Appendix A

Mathematical Tables and Algorithms

This appendix provides lists with some definitions, integrals, trigonometric relations
and the like. It is not exhaustive, presenting only that information used throughout
the book and a few more just for complementation purposes. The reader can find
extensive tables available in the literature. We recommend the works by Abramowitz
and Stegun [1], Bronshtein, Semendyayev, Musiol and Muehlig [2], Gradshteyn and
Ryzhik [3], Polyanin and Manzhirov [4] and Zwillinger [7]. We also recommend
the book by Poularikas [5], though its major application is in the signal processing
area. Nevertheless, it complements the tables of the other recommended books. In
terms of online resources, the Digital Library of Mathematical Functions (DLMF)
is intended to be a reference data for special functions and their applications [6]. It
is also intended to be an update of [1].

A.1 Trigonometric Relations

 (1)n x 2n+1
x3 x5 x7
sin x = x + + = (A.1)
3! 5! 7! n=0
(2n + 1)!

 (1)n x 2n
x2 x4 x6
cos x = 1 + + = (A.2)
2! 4! 6! n=0
(2n)!
1
sin2 = (1 cos 2 ) (A.3)
2
1
cos2 = (1 + cos 2 ) (A.4)
2
1
sin cos = (1 cos 4 )
2 2
(A.5)
8
1
cos cos = [cos( ) + cos( + )] (A.6)
2
1
sin sin = [cos( ) cos( + )] (A.7)
2

D.A. Guimaraes, Digital Transmission, Signals and Communication Technology, 841

DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-01359-1,  C Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009
842 A Mathematical Tables and Algorithms

1
sin cos = [sin( + ) + sin( )] (A.8)
2
sin( ) = sin cos cos sin (A.9)
cos( ) = cos cos sin sin (A.10)
tan tan
tan( ) = (A.11)
1 tan tan
sin 2 = 2 sin cos (A.12)
cos 2 = cos sin
2 2
(A.13)
1
sin = (ei ei ) (A.14)
2i
1
cos = (ei + ei ). (A.15)
2

A.2 Gaussian Error Function and Gaussian Q-Function

Error function:
 x
2
et dt.
2
erf(x) = (A.16)
0

Complementary error function:


2
et dt.
2
erfc(x) = 1 erf(x) = (A.17)
x

Properties:

erf(x) = erf(x) (A.18)

erf(x ) = erf(x) (A.19)
  2
1 u
Q(x) = exp du (A.20)
2 x 2
% &
erfc(x) = 2Q x 2 (A.21)
 
1 x
Q(x) = erfc . (A.22)
2 2

The Taylor series expansion of the error function, which provides a good approx-
imation of erf(x) for 60 terms in the summation and for x up to 4, is given by

2  (1)n x 2n+1
erf(x) = . (A.23)
n=0 n!(2n + 1)
A Mathematical Tables and Algorithms 843

The complementary error function has an alternative representation which is par-

ticularly useful in error probability analysis of communication systems. It is known
as the desired form of the complementary error function and is given by

 /2  
1 2x 2
erfc(x) = exp d. (A.24)
0 2 sin2

A.2.1 Some Tabulated Values of the Complementary

Error Function
x erfc(x) x erfc(x) x erfc(x) x erfc(x)
0.025 0.971796 1.025 0.147179 2.025 4.19E-03 3.025 1.89E-05
0.05 0.943628 1.05 0.137564 2.05 3.74E-03 3.05 1.61E-05
0.075 0.91553 1.075 0.128441 2.075 3.34E-03 3.075 1.37E-05
0.1 0.887537 1.1 0.119795 2.1 2.98E-03 3.1 1.16E-05
0.125 0.859684 1.125 0.111612 2.125 2.65E-03 3.125 9.90E-06
0.15 0.832004 1.15 0.103876 2.15 2.36E-03 3.15 8.40E-06
0.175 0.804531 1.175 0.096573 2.175 2.10E-03 3.175 7.12E-06
0.2 0.777297 1.2 0.089686 2.2 1.86E-03 3.2 6.03E-06
0.225 0.750335 1.225 0.0832 2.225 1.65E-03 3.225 5.09E-06
0.25 0.723674 1.25 0.0771 2.25 1.46E-03 3.25 4.30E-06
0.275 0.697344 1.275 0.071369 2.275 1.29E-03 3.275 3.63E-06
0.3 0.671373 1.3 0.065992 2.3 1.14E-03 3.3 3.06E-06
0.325 0.645789 1.325 0.060953 2.325 1.01E-03 3.325 2.57E-06
0.35 0.620618 1.35 0.056238 2.35 8.89E-04 3.35 2.16E-06
0.375 0.595883 1.375 0.05183 2.375 7.83E-04 3.375 1.82E-06
0.4 0.571608 1.4 0.047715 2.4 6.89E-04 3.4 1.52E-06
0.425 0.547813 1.425 0.043878 2.425 6.05E-04 3.425 1.27E-06
0.45 0.524518 1.45 0.040305 2.45 5.31E-04 3.45 1.07E-06
0.475 0.501742 1.475 0.036982 2.475 4.65E-04 3.475 8.91E-07
0.5 0.4795 1.5 0.033895 2.5 4.07E-04 3.5 7.43E-07
0.525 0.457807 1.525 0.031031 2.525 3.56E-04 3.525 6.19E-07
0.55 0.436677 1.55 0.028377 2.55 3.11E-04 3.55 5.15E-07
0.575 0.416119 1.575 0.025921 2.575 2.71E-04 3.575 4.29E-07
0.6 0.396144 1.6 0.023652 2.6 2.36E-04 3.6 3.56E-07
0.625 0.376759 1.625 0.021556 2.625 2.05E-04 3.625 2.95E-07
0.65 0.357971 1.65 0.019624 2.65 1.78E-04 3.65 2.44E-07
0.675 0.339783 1.675 0.017846 2.675 1.55E-04 3.675 2.02E-07
0.7 0.322199 1.7 0.01621 2.7 1.34E-04 3.7 1.67E-07
0.725 0.305219 1.725 0.014707 2.725 1.16E-04 3.725 1.38E-07
0.75 0.288844 1.75 0.013328 2.75 1.01E-04 3.75 1.14E-07
0.775 0.273072 1.775 0.012065 2.775 8.69E-05 3.775 9.36E-08
844 A Mathematical Tables and Algorithms

x erfc(x) x erfc(x) x erfc(x) x erfc(x)

0.8 0.257899 1.8 0.010909 2.8 7.50E-05 3.8 7.70E-08
0.825 0.243321 1.825 9.85E-03 2.825 6.47E-05 3.825 6.32E-08
0.85 0.229332 1.85 8.89E-03 2.85 5.57E-05 3.85 5.19E-08
0.875 0.215925 1.875 8.01E-03 2.875 4.79E-05 3.875 4.25E-08
0.9 0.203092 1.9 7.21E-03 2.9 4.11E-05 3.9 3.48E-08
0.925 0.190823 1.925 6.48E-03 2.925 3.53E-05 3.925 2.84E-08
0.95 0.179109 1.95 5.82E-03 2.95 3.02E-05 3.95 2.32E-08
0.975 0.167938 1.975 5.22E-03 2.975 2.58E-05 3.975 1.89E-08
1 0.157299 2 4.68E-03 3 2.21E-05 4 1.54E-08

