Bai Giảng Giải Tich II

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI
VIN TON NG DNG & TIN HC
BI XUN DIU
Bi Ging
GII TCH II
(lu hnh ni b)
CC NG DNG CA PHP TNH VI PHN, TCH PHN BI, TCH PHN

PH THUC THAM S, TCH PHN NG, TCH PHN MT, L THUYT
TRNG
Tm tt l thuyt, Cc v d, Bi tp v li gii
H Ni- 2009
MC LC
Mc lc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chng 1 . Cc ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc . . . . . . . 5

1 Cc ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc phng . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1 Phng trnh tip tuyn v php tuyn ca ng cong ti mt im. 5
1.2 cong ca ng cong. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 Hnh bao ca h ng cong ph thuc mt tham s . . . . . . . . . . 7
2 Cc ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc khng gian . . . . . . . 10
2.1 Hm vct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2 Phng trnh tip tuyn v php din ca ng cong cho di dng tham s 10
2.3 Phng trnh php tuyn v tip din ca mt cong. . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4 Phng trnh tip tuyn v php din ca ng cong cho di dng giao ca hai m
Chng 2 . Tch phn bi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1 Tch phn kp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.1 nh ngha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.2 Tnh tch phn kp trong h to Descartes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.3 Php i bin s trong tch phn kp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2 Tch phn bi ba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.1 nh ngha v tnh cht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.2 Tnh tch phn bi ba trong h to Descartes . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.3 Phng php i bin s trong tch phn bi ba . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3 Cc ng dng ca tch phn bi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.1 Tnh din tch hnh phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.2 Tnh th tch vt th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.3 Tnh din tch mt cong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Chng 3 . Tch phn ph thuc tham s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
1 Tch phn xc nh ph thuc tham s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
1.1 Gii thiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
1
2 MC LC
1.2 Cc tnh cht ca tch phn xc nh ph thuc tham s. . . . . . . . 63

1.3 Cc tnh cht ca tch phn ph thuc tham s vi cn bin i. . . . 66
2 Tch phn suy rng ph thuc tham s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.1 Cc tnh cht ca tch phn suy rng ph thuc tham s. . . . . . . . 67
2.2 Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3 Tch phn Euler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.1 Hm Gamma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.2 Hm Beta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.3 Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Chng 4 . Tch phn ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
1 Tch phn ng loi I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
1.1 nh ngha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
1.2 Cc cng thc tnh tch phn ng loi I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
1.3 Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
2 Tch phn ng loi II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
2.1 nh ngha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
2.2 Cc cng thc tnh tch phn ng loi II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
2.3 Cng thc Green. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
2.4 ng dng ca tch phn ng loi II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
2.5 iu kin tch phn ng khng ph thuc ng ly tch phn. 92
Chng 5 . Tch phn mt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
1 Tch phn mt loi I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
1.1 nh ngha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
1.2 Cc cng thc tnh tch phn mt loi I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
1.3 Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
2 Tch phn mt loi II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
2.1 nh hng mt cong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
2.2 nh ngha tch phn mt loi II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
2.3 Cc cng thc tnh tch phn mt loi II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
2.4 Cng thc Ostrogradsky, Stokes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
2.5 Cng thc lin h gia tch phn mt loi I v loi II . . . . . . . . . 105
Chng 6 . L thuyt trng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
1 Trng v hng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
1.1 nh ngha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
1.2 o hm theo hng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
1.3 Gradient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
1.4 Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
2
MC LC 3
2 Trng vct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

2.1 nh ngha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
2.2 Thng lng, dive, trng ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
2.3 Hon lu, vct xoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
2.4 Trng th - hm th v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
2.5 Bi tp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
3
4 MC LC
4
CHNG 1
CC NG DNG CA PHP TNH VI PHN
TRONG HNH HC
1. CC NG DNG CA PHP TNH VI PHN TRONG

HNH HC PHNG
1.1 Phng trnh tip tuyn v php tuyn ca ng

cong ti mt im.
1. im chnh quy.
Cho ng cong ( L) xc nh bi phng trnh f ( x, y) = 0. im M ( x0 , y0 )

c gi l im chnh quy ca ng cong ( L) nu tn ti cc o hm ring
f x ( M) , f y ( M) khng ng thi bng 0.
0 0

x = x ( t)
Cho ng cong ( L) xc nh bi phng trnh tham s . im
y = y (t)
M ( x (t0 ) , y (t0 )) c gi l im chnh quy ca ng cong ( L) nu tn ti cc
o hm x 0 (t0 ) , y0 (t0 ) khng ng thi bng 0.
Mt im khng phi l im chnh quy c gi l im k d.
2. Cc cng thc.
Phng trnh tip tuyn v php tuyn ca ng cong xc nh bi phng

