Applying an LCL-filter to a four-wire active power filter

Sami Pettersson, Mika Salo and Heikki Tuusa

Tampere University of Technology
Department of Electrical Engineering, Institute of Power Electronics
P.O. Box 692, FI-33 101 Tampere, Finland
Email: sami.petterssongtut.fi

four-wire APF topologies: a three-leg and a four-leg

Abstract-Especially in the case of voltage source shunt topology [1]. The main circuits of the topologies are
four-wire active power filters, the switching frequency current presented in Fig. 1.
ripple is a significant problem and cannot be completely In order to generate the compensation current, a voltage
suppressed with an L-filter without impairing the harmonic source shunt APF needs some kind of a supply filter between
filtering performance of the system. An LCL-filter is a
third-order low-pass filter, which is commonly used with PWM thePW conveter bridge andcsupply al stiondis
rectifiers and inverters. When properly designed, an LCL-filter to use an inductor (L-filter), which acts as a first-order
offers a much better suppression of the switching frequency low-pass filter for the current. Since the phase line inductors
current ripple than a simple inductor. However, there are many also affect the neutral current, a filter inductor in the neutral
matters to consider when designing an LCL-filter. The wide wire is optional. A neutral wire filter inductor is usually only
control bandwidth of active power filters makes the design of an used with the four-leg APF topology since the controllability
LCL-filter even more challenging. This paper studies the of the zero sequence voltage is better than in the case of
suitability of an LCL-filter for four-wire active power filter three-leg topology. Nevertheless, it is possible to use a
topologies, presents an example LCL-filter structure and neutral wire filter inductor with the three-leg topology but the
discusses matters related to design and accurate modeling of an
LCL-filter. Finally, the proposed LCL-filter structure is applied sies of the. inductrcismucheore imitea[2]
to two common voltage source shunt four-wire active power
filter topologies and the performance of the systems is verified
T sel o theL-filter intancenvlu sbically
a compromise. A large inductor filters efficiently switching
by computer simulations and experimental tests. frequency current ripple but impairs the controllability of the
APF. On the other hand, if the inductor is small, the
suppression of the switching frequency current ripple is
I. INTRODUCTION insufficient, which causes high filter losses. [3]
suppression of the switching
'urn adequate
In most cases, theipecnntb
Four-wire active power filters (APF) provide an efficient frqec civduigol
solution to improve the quality of supply in three-phase frequency current ripple cannot be achieved
using only
four-wire systems. They are applicable in compensating . .
current harmonics, reactive power, neutral current and load l,X2significant problem, especially in the case of the three-leg
imbalance. Basically, there are two common voltage source topology [2]. One solution to the problem is to use a
higher-order supply filter structure. An LCL-filter is a
sa,b,c isa sab,sace
kIb ' abs c bet

T4 T
-- b Load -- Load
'I
'snisf f nisb
I sfn sfa b,.c

Supply Supply
Filter Filter

ifn IF IF IFAfab,fn F,fabc c ) U

(a) 1<} 1 Uo (b)

Fig. 1: Main circuits of voltage source shunt four-wire active power filter topologies: (a) three-leg topology and (b) four-leg topology.
 Usc;lf~ L,
third-order low-pass filter, which is commonly used with
PWM rectifiers and inverters [4-8]. When properly designed,
an LCL-filter offers a much better suppression of the
switching frequency current ripple compared to an L-filter.
However, systems with LCL filters are more susceptible to
interference caused by supply voltage harmonics because of
resonance hazards and the lower harmonic impedance
presented to the supply [4]. In the case of APFs especially,
the design of an LCL-filter is even more challenging since the
bandwidth of an APF is much wider than the bandwidth of a
typical PWM rectifier.