A.3 Derivatives

d dw dv du
(uvw) = uv + uw + vw (A.25)
dx d x d x  d x
d u% & 1 du dv
= 2 v u (A.26)
dx v v dx dx
d du dv
(u v ) = vu v1 + (ln u)u v (A.27)
dx dx dx
d du dv
(u v ) = vu v1 + (ln u)u v (A.28)
dx dx dx
d 1 du
(loga u) = (loga e) (A.29)
dx u dx
     
dn n dnu n dv d n1 u n dnv
(uv) = v + + + u (A.30)
dxn 0 dxn 1 d x d x n1 n dxn
 x
d
f (t)dt = f (x) (A.31)
dx c
 g(x)  g(x)
d h(x, t)
h(x, t)dt = g  (x)h(x, g(x)) f  (x)h(x, f (x)) + dt
d x f (x) f (x) x
(A.32)

f (x) f (x)
lim = lim  . (A.33)
xa g(x) xa g (x)

A.4 Definite Integrals

 1
xex d x = (A.34)
0 2

1
ex
2
dx = (A.35)
0 2
A Mathematical Tables and Algorithms 845

x z1 ex d x = (z) (A.36)
0

a
eax cos bxd x = (A.37)
+ b2 a2
0
a
eax sin bxd x = 2 (A.38)
0 a + b2
 ax
e sin bx b
d x = tan1 (A.39)
0 x a
 ax
e ebx b
d x = ln (A.40)
0 x a
 
1
eax d x =
2
(A.41)
0 2 a
 
ax 2 1 b2 /4a
e cos bxd x = e (A.42)
2 a
0
(n + 1)
x n eax d x = , a > 0, n > 1
0 a n+1
(A.43)
n!
= n+1 , a > 0, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
a


[1 erf(x)] exp x 2 xd x
0
' ( (A.44)
1
= 1  , Re > Re 2 , Re > 0
2 + 2
 2
e x cos d = 2 I0 (x) (A.45)
0


b2 4ac
(ax 2 +bx+c)
e e 4adx = (A.46)
a

(+1)/2 (/2)
(1 + x /)
2
dx = . (A.47)
(( + 1)/2))

Interesting definite integrals:

 2
 1 n
b  
f (x)d x = (b a) (1)m+1 2n f a + m(b a)2n (A.48)
a n=1 m=1
 1
[ln(1/x)] p d x = p! (A.49)
0
846 A Mathematical Tables and Algorithms

 1

x x d x = n n = 1.29128599706266 . . . (A.50)
0 n=1
 1

xxdx = (1)n n n = 0.78340510712 . . . . (A.51)
0 n=1

A.5 Indefinite Integrals

 
udv = uv vdu (A.52)
 
1
f (ax)d x = f (u)du (A.53)
a

sin udu = cos u (A.54)

cos udu = sin u (A.55)

tan udu = ln sec u = ln cos u (A.56)

u sin 2u 1
sin2 udu = = (u sin u cos u) (A.57)
2 4 2

u sin 2u 1
cos2 udu = + = (u + sin u cos u) (A.58)
2 4 2

eax
eax d x = (A.59)
a
  
eax 1
xe d x =
ax
x (A.60)
a a
 ax  
e 2x 2
x 2 eax d x = x2 + 2 (A.61)
a a a

1
d x = ln |x| (A.62)
x

ax
ax d x = (A.63)
ln(a)

ln(x)d x = x ln(x) x (A.64)

logb (x)d x = x logb (x) x logb (e) (A.65)
A Mathematical Tables and Algorithms 847

du 1 u
= tan1 (A.66)
u2 +a 2 a a

du u
= sin1 . (A.67)
a u
2 2 a

A.6 Linear Matrix Transformations of Two-Dimensional Spaces

The transformations given below are particularly useful in the context of Chap. 5
to transform two-dimensional signal constellations according to the linear mapping
rule: the original coordinates are mapped into the new coordinates according to
[x y]T A [x y]T , where [x y] is a row vector and A is given below, depending
on the desired mapping:

1. Rotation by degrees counterclockwise:

 
cos( ) sin( )
A= . (A.68)
sin( ) cos( )

2. Reflection against the horizontal axis. A horizontal reflection is a map that trans-
forms a matrix into its horizontal mirror image:
 
1 0
A= . (A.69)
0 1

3. Scaling by n in all directions:

 
n 0
A= . (A.70)
0 n

4. Horizontal shear mapping. A horizontal shear mapping keeps the vertical coordi-
nate and shifts the horizontal coordinate by a distance m times the distance from
the horizontal axis:
 
1 m
A= . (A.71)
0 1

5. Squeezing. A squeeze mapping preserves Euclidean area of regions in the Carte-

sian plane:
 
k 0
A= . (A.72)
0 1/k
848 A Mathematical Tables and Algorithms

6. Projection onto the vertical axis:

 
0 0
A= . (A.73)
0 1

A.7 Mathcad Routine for Converting Decimal to Binary Numbers

The routine (A.74) below converts a decimal number x into its binary form. The
result is presented as a transposed vector (row matrix).


bin(x) :=  A 0
  
 log(x + 1)
 n ceil
 log(2)

B
 n1 0

 for y (n 1) .. 0 (A.74)
 
  A A + 2y
 
 
  Bny1 1 if A x
 
  A A 2 y otherwise

 T
B

A.8 Mathcad Routine for a Binary Counter

The routine (A.75) below generates all ordered binary b-bit words. The result is
presented as a matrix.

Counter(b) := 
 Bb1,2b 1 0

 for x 0..2b 1
 
 A 0
 
 
 for y b 1 .. 0
   (A.75)
  
  A A + 2
y
  
   Bby1,x 1 i f A x
  
  
 A A 2 y otherwise

B
A Mathematical Tables and Algorithms 849

A.9 Mathcad Routine for a Gray Counter

The routine (A.76) below generates all ordered binary b-bit words using the Gray
code. The result is presented as a matrix.

 Bb1,2b 1 0

CounterG(b) := 
 for x 0 .. 2b 1

 
 A0
 
  for y b 1 .. 0
  
  
   A A + 2y
  
   Bby1,x 1 if A x (A.76)
  
  
  A A 2 y otherwise
 
 G B
  0,x 0,x
 
  for y 1 .. b 1 if b > 1
 
 G B B
 y,x y,x y1,x

G

A.10 Mathcad Routine for Generating Walsh-Hadamard

Sequences

The routine (A.77) below generates all Walsh-Hadamard sequences of length n. The
result is presented as an n n matrix H(n).

H (n) :=  X 1


 for i 0.. log(n) 1

 log(2) (A.77)

 X augment(stack(X, X ), stack(X, X ))

X

A.11 Mathcad Routine for Generating the IOWEM

of a Block Code

The routine (A.78) below finds the input-output weight enumerating matrix (IOWEM)
of a block code. The limitation of the parameters (n, k) is governed by the lim-
itations of Mathcad when working with matrices. The input to this routine is the
values of n and k, the matrix m with all message words and the matrix C with all
850 A Mathematical Tables and Algorithms

codewords. This routine becomes attractive for long codes with a large number of
codewords.