trnh ti im chnh quy:
5
6 Chng 1. Cc ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc
Tip tuyn
0 0
(d) : f x ( M) . ( x x0 ) + f y ( M) . (y y0 ) = 0.
Php tuyn
x x0 y y0
d0 : 0 = 0 .
f x ( M) f y ( M)
Ch : Trng hp c bit, ng cong cho bi phng trnh y = f ( x )
th phng trnh tip tuyn ca ng cong ti im M( x0 , y0 ) chnh quy l
y y0 = f 0 ( x0 )( x x0 ). y l cng thc m hc sinh bit trong chng
trnh ph thng.
Phng trnh tip
tuyn v php tuyn ca ng cong ( L) xc nh bi phng
x = x ( t)
trnh tham s ti im M ( x (t0 ) , y (t0 )) chnh quy:
y = y ( t)
Tip tuyn
x x ( t0 ) y y ( t0 )
(d) : 0
= .
x ( t0 ) y 0 ( t0 )
Php tuyn

d0 : x 0 (t0 ) . ( x x (t0 )) + y0 (t0 ) . (y y (t0 )) = 0.
1.2 cong ca ng cong.

1. nh ngha.
2. Cc cng thc tnh cong ca ng cong ti mt im.
Nu ng cong cho bi phng trnh y = f ( x ) th:

| y00 |
C ( M) = 3/2
( 1 + y 02 )

x = x ( t)
Nu ng cong cho bi phng trnh tham s th:
y = y ( t)

x 0 y0

00 00
x y
C ( M) = 3/2
( x 02 + y 02 )
Nu ng cong cho bi phng trnh trong to cc r = r () th:

2
r + 2r 02 rr 00
C ( M) = 3/2
( r 2 + r 02 )
6
1. Cc ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc phng 7
1.3 Hnh bao ca h ng cong ph thuc mt tham

s
1. nh ngha: Cho h ng cong ( L) ph thuc vo mt hay nhiu tham s. Nu mi
ng cong trong h ( L) u tip xc vi ng cong (E) ti mt im no trn E
v ngc li, ti mi im thuc (E) u tn ti mt ng cong ca h ( L) tip xc
vi (E) ti im th (E) c gi l hnh bao ca h ng cong ( L).
2. Quy tc tm hnh bao ca h ng cong ph thuc mt tham s.
nh l 1.1. Cho h ng cong F ( x, y, c) = 0 ph thuc mt tham s c. Nu h

ng cong trn khng c im k d th hnh bao ca n c xc nh bng cch
kh c t h phng trnh
F ( x, y, c) = 0
(1 )
F0 ( x, y, c) = 0
c
3. Nu h ng cong cho c im k d th h phng trnh (1) bao gm hnh bao

(E) v qu tch cc im k d thuc h cc ng cong cho.
Bi tp 1.1. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn v php tuyn vi ng cong:
a) y = x3 + 2x2 4x 3 ti (2, 5).

Phng trnh tip tuyn y = 5
Li gii.
Phng trnh php tuyn x = 2
b) y = e1 x ti giao im ca ng cong vi ng thng y = 1 .

2

Phng trnh tip tuyn 2x y + 3 = 0
Li gii. Ti M1 (1, 1),
Phng trnh php tuyn x + 2y 1 = 0

Phng trnh tip tuyn 2x + y 3 = 0
Ti M2 (1, 1),
Phng trnh php tuyn x 2y + 1 = 0
(
1+ t
x=
c. t3
3 ti A(2, 2).
y= 2t3
+ 2t1
Li gii. Phng trnh tip tuyn y = x.

Phng trnh php tuyn x + y 4 = 0.
7
d. x 3 + y 3 = a 3 ti M(8, 1).
2 2 2
Li gii. Phng trnh tip tuyn x + 2y 10 = 0.

Phng trnh php tuyn 2x y 15 = 0.
Bi tp 1.2. Tnh cong ca:
a. y = x3 ti im c honh x = 12 .
Li gii.
| y00 | 192
C ( M) = 3/2
= ... =
( 1 + y 02 ) 125
(
x = a (t sin t)
b. (a > 0) ti im bt k.
y = a (t cos t)
Li gii.

x 0 y0

00 00
x y 1 1
C ( M) = 3/2
= ... =
( x 02 + y 02 ) 2a 2 1 cos x
c. x 3 + y 3 = a 3 ti im bt k (a > 0).
2 2 2
(
x = a cos3 t
Li gii. Phng trnh tham s: , nn
y = a sin3 t

x 0 y0

00 00
x y 1
C ( M) = 3/2
= ... =
( x 02 + y 02 ) 3a |sin t cos t|
d. r = aeb , (a, b > 0)