This paper presents a study of an LCL-filter for four-wire
active power filters covering design concepts and accurate
modeling of an LCL-filter. The performance of the two
common four-wire active power filter topologies with an
LCL-filter is studied by computer simulations and
experimental tests. For comparison, simulation and
experimental results with an L-filter are also presented. The
studied system is rated at 5 kVA and was originally designed
to be used with an L-filter. The aim is to replace the L-filter
with the proposed LCL-filter without making any major
changes in the control system or impairing the harmonic
filtering performance of the system.
II. LCL-FILTER
The proposed configuration of the LCL-filter is presented
in Fig. 2. The idea of an LCL-filter is to make the supply
current free of the switching frequency current ripple caused
by the PWM. The capacitors Cf provide a low-impedance
the switchig
path forpathfor current ripple ad,
frequency cufentrippe
hewitcingfreqenc thus,
and, tus,
only the desired frequencies pass through the filter.
resonance of the ivdamped usin the damping
resistors Rd in parallel to the inductors Lf on the supply side.
A. Design concepts
When designing an LCL-filter for an APF it should be
noted that an APF has a wide bandwidth compared to a
typical PWM rectifier, usually between 1 and 2.5 kHz. In
order to maintain a good performance in harmonic filtering,
the resonance frequency of the filter should be placed higher
than this. After the resonance frequency the attenuation of a
third-order filter increases by 60 decibels per decade.
LL
isfa sf ff ifa-
Rdd IF cfa
L Now, on the basis of Fig. 4, we can write the following
usbUstb
sfff
'-c Ufb
o*'lllL
E 1 Uf
Fig. 2: Proposed LCL-filter configuration for four-wire APFs.
The inductors Lff and Lff11 on the PWM converter bridge
side play an important role in the power dissipation of the
filter: since the switching frequency current circulates
through them and the capacitors Cf, the inductance values of
the inductors affect the amplitude of the switching frequency
current. And since the resistance of an inductor typically
increases with the frequency, a large switching frequency
current causes high power dissipation. The neutral wire filter
inductor Lff. is optional but improves the attenuation of the
switching frequency current ripple on the neutral current.
Within the pass band up to the resonance frequency, the
LCL-filter acts as an L-filter with an inductance value of
Lsf + Lff. This total inductance determines the impedance in
the compensation current path, thereby affecting the required
dc-link voltage level. For good harmonic filtering
performance with a reasonable dc-link voltage level, the total
inductance should not to be set too high.
The resonance of an LCL-filter can be damped either
actively or passively. Active damping algorithms are
implemented in the control system while passive damping is
realized with damping resistors. In this paper, passive
damping is preferred.
B. Modeling
The frequency response of an LCL-filter is heavily
dependent on the frequency behavior of the inductors. In
practice, the inductancee of an inductor decreases and
presisce, increasa ofqnc in'creases in
order to model an LCL-filter accurately a frequency
odepdto
dependent indut model iSister
inductor md
L
required. Referaenc
Reference [[9] presents
presents
the series Foster model consisting of parallel RL blocks
connected in series. The accuracy of the model increases as
the number of the RL blocks increases. In this case, four RL
blocks were found sufficient. The fourth-order series Foster
circuit is shown in Fig. 3. On the basis of Fig. 3, the
impedance of the circuit is:
4
ZL(o)= RdC + (1)
where co is the angular frequency.
Figs. 4 and 5 present equivalent circuits of the proposed
LCL-filter: Fig. 4 for space vector quantities and Fig. 5 for
zero sequence components. The underlined variables refer to
space vectors and Zsf is the combined impedance of Lsf and
Rd. In addition, Zff, Zcf and Zffn1 respectively are the
impedances of Lff, Cf and Lffl.
equation for the transfer admittance from Uf to isf:
R1 R2 R. R4
Fig. 3: Fourth-order series Foster circuit.
 ;:Sf1 Lff+Lsf +3Lffn
!