B :=  for i 0..2k 1
 
  
  k1
  wm i m i, j
 
 
  j=0
 
  
n1
  wc
  i Ci, j

 j=0
 (A.78)
 Countk,n 0

 for x 0..2k 1


 for i 0..k

 for j 0..n


 Counti, j Counti, j + [(wm x = i) (wc x = j)]

 Count

A.12 Mathcad Routine for Computing the Euler Function

The routine (A.79) below can be used to compute the Euler function value of the
argument t. It has a Mathcad built-in greatest common divisor (gcd) function that
can be implemented by the GCD(a, b) function also given by (A.80).


(t) :=  1 if t = 1

 otherwise

 
 x 0
  (A.79)
  for i 1..t 1
 
 
  x x + 1 if GCD(i, t) = 1
 
 x


GCD(a, b) :=  while b = 0
 
 r b
 
  b mod(a, b) (A.80)
 
 
 ar

r
A Mathematical Tables and Algorithms 851

References
1. Abramowitz, M. and Stegun, I. (Ed.). Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas,
Graphs, and Mathematical Tables. National Bureau of Standards Applied Mathematics Series,
U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C, 1972.
2. Bronshtein, I. N., Semendyayev, K. A., Musiol, G. and Muehlig, H. Handbook of Mathematics,
5th Ed. Springer-Verlag: Berlin-Heidelberg, 2007.
3. Gradshteyn, I. S. and Ryzhik, I. M. Table of Integrals, Series, and Products. 7th Ed. Academic
Press/Elsevier: USA/UK, 2007.
4. Polyanin, A. D. and Manzhirov, A. V. Handbook of Mathematics for Engineers and Scientists.
Boca Raton, Fl, USA: Chapman & Hall/CRC, 2007.
5. Poularikas, A. D. The Handbook of Formulas and Tables for Signal Processing. USA. CRC
Press LLC, 1999.
6. NIST: National Institute of Standards and Technology. NIST Digital Library of Mathematical
Functions. Available at: http://dlmf.nist.gov/(last access on July 2009).
7. Zwillinger, D. Standard Mathematical Tables and Formulae. 31st Ed. London New York:
Chapman & Hall/CRC Press, 2003.
Abbreviations

A/D analog-to-digital
AC alternate current
ACPR adjacent channel power ratio
AFC automatic frequency control
AGC automatic gain control
AM amplitude modulation
AMI alternate mark inversion
AoA angle-of-arrival
APK amplitude-phase keying
AR autoregressive
ARQ automatic repeat request
ASK amplitude shift keying
AWGN additive white Gaussian noise
BCH Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem
BCM block-coded modulation
BER bit error rate
BFSK binary frequency-shift keying
BIBO bounded-input, bounded-output
BICM bit-interleaved coded modulation
BICM-ID BICM with iterative decoding
BMA Berlekamp-Masseys algorithm
BPF band-pass filter
BPL broadband over power-line
BPSK binary phase-shift keying
BRGC binary reflected Gray code
BS base-station
BSC binary symmetric channel
BTC block turbo code
CAP carrierless amplitude-phase
CD compact disc
CDF cumulative distribution function
CDM code-division multiplexing

853
854 Abbreviations

CDMA code-division multiple-access

CE controlled equalization
CF characteristic functions
CIR channel impulse response
CLT central limit theorem
CMI code mark inversion
CPFSK continuous-phase frequency-shift keying
CPM continuous-phase modulation
CRB Cramer-Rao bound
CRC cyclic redundancy check
CSI channel state information
CTC convolutional turbo code
CW continuous wave
D/A digital-to-analog
DBPSK binary differential phase-shift keying
DC direct current
DC down-conversion
DCDJ duty-cycle dependent jitter
DC-DS-CDMA double spreading code direct-sequence CDMA
DC-MC-CDMA double spreading code multi-carrier CDMA
DDJ data-dependent jitter
DEBPSK differentially encoded binary phase-shift keying
DEM digital elevation map
DEMPSK differentially encoded M-ary phase-shift keying
DEQPSK differentially encoded quaternary phase-shift keying
DFT discrete Fourier transform
DJ deterministic jitter
DLL delay-locked loop
DLMF digital library of mathematical functions
DMC discrete memoryless channel
DMS discrete memoryless source
DoA direction-of-arrival
DoD direction-of-departure
DS-CDMA direct-sequence CDMA
DSP digital signal processing
DS-SS direct-sequence spread-spectrum
DS-UWB direct-sequence ultra wideband
DVB digital video broadcasting
EA Euclidian algorithm
EGC equal-gain combining
EHF extremely high frequency
EMI electromagnetic interference
ERP effective radiated power
ESD energy spectral density
EXIT extrinsic information transfer
Abbreviations 855

FCC Federal Communications Commission (USA)

FEC forward error correction
FFT fast Fourier transform
FH-SS frequency-hopping spread-spectrum
FIR finite impulse response
FM frequency modulation
FSC frequency-spread coding
FSK frequency shift keying
FSM finite-state machine
FSO free-space optical
GCD greatest common divisor
GF Galois field
GFSK Gaussian-filtered frequency-shift keying
GMSK Gaussian minimum-shift keying
GPR ground penetrating radar
GPS global positioning system
GSM global system for mobile communication
HDBn high density bipolar n
HDSL high-rate digital subscriber line
I&D integrate and dump
I&Q in-phase and quadrature
i.i.d. independent and identically distributed
ICI inter-carrier interference
IDFT inverse discrete Fourier transform
IFFT Inverse fast Fourier transform
IIR infinite impulse response
IOWEF input-output weight enumerating function
IOWEM input-output weight enumerating matrix
ISI intersymbol interference
ISM industrial, scientific and medical
LAN local area network
LBW loop bandwidth
LDPC low-density parity check
LED light-emitting diode
LFSR linear feedback shift-register
LLR log-likelihood ratio
LMS least mean square
LoS line-of-sight
LPF low-pass filter
LPI low probability of interception
LSB least significant bit
LTI linear, time-invariant
LTV linear, time-variant
LUT look-up table
MAC medium access control
856 Abbreviations

