eliminates back-to-back connections
Improved speed of erection
Shallower Girder Depth
Added space for MEP Systems
Lower floor-to-floor height
Improved Vibration Performance
Improved occupant satisfaction
61/69 62/69

Disadvantages:
May be Added Tonnage
Minor increase in overall weight
Increased Amount of Deck Closure Strips
Increased material and labor
Odd Shear Stud Layout at Girders
Potential for improper layout
Coordination of Deck Layout
63/69 64/69


Disadvantages: Modified DG11 Analysis Procedure:
Better with Bays with Aspect Ratios Close to ap Po exp(0.35 f n) ao
=
1:1 g W g
Current AISC DG11 Procedures Over fn =min (beam and girder frequencies)
Predict Vibration Response
Floor Width = Girder Span
Floor Length = Beam Span + 1/2 Adjacent
Beam Spans
65/69 66/69
Alternate Bay Framing
Combined Strength is essential but otherwise

Mode
Panel: unimportant.
Hardy Cross
67/69 68/69

Thank
You!!


Floor Vibrations: Design For Walking Excitation

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FLOOR VIBRATIONS: Structural Engineers Association of Texas Dallas Chapter

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS AND MORE Luncheon Meeting

Frequently Asked Question

Presented by Thomas M. Murray, PhD, P.E.

The Power of Resonance Phenomenon of Resonance

Harmonics Frequently Asked Question

3rd Harmonic f 3 = 3 f step

Presented by Thomas M. Murray, PhD, P.E.

Frequently Asked Question Response from a Lightly Damped Floor

Why do some walkers cause more floor System Frequency

Measured Autospectrum (Peak, %g)

Peak Acceleration (% Gravity)

0.1 ISO Baseline Curve

Presented by Thomas M. Murray, PhD, P.E.

15/69 Note: Damping is cumulative. 16/69

Presented by Thomas M. Murray, PhD, P.E.

Fit out Condition: Fit out Condition:

Estimated Damping: Estimated Damping:

Damping 1.5% Damping 3%

Frequently Asked Question Frequently Asked Question

Presented by Thomas M. Murray, PhD, P.E.

Frequently Asked Question Frequently Asked Question

1.0%g based on personal experience of

Frequently Asked Question Frequently Asked Question

Presented by Thomas M. Murray, PhD, P.E.

Frequently Asked Question Frequently Asked Question

Frequently Asked Question Frequently Asked Question

(Required in the British building code.)

Presented by Thomas M. Murray, PhD, P.E.

Frequently Asked Question Beam Panel Width

How do I determine floor width and floor

ap Po exp(0.35f n) ao Bj = Beam Panel

Effective Girder Panel Width Floor Width and

Presented by Thomas M. Murray, PhD, P.E.

Floor Width and Floor Width and

Bay Floor Floor Bay Floor Floor

Floor Width and Floor Width and

Bay Floor Floor Bay Floor Floor

Presented by Thomas M. Murray, PhD, P.E.

Bg = Cg(Dj/Dg)1/4 Lg 2/3 Floor Length Bg = Cg(Dj/Dg)1/4 Lg 2/3 Floor Length

Bg = Cg(Dj/Dg)1/4 Lg 2/3 Floor Length Bg = Cg(Dj/Dg)1/4 Lg 2/3 Floor Length

Presented by Thomas M. Murray, PhD, P.E.

Frequently Asked Question Frequently Asked Question

Example: Bay D of previous example.

W18x35 fb = 3.76 hz fn = 3.08 Hz

Increase Concrete Thickness 1 in.

W18X35 fb = 3.75 hz fn = 3.04 Hz

Presented by Thomas M. Murray, PhD, P.E.

Original Design Original Design

Improved Design Improved Designs

Frequently Asked Question

Presented by Thomas M. Murray, PhD, P.E.

Frequently Asked Question

Single 30 ft by 30 ft bay constructed and

Presented by Thomas M. Murray, PhD, P.E.

Long Span (> 25 ft)eck Floors Analysis of Slender Stairs

Presented by Thomas M. Murray, PhD, P.E.

Analysis of Slender Stairs Analysis of Slender Stairs

If linear or near linear model as a beam. fn =

Analysis of Slender Stairs Alternate Bay Framing

Davis, B. and Avci, O. (2015 In Press) Simplified

Presented by Thomas M. Murray, PhD, P.E.

Alternate Bay Framing Alternate Bay Framing