Z Z Lf fres,z -21C Lsf Lff Cf + 3Lsf LffnCf
us Zcf C. Design procedure andfrequency analysis
The starting point in the design procedure ofthe LCL-filter
____ for the four-wire APF was the existing system rated at 5 kVA
using an L-filter as a supply filter. Both topologies had 5 mH
Fig. 4: Equivalent circuit of LCL-filter for space vector quantities. inductors in the phase legs. The size of the neutral wire filter
inductor was conditional on topology. A 5 mH inductor was
1sfz ffIk[ zused in the neutral leg of the four-leg topology and a 1 mH
s5f.. [ a < .
-inductor in the neutral leg of the three-leg topology.
F
,The idea was to expand the existing L-filter to LCL-filter
USz I | 2r UfZ by adding an LC front end on the supply side. To ensure that
I the harmonic filtering performance of the system with the
3Z ,/LCL-filter would be approximately at the same level as
before with the L-filter without the need to increase the
dc-link voltage level, the the LC front end should not
Fig. 5: Equivalent circuit of LCL-filter for zero sequence components. * sinificat ase the C
significantly increase i in
impedance in the compenst
e
compensation
current path. Thus, small 0.6 mH inductors LSf were selected
s-=-Zcf (2) on the supply side. This means that the total inductance
Uf A (LSf + Lff) in the compensation current path is now 5.6 mH,
where excluding the neutral wire.
The selected 0.6 mH and 5 mH inductors were modeled
A = Zff Zsf + ZffZcf + Zsf Zcf. (3) using the fourth-order Foster models presented earlier. The
Furthermore, if all the resistive terms are omitted, (2) can be data for the Foster models were obtained by measuring the
derived into the following form: impedance of 0.6 mH and 5 mH inductors between 50 Hz and
20 kHz in a laboratory. All the frequency response
-sf - - (4) measurements were conducted using Venable Model 3120
Uf s (LsfLff Cf) + s(Lff + Lf) frequency response analyzer, Venable VLA 1000 linear
where s is the Laplace operator. Now, the resonance amplifier, Tektronix TCPA300 amplifier and Tektronix
quantities can be written as TCP312 current probe. The Foster models were iteratively
followsr fitted using the measured data of four frequency points:
follows: 50 Hz, 500 Hz, 10 kHz and 20 kHz.
1 Lff +Lsf The filter capacitors Cf were selected based on the desired
fres,c3 2i LffLffC (5) resonance frequency. To ensure a sufficient bandwidth for
the APF, it was decided to set the resonance frequency of the
where subscripts a and : refer to the real and imaginary axis LCL-filter around 3 kHz. This was accomplished by
components of a space vector in the stationary reference selecting 5 iF capacitors as filter capacitors.
frame. In order to maximize the control bandwidth ofthe APF and
Similarly, on the basis of Fig. 5, the transfer admittance to avoid possible resonance related problems, the resonance
from ufz to isfz is: peak of the LCL-filter was damped with the damping
isfz -Zcf resistors Rd. When the damping resistors are placed in
parallel to the supply side inductors LSf, the smaller resistance
(6)
ufz B
value gives the greater damping. The best way to select the
where resistance value Rd is to examine the transfer admittance from
B = A + 3(ZcfZffn + ZsfZffn) (7) uf to sf. The aim is to get the magnitude of the transfer
admittance to be flat near the resonance frequency, but it
By omitting all the resistive terms, (6) can be derived into the should be noted that the attenuation at the stop band
following form: decreases as the resistance Rd decreases and, thus, a too small
1sfz -resistance value should not be used. The effect of the
Ufz resistance Rd on the transfer admittance is illustrated in Fig. 6.