MAI multiple access interference

M-AM M-ary amplitude modulation
MAP maximum a posteriori
M-ASK M-ary amplitude shift keying
MC multi-carrier
MC-CDMA multi-carrier CDMA
MC-DS-CDMA multi-carrier direct-sequence CDMA
MCM multi-carrier modulation
M-DPSK M-ary differential phase-shift keying
MDS maximum-distance-separable
M-FSK M-ary frequency shift keying
MGF moment-generating function
MIMO multiple-input, multiple-output
ML maximum likelihood
MLCM multilevel coded modulation
MLSD maximum likelihood sequence detection
MLSE maximum likelihood sequence estimation
MMSE minimum mean square error
MMSEC minimum mean square error combining
M-PAM M-ary pulse amplitude modulation
MPI multipath interference
M-QAM M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation
MRC maximum ratio combining
MSB most significant bit
MSE mean square error
MSK minimum-shift keying
MT mobile terminal
MT-CDMA multi-tone CDMA
MUD multiuser detection
NRZ non-return-to-zero
NRZ-b bipolar non-return-to-zero
NRZ-u unipolar non-return-to-zero
OFDM orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
OOK on-off keying
OQPSK offset quaternary phase-shift keying (see SQPSK)
ORC orthogonality restoring combining
P/S parallel-to-serial
PAM pulse amplitude modulation
PAPR peak-to-average power ratio
PCB printed circuit board
PCBC parallel concatenated block codes
PCCC parallel concatenated convolutional codes
PCL power-line communications
PCM pulse-coded modulation
PDF probability density function
Abbreviations 857

PDP power delay profile

PG processing gain
PJ periodic jitter
PLL phase-locked loop
PM phase modulation
PMF probability mass function
PN pseudo-noise (or pseudo-random)
PPM pulse-position modulation
PSD power spectral density
PSF pulse-shaping filter
PSK phase shift keying
PSM pulse-shaping modulation
QAM quadrature amplitude modulation
QPSK quaternary phase-shift keying
RASE rapid acquisition by sequential estimation
RF Radiofrequency
RFID radiofrequency identification
RJ random jitter
RM Reed-Muller
rms root-mean-square
ROC region of convergence
RRC root-raised cosine
RS Reed-Solomon
RSC recursive systematic convolutional
RSS received signal strength
RT real time
RZ-b bipolar return-to-zero
RZ-u unipolar return-to-zero
S&H sample and hold
S/P serial-to-parallel
S/STP screened shielded twisted pair
S/UTP screened unshielded twisted pair
S/V scalar-to-vector
SC selection combining
SC single carrier
SCBC serially concatenated block codes
SCCC serially concatenated convolutional codes
SCR silicon-controlled rectifier
SDR software-defined radio
SER symbol error rate
SIHO soft-input, hard-output
SISO soft-input, soft-output
SNR signal-to-noise ratio
858 Abbreviations

SNRQ signal-to-quantization noise ratio

SOVA soft-output Viterbi algorithm
SPC single-parity check
SPC-PC single-parity check product code
SPC-TPC single-parity check turbo product code
SQ scalar quantization
SQPSK staggered quaternary phase-shift keying (see OQPSK)
SS spread-spectrum
SSA serial-search acquisition
SSMA spread-spectrum multiple access
SSP sound speed profile
STC space-time coding
SV Saleh-Valenzuela
SVD singular value decomposition
TCM trellis-coded modulation
TDL tapped delay line
TDL tau-dither loop
TH-BPSK time-hopping binary phase-shift keying
TH-OOK time-hopping on-off keying
TH-PAM time-hopping pulse amplitude modulation
TH-PPM time-hopping pulse-position modulation
TH-PSM time-hopping pulse-shaping modulation
TH-UWB time-hopping ultra wideband
TJ total jitter
TPC turbo product code
TTCM turbo trellis-coded modulation
UC up-conversion
UEP unequal error protection
UI unit interval
US uncorrelated scattering
UTP unshielded twisted pair
UWA underwater acoustic
UWB ultra-wideband
V/S vector-to-scalar
VA Viterbi algorithm
VCC voltage-controlled clock
VCO voltage-controlled oscillator
VQ vector quantization
VT variance transfer
WDM wavelength division multiplexed
WEF weight enumerator function
WLAN wireless local area network
WPAN wireless personal area network
WSS wide-sense stationary
WSSUS wide-sense stationary, uncorrelated scattering
Abbreviations 859

WUSN wireless underground sensor network

XOR exclusive-or
ZF zero forcing
/4-DQPSK /4-shifted differential quaternary phase-shift keying
/4-QPSK /4-shifted quaternary phase-shift keying
Index

A Autocovariance of a random process, 64

Abelian group, 734 Automatic frequency control (AFC), 215
Absolute zero temperature, 175 Automatic gain control (AGC), 231, 441
Absorption, 253 Automatic repeat request (ARQ), 732, 831
Acceptance/rejection method, 57 Autoregressive random process (AR(4)),
Adaptive equalization, 231 156157
Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), 80 Average fade duration, 225
Adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR), 511 Average power of a signal, 89
A-law, 126 AWGN channel, 175
Algebraic decoding, 734 Axiomatic definition, 4
Aliasing, 116
Alternate mark inversion (AMI), 269 B
Amplitude modulation (AM), 412 Bandwidth, 162
Amplitude-phase keying (APK), 412 absolute, 162
Amplitude-shift keying (ASK), 412 -3 dB or half power, 163
Analog-to-digital conversion, 122 equivalent noise, 163
Analytic signal, 146 null-to-null or main lobe, 164
Angle-of-arrival (AoA), 251 root mean square, 163
Angular spread, 252 of a signal, 162
Anomalous propagation, 243 spectral mask, 165
Anti-aliasing filter, 118 Baseband and passband signals, 89
Anti-jamming communication, 586 Baseband signaling, 265
Antipodal signaling, 415 Baseband transmission, 265
Aperiodic cross-correlation parameter, 602 Base-function, 364
Aperiodic signal, 88 Base vectors, 730
Aperture-medium coupling loss, 671 Bathtub diagram, 323, 331
a priori information, 822 Baud rate, 159
Area-mean, 200 Bayes rule, 1, 79, 16
Area-mean power, 233 BCH bound, 764
Array codes, 810 BCJR, 817
Array processing, 250 Berlekamp-Masseys algorithm (BMA), 769
Array response vector, 252 Bernoulli random variable, 23
Asymptotic coding gain, 800 Big O, 111
Atmospheric stratification, 244 Bilinear transformation, 144
Attenuation constant, 187 Binary BCH codes, 763
Augmenting, 736 Binary reflected Gray code (BRGC), 397
Autocorrelation function of a random Binary reflection, 397
process, 68 Binary symmetric channel (BSC), 9, 53,
Autocovariance-ergodic random processes, 64 173, 704

861
862 Index

Binomial coefficient, 7 Channel state information, 727, 832

Binomial random variable, 24 Channel transition matrix, 181
Binomial theorem, 400 Characteristic function, 21
Bipolar code, 266 Characteristic impedance, 187
Bipolar non-return to zero (NRZ-b), 269 Characteristic polynomial, 615
Bipolar return to zero (RZ-b), 269 Chebyshev inequality, 50
Bit error probability, 362 Chien search, 769
Bit error rate, 53 Chi-square PDF, 43
Bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM), Class A amplifier, 509
796, 832 Classic definition, 45
Bit-interleaved coded-modulation with Class I duobinary signaling, 336
iterative decoding (BICM-ID), 829 Class IV duobinary signaling, 338
Block code, 730 Clipping, 123
Block-coded modulation (BCM), 831 Cluster arrival rate, 238
Block error probability, 772 Cluttering, 671
Block interleaver, 735 Coaxial cable, 187
Block turbo codes, 826 Code acquisition, 621
Bluetooth, 585 Code diversity, 604, 731, 829
Blu-ray, 505 Code-division multiple access (CDMA), 601
Boltzmann constant, 79 Code-division multiplexing (CDM), 644
Bounded distance decoder, 730, 773 Code mark inversion (CMI), 271
Bounded-input, bounded-output system Code polynomial, 753
(BIBO), 136 Code rate, 701, 730
Box-Muller method, 58 Code search, 637
Branch metric, 781 Codeword, 730
Burst errors, 183 Coding gain, 718
Coherence bandwidth, 226227
C Coherence time, 227
Capacity-achieving codes, 710 Coherent detection, 415, 427
Capacity of fading channels, 715 receiver, 384
Capacity of the MIMO channel, 723 Colored noise channel
Cartesian product, 437 capacity of, 719
Catastrophic collision, 668 Combinations, 4, 6
Causal linear system, 136 Combinatorial formulas, 5
Centralized random variable, 19 Combining techniques, 648
Central Limit theorem, 35, 37 Communication channel, 171
Central moment, 19 Companding, 126
Channel capacity, 723 Compatibility constraint, 715
Channel capacity theorem, 729 Complementary error function, 30
Channel coder, 172 Complex envelope, 147
Channel coding, 730 Complex Gaussian random process, 78
theorem, 701 Complex Gaussian random variable, 31
Channel correlation function, 219 Complex random processes, 61
Channel covariance matrix, 656 Complex representation, 146
Channel matrix, 701 of signals, 146
Channel modeling, 174 Concatenated codes, 812
Channel models Concatenation, 735
empirical, deterministic and stochastic, 175 Conditional entropy, 700
narrowband, 213 Conditional expected value, 23
Rummler, 245, 249 Conditional probability, 7, 1617, 28
wideband, 214 Confidence coefficient, 50
wireless spatial, 256 Confidence interval, 50
Channel sounding, 174, 596 Congruential methods, 56
Index 863

Constellation, 177, 370 Cyclic extension, 653

Constraint length, 731, 794 Cyclic prefix, 651
Continuous memoryless random variable, 28 Cyclic redundancy check (CRC), 731
Continuous-phase FSK (CPFSK), 454 Cyclic suffix, 651
Continuous-phase modulation (CPM), 455 Cyclostationary random processes, 73
Continuous random variable, 12, 16, 18, 20, 22 Cyclotomic cosets, 732
Continuous-valued random process, 61
Controlled equalization (CE), 660
D
Convolutional code, 731, 808
Data compaction, 690
decoding, 801
Data compression, 690
encoding, 795
1 dB Compression point, 510
free distance, 803
Decimation, 122
performance function, 802
split-state diagram, 789 Decision depth, 785, 795
transfer function, 789 Delay-locked loop (DLL), 638
Convolutional encoder Delay modulation, 271
catastrophic, 780 Delay spread, 220, 227
feedback or recursive, 780 typical values, 236
feed-forward, 780 Delta-sigma converter, 130
systematic and non-systematic, 780 Design distance, 765
Convolutional turbo codes, 808 Detection, 177
Convolution integral, 133 Deterministic event, 2
Convolution sum, 133 Deterministic and random signals, 89
Cooley-Tukey, 111 Deviation, 19
Cophasing, 606, 608 Difference equation, 91, 138
Copy-type multi-carrier, 645 Differential encoder, 563
Correction filter, 119 Differential phase-shift keying (DBPSK), 534
Correlation, 21 Diffraction, 206
coefficient, 21 Diffraction loss, 241
receiver, 292 Digital elevation map (DEM), 206
Correlative coding, 333 Digital filtering, 166
Correlator, 292 Digital filters, 122, 145146
Coset, 744 Digital modulation, 411
Cosine filter, 341 Dimensionality theorem, 366
Costas loop, 552 Dirac delta function, 91
Cost function, 351 Direction-of-departure (DoD), 252
Counting methods, 1, 5 Direct-sequence UWB (DS-UWB), 668
Covariance, 21 Dirichlet conditions, 95, 103
Coverage prediction, 206 Discrete channel, 173
Craigs method, 445 Discrete channels with memory, 183
Cramer-Rao bound (CRB), 550 Discrete to continuous frequency mapping, 109
Crest factor, 124 Discrete Fourier transform (DFT), 108
Critical distance, 202 Discrete memoryless channel (DMC), 180, 699
Cross constellation, 442 Discrete memoryless source, 691
Cross-correlation function of a random Discrete random variable, 1213, 1819,
process, 70 23, 26
Cross-covariance of a random process, 70 Discrete-time, continuous-valued random
Crossover probability, 181 process, 61
Cross-spectral density, 75 Discrete-time, discrete-valued random
Cumulative distribution function, 1013, process, 61
37, 56 Discrete-time filter, 311
CW jammer, 593 Discrete-time Fourier transform
Cyclic code, 731 convergence, 107
864 Index

periodicity, 106 training mode, 349

properties and pairs, 108 training sequence, 349
Distortion-free channel, 307 zero forcing, 344
Distortion-free linear system, 133 ZF, 344
Distributed primary parameters, 185 Equally likely symbols, 362
Diversity, 231, 572, 606 Equivalent codes, 732
Divide and conquer, 731 Equivalent low-pass, 148
Doppler shift, 215216 Equivalent noise bandwidth, 81
Doppler spectrum, 216 Equivalent noise temperature, 80, 176
Doppler spread, 215, 222 Ergodic, 63
Down-sampling, 122 Ergodic capacity, 726
Dual code, 732 Error correcting codes, 231
Dual spaces of vector spaces, 732 Error detection and error correction, 732
Ducting, 243 Errored-second, 244
Duobinary conversion filter, 336 Error floor, 603
Duobinary signaling, 336 Error locator polynomial, 769
Duty-cycle, 96 Error pattern, 736
Error probability analysis
E antipodal signaling, 289
Early-late synchronizer, 565 Error syndrome, 737
E-carrier hierarchy, 270 Error-trapping, 759
Eigenfunction, 136 Error value, 769
Eigenvalue, 137 Euclidian algorithm, 769
Electromagnetic interference (EMI), 185 Euclidian distance, 365
Elementary row operations, 737 Even and odd signals, 89
Energy and power signals, 89 EXIT chart, 831
Energy of a signal, 104 Expectation, 17
Energy signal, 362 Expected value, 17
Energy spectral density, 104, 107, 153, 155, Exponential random variable, 28
161 Expurgating, 736
Ensemble averages, 62 Extended source, 693
Entropy, 690 Extending, 736
Entropy function, 691 Extension field, 733
Envelope, 148 Extremely high frequency (EHF), 189
Envelope delay, 134 Extrinsic information, 816, 821
Equal-gain combining (EGC), 604, 648 Extrinsic information transfer, 831
Equalization, 320 Eye diagram, 307, 319
Equalizer, 343
adaptive, 343 F
blind, 354 Fading
decision-directed mode, 349 frequency flat and fast, 224
fixed, 343 frequency flat and slow, 224
fractionally-spaced, 345 frequency selective and fast, 224
gradient algorithm, 351 frequency selective and slow, 224
LMS, 344, 349 Failure, 23
MLSE, 344 False alarm, 622
MMSE design criterion, 344 Fast Fourier Transform, 109
noise enhancement, 348 Fast FSK, 476
peak distortion, 349 Fast and slow FH-SS, 632
steepest descent algorithm, 352 Fibonacci LFSR, 680
stochastic gradient algorithm, 352 Finite impulse response (FIR), 144
symbol-spaced, 345 Finite-state machine (FSM), 778, 796
synchronous, 345 Finite trace-back Viterbi algorithm, 783
Index 865