(8) A good result can be achieved by selecting Rd= 33 Q2, as it
1 ~~~~~~canbe seen in Fig. 6.
s3 (L5sfLf Cf + 3LsfLffnCf ) + s(Lff + L5f + 3Lffn) . The transfer admittance of the proposed LCL-filter model
from Uf to is is shown in Fig. 7. The accuracy of the model
On the basis of (8), the resonance frequency for ' the zero
~~~~~~~was
. . verified by measuring the transfer admittance of the
sequence components can be written as follows:cntutdL -fte,wihsalohwnnFg.7
 Jo
-20 0 -

-30 -10
-40 __-20_
Frequency -30 F
-50 __40
-50
-60_
-60 _

17031 10 10
2 3
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~10 10 10
4

Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)

Fig. 6: Transfer admittance of LCL-filter model from uf to isf with different Fig. 7: Transfer admittance of LCL-filter from uf to isf: admittance of model
Rd values: undamped (solid line), Rd = 33 Q (broken line) and Rd = 10 Q (solid line) and measured admittance (broken line).
(dotted line).
reference frame. The direct component of the current
III. CONTROL SYSTEM reference of the APF is formed as a sum of the harmonic
The block diagram of the control system for both reference *fdh and i*fdo.
topologies is shown in Fig. 8. The control system is The APF currents ifd, ifq and ifz are controlled in a closed
implemented in the synchronous reference frame where the loop with PD-controllers, which output the references for the
real axis
axis is tied to the supply voltage vector [10]. voltages across the LCL-filter. In this control system, the
rand tiespectsupplyiroltagvectr
to the to the direct [ and
refer respectively
and q refer
Subscripts dd
quadrature
.

Subcriptue LCL-filter is treated as an L-filter with the inductance value

of Ls + Lf TeAFvlaerfrecsu*daduf
components of a space vector in the synchronous reference oc ltediffn The APF voltage references ufd and u*fq are
r

frame, and z to a zero sequence component. In addition,
subscript h refers to harmonics, o to fundamental frequency
quantities in the synchronous reference frame and L to the
LCL-filter. An asterisk (*) refers to a reference value.
The control system is based on the load current
feedforward connection. The task of the control system is to
produce filter currents opposite to the harmonics sensed in
the load currents. The neutral current is similarly
compensated by producing a neutral current opposite to the
load neutral current. Before the control can be carried out, all
the measured three-phase quantities are first transformed to
the synchronous reference frame. The reference frame angle
p is determined with a phase locked loop by observing the
zero crossing of phase-a supply voltage. The current
reference of the APF is generated using a prediction based
current reference generation method [11].
The APF dc-link voltage Udc is controlled with a
fundamental direct component of the current reference i*fdo,
which appears as a dc-component in the synchronous
* |~~~~~~abcto
fd
calculated In the "cross coupling compensation" block as
follows [10]:
ufd Usd - ULd + s(Lff + Lsf )ifq (10)
and
Ufq Usq - ULq - s ff sf)!fd
= sf+ Ls (11)
where C3S is the fundamental angular frequency, and Usd and
usq respectively the direct and quadrature components of the
supply voltage vector. If the three-phase supply is assumed to
be sinusoidal and balanced, Usq is zero and Usd equals the
amplitude of the supply line-to-neural voltage. The last terms
in (10) and (11) are used for compensating the cross coupling
between the direct and quadrature components of the voltage
reference.
Due to the capacitive currents drawn by the LCL-filter the
active power filter current references are not realized
accurately. The capacitive current can be compensated by
adding the fundamental current reference component i fqo to
I
fa
lqz (
ud .. [

'Id
cotnpensationL dc fd A,:Tm -
~~T+
NIl 'Ldz* dc~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~c

abc~~~~~Fg 8: Blckiaram f cntrossculm

C system
the quadrature component of the active power filter current 15
reference. The current reference i *fqo can be approximated to 10
be
lfqo -J) sCfUsd. (12) v
o
-10
In practice, the supply voltage and frequency in (12) can be -15
assumed to be constant and, thus, only one addition is needed 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
to compensate the reactive power drawn by the LCL-filter. (a) Time (is)
The calculation of the current reference i*fqo is carried out in 15
the "capacitive current compensation" block. 10M
In the case of three-leg topology, the voltage balance 55
between capacitors C1 and C2 is maintained with a voltage C 0
balance controller, which is outlined with a dotted line in -
Fig. 8. The PI-controller gives the voltage reference Ubal that -10
modifies the APF zero sequence voltage reference u*fz as -151
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
follows: (b) Time (ms)

Ufz =-ULZ + Ubal (13) Fig. 9: Measured load currents: (a) phase currents and (b) neutral current.