Fire codes, 759 Gaussian random variable, 29

Fixed-length source code, 697 Generalized ML receiver, 385
Flat fading, 211 Generalized Nyquist criterion, 316, 366
Follower jammer, 630 Generator coefficient, 777
Forneys algorithm, 769 Generator matrix, 732
Forward error correction (FEC), 732 Generator polynomial, 733, 764
Fourier analysis, 94 Generator sequence, 792
Fourier series, 94 Geometric random variable, 24
complex exponential, 94 Geometric representation of signals, 363
convergence, 95 Gibbs phenomenon, 97
trigonometric, 94 Gilbert-Elliott, 184
truncated, 96 Global positioning system (GPS), 585
Fourier transform (FFT), 109, 111 Global System for Mobile Communication
continuous-time, 103104 (GSM), 505
convergence of the, 103 Gold sequences, 622
discrete-time, 106 Goodness-of-fit test, 55
for periodic signals, 103 Gram-Schmidt, 367
properties and pairs, 104 Gray code, 397
via VisSim/Comm, 111 Gray labeling, 380, 397
Fourier transform pair, 105 Gray mapping, 380, 397
Fractional bandwidth, 665 Green machine, 744
Free distance, 733, 785 Gross bit rate, 692
Free-space, 201 Ground penetrating radar (GPR), 666
Free-space optical (FSO) channel, 252, 254 Group, 733
Frequency diversity, 604 Group delay, 134
Frequency-domain spreading, 642 Guard interval, 653
Frequency-hopping spread-spectrum
(FH-SS), 630 H
Hadamard matrix, 626
Frequency interleaving, 645
Hadamard transform decoding, 744
Frequency modulation (FM), 412
Hamming bound, 734
Frequency offset, 653
Hamming codes, 739
Frequency offset correction, 655
Hamming distance, 734
Frequency selective fading, 214, 222
Hanning window, 158
Frequency-shift keying (FSK), 412
Hard-decision decoding, 734
Frequency warping, 144
Harmonic, 511
Fresnel ellipsoids, 240
Heaviside step function, 91
Fresnel integral, 241
High density bipolar n (HDBn), 271
Fresnel zones, 240
Hilbert transform, 146
Full-period cross-correlation, 602
Histogram, 14
Fully-interleaved channel, 774
Huffman code, 694695
Functional5 relation, 76 Huffman decoding tree, 698
Fundamental angular frequency, 94 Huffman tree, 696
Huygens-Fresnel principle, 241
G Huygens secondary source, 207
Galois field, 729
Galois LFSR, 680 I
Gamma random variable, 44 Impulse noise, 79
Gaussian-filtered frequency-shift keying Impulse radio, 665
(GFSK), 521 Impulse response, 131
Gaussian-filtered MSK (GMSK), 476 Impulsive noise, 79
Gaussianization, 718, 728, 828 In-band distortion, 511
Gaussian noise, 79 Incomplete product codes, 813
Gaussian random process, 76 Independent events, 8, 18
866 Index

Independent random variables, 1819 Laser, 192

Index of refraction, 191 Last mile, 185
Indoor channel, 232 Laurents expansion, 577
large-scale propagation, 233 -law, 126
small-scale propagation, 234 Law of diminishing returns, 605
Industrial, scientific and medical, 588 Law of large numbers, 54
Infinite bandwidth, 162 Leaky cable, 188
Infinite impulse response (IIR), 144 Lempel-Ziv code, 699
Information, 710 Lengthening, 736
Information bit rate, 709 Level codes, 266
In-phase component, 147 Level crossing rate, 225
Input-output weight enumerating function LHopitals rule, 93
(IOWEF), 739 Light emitting diode (LED), 192, 255
Integrator and dump, 291 Likelihood function, 374
Inter-carrier interference (ICI), 655 Linear code, 735
Interleaving, 231, 735 Linear differential equations, 138
Intermodulation product, 509 Linear feedback shift register (LFSR), 612
Interpolating function, 116 Linear span, 612
Interpolation, 122 Linear system, 130
Intersymbol interference (ISI), 191, 307, 312, properties, 135
651 scaling, 130
Inverse CDF method, 56 superposition, 130
Inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT), 109 Linear time-variant system (LTV), 135
Inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT), 109, 111 Line codes, 266
IP2, 510 types of, 266
I&Q imbalance, 578 Line repeaters, 266
I&Q modulator, 429 Line-of-sight (LoS), 239
Irreducible polynomial, 613, 735 optical, 239
ISM bands, 588 radio, 239
Iterative decoding, 735 Link margin, 243, 250
LMS algorithm, 352
J
Local-mean, 203
Jacobian of the transformation, 39
power, 209
Jamming margin, 633
Log-distance model, 201
Jitter, 324, 327
Log-distance path loss, 202
Johnson-Nyquist noise, 79
Log-likelihood algebra, 818
Joint central moment, 20
Log-likelihood function, 382, 551
Joint moment, 20
Log-likelihood ratio (LLR), 816
Joint probability density function, 18
Look-up table (LUP), 371
Joint probability mass function, 18
Loop filter, 552
K Low-density parity check (LDPC), 806
Karnaugh map, 398 Low probability of interception (LPI), 588
Key equations, 769
Knife-edge, 241 M
Kraft-McMillan inequality, 695 MacWilliams identity, 766
Kronecker delta function, 91 Magnitude response, 120
Kronecker product, 625 Majority-logic decoding, 744
Manchester code, 270
L MAP decision rule, 305
Lagrange multipliers, 720 Marcum Q-function, 225, 519
Landau-Pollak theorem, 366 Marginal probability, 8
Laplace distribution, 32 Mark, 96
Laplace transform, 113 Markov chains, 162, 166, 184, 198
Index 867

M-ary differentially-coherent PSK (M-DPSK), MSK-type receivers, 525

576 M-th power loop, 561
Matched filter, 284 Multichannel reception, 605
non-coherent, 538 Multi-h CPM, 455, 505
Matched filter vs. correlator Multilevel coded modulation (MLCM), 831
equivalence between, 293 Multimodal, 16
Maximum-distance-separable (MDS), 767 Multipath delay profile, 220
Maximum-length sequences, 612 Multipath fading, 208
Maximum likelihood, 16 Multipath intensity profile, 220
Maximum likelihood sequence detection Multipath interference, 620
(MLSD), 333 Multipath propagation, 207
Maximum likelihood sequence estimation Multiple access interference, 619
(MLSE), 344, 525, 673 Multiple symbol differential detection, 546
Maximum a posteriori, 16 Multiplexing gain, 723
Maximum ratio combining (MRC), 604, 648 Multiplicative congruential method, 56
Mean ergodic random processes, 64 Multiplicative fading, 213
Mean of a random process, 64 Multistage decoding, 831
Mean square error (MSE), 203 Multiuser detection (MUD), 603, 648, 657
Mean-square value, 19 Multivariate distributions, 34
Meggitt decoder, 758 Multivariate Gaussian random variables, 34
Memoryless channel, 180 Muting, 732
Memoryless LTI systems, 137 Mutually exclusive events, 3, 8
Mersenne prime, 56
N
Message-passing, 737
Narrow-sense BCH, 764
Microstrip, 189
Near-far problem, 603
Microwave link
Noise Figure, 510
clearance, 241
Noise, 79
Mie effect, 255
-vector, 177
Miller code, 271
Nominal carrier frequency, 451
Millimetre-wave, 234
Non-binary BCH, 769
MIMO capacity, 727
Non-coherent code synchronization, 635
Minimal encoder, 779
Non-coherent detection, 413
Minimal polynomial, 732 Nonlinear amplification, 509
Minimum energy constellation, 388 Nonlinear distortion, 513
Minimum Hamming distance, 732 Nonlinear system, 131
Minimum mean square error, 349 Non-minimum phase, 246
Minimum mean square error combining Non-periodic signal, 88
(MMSEC), 648 Non-square QAM, 442
Mixed random variables, 12 Non-uniform quantization, 123
ML decision rule, 304 Normalized histogram, 14
MMSE combining, 643 Normalized power, 90, 99
Modified duobinary signaling, 335 Normalized standard error, 51
Modulation, 151 Normal random variable, 30
Moment, 19 Norm of a vector, 365
-generating function, 21 Nyquist criterion for ISI-free, 312, 315
theorem, 22 Nyquist pulse, 317
Monocycle, 668 Nyquist rate, 116
Monte Carlo, 51, 55 Nyquist sampling criterion, 116
Moving average filter, 140 Nyquist sampling theorem, 122
Moving median filter, 209
M-PAM signaling, 276 O
M-sequences, 612 Odd symmetry, 313
MSK modulator, 502 One-tap equalization, 648
868 Index

Only discrete memoryless random variable, 25 Personal area network, 232

On-off keying (OOK), 463, 671 Phase ambiguity, 579
Optical fiber, 172, 190 Phase conjugation, 673
acceptance cone, 191 Phase constant, 187
chromatic dispersion, 192 Phase discriminator, 554
intermodal dispersion, 192 Phase-locked loop (PLL), 269, 552
mono-mode, 191 lock points, 579
multimode, 191 Phase modulation (PM), 412
refractive index, 191 Phase noise, 554, 655
single-mode, 191 Phase response, 135
total reflection, 191 Phase-shift keying (PSK), 415
Optimum receiver, 278 PN sequences, 627
Order, 736 Poisson random variable, 25
Ordered, 57 Polarization diversity, 604
Order of the joint moment, 20 Polybinary coding, 335
Orthogonal Polybipolar, 335
random variables, 21 coding, 335
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing, Post-detection combining, 681
640 Power amplifier, 510
Orthogonality restoring combining (ORC), 648 Power delay profile, 230
Orthogonalization, 367 Power efficiency, 425
Orthogonal multiplexing, 428 Power-line channel, 194
Orthogonal random processes, 76 Power-line communications (PLC), 199
Orthonormal base functions, 177 BPL, 194
Orthonormal basis, 363 broadband over power-line, 194
Outage capacity, 726 channel
Outage probability, 244 asynchronous impulsive noise, 197
background noise, 197
P frequency response, 195
Pair-wise error probability, 392 generalized background noise, 197
Parameter estimation, 50, 565 impulse noise, 198
Parity-check matrix, 755 narrowband noise, 196
Parity-check polynomial, 755 periodic impulsive noise, 196
Parity equations, 811 indoor PLC channel, 195
Parsevals relation, 110 in-home PLC, 194
Parsevals theorem, 104, 107, 155, 284 Power overdrive, 578
Partial cross-correlation, 623, 661 Power of a signal, 105
Partial response signaling, 341, 356, 523 Power spectral density, 81, 162
Passband signaling, 415 Power spectral density of a random process, 69
Path diversity, 608609 Pre-detection combining, 680681
Path loss exponent, 201204, 208, 233234, Pre-envelope, 146
236 Preferred msequences, 624
Path metric, 785 Prefix codes, 695
PDF of the sum of random variables, 36 Primary distributed parameters, 188
Peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), 437, 531, Prime decomposition, 615
534 Prime factorization, 615
Peak-to-rms ratio, 124 Primitive BCH, 765
Perfect code, 774 Primitive element, 768
Periodically stationary random processes, 64 Primitive polynomial, 618, 768
Periodic cross-correlation, 626 Principle of orthogonality, 351
Periodic signal, 94 Printed circuit board (PCB), 189
Periodogram, 156, 158 Probability density function, 1213, 1516, 18,
Permutations, 6 22, 2729, 31, 3336, 38, 4044, 76
Index 869

Probability generating function, 22 Received signal strength (RSS), 183

Probability mass function, 1213, 1718, Received signal-vector, 177
2325, 37, 54 Reciprocal polynomial, 615
Processing gain, 634 Reconstruction filter, 116
Product codes, 825 Rectangular function, 92
Projection theorem, 351 Rect function, 92
Propagation prediction, 201 Recursive systematic convolutional (RSC)
Properties of the variance, 19 code, 780
PSD estimation, 166 Reed algorithm, 741
bias, 158 Reed-Muller codes, 739
frequency resolution, 158 Reed Solomon codes, 766
leakage, 156 Reflection, 191
via Markov chains, 166 Region of convergence, 114
periodogram, 155 Relative frequency, 3, 14, 33, 51
smearing, 158 Residual mean square error, 353
smoothing, 156 Resolvability condition, 599
window type, 158 Resonant cavity, 511
Pseudo-noise, 612 Reversed polynomial, 616
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM), 159, 273 Ricean fading, 213
Pulse jammer, 591 Rice factor, 226
Pulse signal-to-noise ratio, 296 Rich scattering, 250
Puncturing, 736 Rolloff factor, 317
Root-cosine filter, 342
Q Root-mean-square, 19
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), 412 Root-raised cosine, 319
Quadrature component, 148 Root of unity, 108
Quantization error, 123 Rotation and translation invariance, 387
Quasi-distortion-free transmission, 319 Rummler, 240, 247
R
Radiofrequency identification (RFID), 585 S
Raised cosine, 317 Sa function, 93
RAKE receiver, 605606 Saleh-Valenzuela, 232, 235, 237239
Random binary wave, 152 Sample average, 46
power spectral density, 152 Sample-functions, 61
Random-coding exponent, 702 Sample and hold, 118
Random event, 2 Sample Mean, 47
Random FM noise, 216 Sample space, 2, 45, 78, 61, 73
Random jammer, 591 Sampling
Random process, 46 of deterministic signals, 115
Random processes through linear systems, 73 of passband signals, 122
Random variables, 1, 10 of stochastic processes, 117
Rapid acquisition by sequential estimation Sampling oscilloscopes, 122
(RASE), 636 Scalar quantization, 695
Rate-distortion theory, 695 Scale parameter, 32
Rate parameter, 28 Scattering, 207
Ray arrival rate, 236 Scattering function, 219
Raylaunching, 201 Screened shielded (S/STP), 185
Rayleigh effect, 255 Screened unshielded (S/UTP), 185
Rayleigh fading, 213 S-curve, 554
Rayleigh loss coefficient, 193 Search dwell time, 636
Rayleigh random variable, 31 Secondary parameters, 188
Rayleighs energy theorem, 155, 284 Second central moment, 19
Ray-tracing, 201, 233 Seed, 56
870 Index