This forces the dc-link capacitor voltage balance to shift in
the desired direction. The voltage balance controller is not 15
needed in the control system of the four-leg topology and, 10
thus, the voltage reference u bat iS zero. -
-5
IV. SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The performance of the four-wire APF topologies with the -15
proposed LCL-filter was studied by computer simulations 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
and experimental tests. For comparison, the performance of (a) Time (ms)
the topologies with an L-filter consisting of inductors Lff and 15
Lff,1 was also studied. The system was rated at 5 kVA and its 10 r
parameters are presented in Table I. The simulations were S 5
done using Simulinkg linked to SIMPLORER. The i
experimental tests were conducted in a laboratory using a -5
microcontroller controlled four-wire APF prototype. The.T10
load used in the tests was an unbalanced and nonlinear load. 151 1 15 2 25 30 35 40
The measured phase and neutral current waveforms of the (b) Time (ms)
load are shown in Figs. 9a and 9b respectively.
For the three-leg topology, the simulated and measured 15
waveforms are shown in Figs. 10 and 1 Irespectively, and for 10
the four-leg topology, the simulated and measured < 5
waveforms are presented in Figs. 12 and 13 respectively. 0
Table II shows the fundamental components and total -10-
harmonic distortion (THD) of the simulated and measured ___
load andsupplycurrents. The simulation results are shown on 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
the left and experimental results on the right in each column (c) Time (ms)
TABLE I
SYSTEM PARAMETERS 10
< 5-
supply line-to-neutral voltage Us V
230V 0
supply frequencyf, 50 Hz
5-
APF side phase line inductor Lff 5 mH o
neutral wire inductor Lff11 (three-leg topology) 1 mH- -10-
neutral wire inductor Lff11 (four-leg topology) 5 mH -15 _ _
LCL-filter capacitor Cf 5 ~~~iF 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
supply side phase line inductor L5f 0.6 mUHd im is
damping resistor Rd 33 Q
dc-link capacitors Cl and C2 2.2 mF Fig. 10: Simulated supply currents compensated with three-leg topology
dc-link voltage reference u dc (four-leg topology) 700 V with L- and LCL-filter: (a) phase currents with L-filter, (b) neutral current
dcr-ln votgrernc Ud (thre-g toooy 75VAx with L-filter (C) phase currents with LCL-filter and (d) neutral current with
modulation frequencyfSw 8 kHzLC-itr
sampling interval T5 62.5 pis
 10 r
15
l0
-5 < -5
-10 -1 C
-15 -1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
(a) Time (ms) (b) Time (ms)

15 15
10 - i- -

o -5 0 -5

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
(c) Time (ms) (d) Time (ms)

Fig. 11: Measured supply currents compensated with three-leg topology with L- and LCL-filter: (a) phase currents with L-filter, (b) neutral current with
L-filter, (c) phase currents with LCL-filter and (d) neutral current with LCL-filter.
15 15
10 10 -

-15 - 0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
J -__ 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
(a) Time (ins) (b) Time (ins)

15 _j, , .,1
1-0- -r -

-10 -10 -

-15- -15
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
(c) Time (ms) (d) Time (ms)

Fig. 12: Simulated supply currents compensated with four-leg topology with L- and LCL-filter: (a) phase currents with L-filter, (b) neutral current with
L-filter, (c) phase currents with LCL-filter and (d) neutral current with LCL-filter.

in Table II. The THD values are calculated up to 2 kHz
(THD2kHZ) and up to 20 kHz (THD2OkHZ) The THD values of
the neutral currents are calculated in relation to the mean
values of the fundamental phase current components.