Selection combining, 604 S/P-type multi-carrier, 645

Serial-search acquisition (SSA), 621, 637 Square QAM, 434
Set partitioning, 797 Stable linear system, 136
Shadowing Standard array, 744
lognormal, 203 Standard error, 51
Shannon limit, 707 Standard refraction, 243
Shared time early-late, 639 State transition diagram, 778
Shift-invariant system, 135 State transition matrix, 184
Shortening, 736 Stationary process, 63
Sifting property, 91, 296 Stirlings formula, 6
Sigma-delta converter, 130 Stochastic convergence, 55
Signaling rate, 159 Stop criterion, 819
Signal-to-quantization noise ratio, 124 Strict-sense stationary, 63
Signals Stripline, 189
continuous-time, continuous-valued, 87 Strong law of large numbers, 55
continuous-time, discrete-valued, 87 Subrefraction, 243
discrete-time, continuous-valued, 87 Substrate, 189
discrete-time, discrete-valued, 87 Success, 23
Signal-space, 177 Sum-product algorithm, 808
representation, 363364 Sum of random variables, 3536
Signal-vectors, 177, 367 Sundes BFSK, 479
Sign function, 126, 146 Sundes BFSK modulation, 459
Silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCR), 198 Superrefraction, 243
Simulation
Surface resistance, 186
of communication channels, 217
Survivor path, 788
Sinc function, 93
Symbol, 176
properties, 93
vs. bit error probability, 396
Sine cardinal, 93
error probability, 362
Single-bit A/D converter, 130
rate, 159
Single-parity check product code (SPC-PC),
-timing
810
Single-parity check turbo product codes early-late gate, 565
(SPC-TPC), 817 Synchronization
Singular value decomposition (SVD), 724 acquisition, 547
Skin depth, 186 acquisition time, 550
Skin effect, 188 algorithmic approach, 578
Smart antenna, 250 blind, 546
Soft-decision decoding, 737 classical approach, 578
Soft-input, hard-output (SIHO) decoder, 737 discrete-time approach, 578
Soft-input, soft-output (SISO) decoder, 737 independent estimation, 551
Soft-output Viterbi algorithm (SOVA), 807 joint estimation, 551
Software-defined radio (SDR), 122 for other modulations, 564
Sound speed profile (SSP), 253 pilot-aided, 546
Source coding, 172 self-synchronization, 546
theorem, 694 of SS signals
Space diversity, 604 acquisition, 621
Space-time coding, 723, 830 acquisition and tracking, 634
Spatial channel models, 251 false alarm, 622
Spectral efficiency, 413 tracking, 621
Spectral regrowth, 511 symbol-timing, 555
Sphere packing bound, 734 tracking, 547
Spreading factor, 633 trained, 546
Spread-spectrum multiple access (SSMA), 601 Syndrome decoding, 744
Index 871

Syndrome vector, 737 Uniform error property, 773

Systematic encoding, 737 Uniform quantization, 123
Uniform random variable, 27
T Union bound, 4, 391, 393
Tanner graph, 808 Unipolar code, 266
Tapped delay line (TDL), 195, 214, 639 Unipolar non-return-to-zero (NRZ-u), 267
Tau-dither loop, 639 Unipolar return-to-zero (RZ-u), 268
Taylor polynomial, 509 Uniquely decodable codes, 695
T-carrier hierarchy, 270 Unit impulse, 91
Temperature inversion, 244 properties, 92
Terrestrial microwave channel, 244 Unit interval, 329
Theorem of irrelevance, 376 Unit-step function, 90
Thermal noise, 79 Unshielded twisted pair (UTP), 185
Thevenin circuit, 79 Up-sampling, 122
Time averages, 62
Time diversity, 604 V
Time-frequency duality, 681 Variable-length source code, 698
Time hopping, 668 Variance, 19
Timehopping multiple-access, 668 Variance of a random process, 64
Time-hopping ultra wideband (TH-UWB), 668 Variance transfer, 831
Time reversal, 677678 Vector AWGN channel model, 176
Timing jitter, 323, 327 Vector channel, 178
Total expectance, 67 Vector quantization, 695
Total expectation law, 23 Vector space, 732
Total probability theorem, 9, 1617 Vector subspace, 732
Training sequence, 635 Venn diagram, 2
Transformations of random variables, 38 Vestigial symmetry, 315
Transform-based code, 695 VisSim/Comm
Transition codes, 266 documentation, viii
Transition probabilities, 699 instalation, xxv
Transmission line, 187, 189 license and support, xxv
Transmit diversity, 604, 723 manufacturers, xxv
Transmitted reference, 673 Viterbi algorithm, 525, 738, 795
Transversal filter, 143
Trellis-coded modulation (TCM), 795 W
Trellis diagram, 738, 788 Wagner decoding, 831
Trellis truncation length, 794795 WalshHadamard sequences, 624
Trivial codes, 749 Water-filling, 641, 722
Turbo code, 806 Water-pouring, 641, 722
Turbo processing, 807 Waveform channel, 173
Twisted pair, 184 Waveguide, 189190
Two-dimensional Gaussian random variable, Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM),
34 191
Two-ray model, 201 Weak law of large numbers, 55
Weight, 738
U Weight distribution, 739
Ultra-wideband (UWB), 235, 678 Weight enumerator function (WEF), 737
Unbiased estimator, 50 White noise, 80
Uncertainty, 690 Wide-sense stationary, 63
Uncertainty principle, 366 Wide-sense stationary, uncorrelated scattering
Uncorrelated random processes, 66, 70 (WSSUS), 219, 607
Underground radio channel, 255 Wiener-Khintchine relations, 68
Underwater acoustic channel (UWA), 252 WiFi, 585
Unequal error protection, 832 Windowing, 653
872
Wireless channel, 199
correlation functions, 219
Doppler spread, 215
flat fading, 211
frequency selective, 214
large scale propagation, 200
multipath propagation, 207
outdoor, 200
small scale propagation, 207
tapped delay line, 214
Index
Wireless local area network (WLAN), 232
Wireless personal area networks (WPAN), 232
Wireless underground sensor network
(WUSN), 256
Wireline channels, 184
Z
Zeroth-order hold, 118, 290
Ziv-Lempel code, 694
Z-transform, 113