The simulation and experimental results clearly show that
the proposed LCL-filter works well with both topologies,
efficiently suppressing the switching frequency current ripple
without impairing the harmonic filtering performance ofthe
APF. Moreover,
current the simulated
r1pple, wh1c and measured
L-lSlaecommon phasle THD values in
ret with LCLfite
Table II match each other very well, which proves the
accuracy of the simulation models.
V. CONCLUSION
This paerpreented astudy f the sitabilty
third-order LCL-filter for two common voltage source shunt
fourwir acivepowr flte tooloies Th ai wa to
replace a common L-type supply filter with an LCL-filter in
order to improve the suppression of the switching frequency
w i a
converters. The LCL-filter was analyzed in the frequency
domain by using a transfer function model and by measuring
the transfer admittance of the constructed LCL-filter with a
frequency analyzer. A realistic LCL-filter model was
obtained by modeling the inductors with fourth-order Foster
series models, which were fitted using the measured data.
The proposed LCL-filter was tested with two common
voltage source shunt four-wire APF topologies through
simulations and experimental
an d eta uretwt Citr tests. The experimental tests
were conducted in a laboratory with a microcontroller
controlled four-wire APF prototype. The simulation and
experimental results were compared with the results obtained
with an L-type supply filter. The simulation and experimental
of. results indicated that the proposed LCL-filter works well
wt ohfu-ieAFtplge n fiinl eoe
the switching frequency current ripple from the supply
currents without impairing the harmonic filtering
pefrac fteAF hs tcnb ocue htwe
properly designed the LCL-filter can replace an L-filter as a
 15 15
o
0 r
5 ..

-10 m K ~10 ' ' ' '

-15 -15
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
(a) Time (ms) (b) Time (ms)

15 15
10 - '0
-

3 5 4 5

1 0- 1 0 -

-15 -15
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
(c) Time (ms) (d) Time (ms)

Fig. 13: Measured supply currents compensated with four-leg topology with L- and LCL-filter: (a) phase currents with L-filter, (b) neutral current with L-filter,
(c) phase currents with LCL-filter and (d) neutral current with LCL-filter.

TABLE II
FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENTS AND TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION OF SIMULATED AND MEASURED WAVEFORMS
Load
Load Three-leg APF with
L-filter Three-leg APF with
LCL-filter Four-leg APF with
L-filter Four-leg APF with
LCL-filter

I, (A.) 6.91 6.56 6.45 6.31 6.46 6.31 6.32 6.24 6.31 6.34
phase-a THD2kHz(%) 25.04 24.54 2.24 2.58 1.52 2.02 2.02 2.82 1.74 2.18
THD20kHz(%) 25.04 24.54 12.82 17.52 4.39 4.26 9.29 9.55 3.31 3.66
IL (A ) 6.04 5.94 6.36 6.22 6.36 6.22 6.21 6.12 6.22 6.24
phase-b THD2kHz(%) 14.15 14.60 1.73 1.36 1.92 1.70 1.63 1.65 1.78 2.02
THD20kHz () 14.17 14.60 12.98 14.35 4.82 4.76 9.35 9.21 3.77 3.90
I, (A.) 6.08 5.77 6.32 5.85 6.35 5.85 6.25 5.79 6.27 5.93
phase-c THD2kHz(%) 12.88 13.09 1.88 1.52 2.06 2.01 1.98 2.02 2.16 2.46
THD20kHz (%) 12.90 13.09 12.92 13.02 4.90 5.00 9.65 9.96 4.23 4.25
THD2kHz(%) 35.99 35.33 2.90 2.54 1.86 2.80 1.79 2.02 2.13 2.62
neutral THD20kHz(%)
neutra

36.00 35.33 24.99 25.30 8.98 7.42 10.59 10.11 5.05 4.67

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