Li gii.
2
r + 2r 02 rr 00 1
C ( M) = 3/2
=
( r 2 + r 02 ) aeb 1 + b2
Bi tp 1.3. Tm hnh bao ca h ng cong sau:
a. y = x
c + c2
8
1. Cc ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc phng 9
b. cx2 + c2 y = 1
c. y = c2 ( x c)2
Li gii. a. t F ( x, y, c) := y xc c2 = 0.
iu kin: c 6= 0. ( (
Fx0 ( x, y, c) = 0 Fx0 ( x, y, c) = 0
Xt h phng trnh: , h phng trnh v
Fy0 ( x, y, c) = 0 1=0
nghim nn h ng cong khng c im k d. Ta c
( ( (
F ( x, y, c) = 0 y xc c2 = 0 x = 2c3

Fc0 ( x, y, c) = 0 2c + cx2 = 0 y = 3c2
y 3
nn 3 = 0. Do iu kin c 6= 0 nn x, y 6= 0. Vy ta c hnh bao ca h
x 2
2
2 y 3
ng cong l ng x2 3 = 0 tr im O (0, 0).
b. t F ( x, y, c) := cx2 + c2 y 1 = 0. Nu c = 0 th khng tho mn phng trnh

cho nn iu kin: c 6=(0. (
Fx0 ( x, y, c) = 0 2cx = 0
Xt h phng trnh: 0
x = c = 0, nhng im k
Fy ( x, y, c) = 0 c2 = 0
d khng thuc h ng cong cho nn h ng cong cho khng c im k
d. Ta c ( ( (
F ( x, y, c) = 0 cx2 + c2 y = 1 x = 2c

Fc0 ( x, y, c) = 0 x2 + 2cx = 0 y = c21
Do x, y 6= 0 v ta c hnh bao ca h ng cong l ng y = x4 tr im O(0, 0).

4
c. t F ( x, y, c) := c2 ( x (c)2 y = 0. (
Fx0 ( x, y, c) = 0 Fx0 = 0
Xt h phng trnh: , h phng trnh v nghim
Fy0 ( x, y, c) = 0 1 = 0
nn h ng cong cho khng c im k d.
Ta c ( (
F ( x, y, c) = 0 c2 ( x c ) 2 y = 0 ( 1)

Fc0 ( x, y, c) = 0 2c ( x c) 2c2 ( x c) = 0 (2)

c=0

(2) c = x , th vo (1) ta c y = 0, y = 16 x4
.
x
c= 2
Vy hnh bao ca h ng cong l y = 0, y = 16 .
x4
9
2. CC NG DNG CA PHP TNH VI PHN TRONG

HNH HC KHNG GIAN
2.1 Hm vct
Gi s I l mt khong trong R.
I Rn
nh x c gi l hm vct ca bin s t xc nh trn R. Nu
t 7 r (t) R n

n = 3, ta vit r (t) = x (t) . i + y (t) . j + z (t) . k . t M ( x (t) , y (t) , z (t)), qu tch

M khi t bin thin trong I c gi l tc ca hm vct r (t).

Gii hn: Ngi ta ni hm vct c gii hn l a khi t t0 nu lim r (t) a=
t t0

0 , k hiu lim r (t) = a .
t t0

Lin tc: Hm vct r (t) xc nh trn I c gi l lin tc ti t0 I nu lim r (t) =
t t0

r (t0 ). (tung ng vi tnh lin tc ca cc thnh phn tng ng x (t) , y (t) , z (t))

r (t + h)

o hm: Gii hn, nu c, ca t s lim hr = lim c gi l o hm
0 r (t )
0
h 0 h 0 h
d

ca hm vct r (t) ti t0 , k hiu
r 0 (t0 ) hay dt 0 , khi ta ni hm vct r (t) kh
r (t )
vi ti t0 .

Nhn xt rng nu x (t) , y (t) , z (t) kh vi ti t0 th r (t) cng kh vi ti t0 v r 0 ( t0 ) =

x 0 ( t0 ) . i + y 0 ( t0 ) . j + z 0 ( t0 ) . k .
2.2 Phng trnh tip tuyn v php din ca ng

cong cho di dng tham s

x = x (t)

Cho ng cong y = y(t) v M( x0 , y0 , z0 ) l mt im chnh quy.

z = z(t)
Phng trnh tip tuyn ti M

x x ( t0 ) y y ( t0 ) z z ( t0 )
(d) : 0
= 0
= .
x ( t0 ) y ( t0 ) z 0 ( t0 )
Phng trnh php din ti M.
( P) : x 0 (t0 ) . ( x x (t0 )) + y0 (t0 ) . (y y (t0 )) + z0 (t0 ) . (z z ( t0 )) = 0.
10
2. Cc ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc khng gian 11
2.3 Phng trnh php tuyn v tip din ca mt

cong.
Cho mt cong S xc nh bi phng trnh f ( x, y, z) = 0 v M( x0 , y0 , z0 ) l mt im
chnh quy ca S.
Phng trnh php tuyn ti M

x x0 y y0 zz
(d) : 0
= 0 = 0 0.
f x ( M) f y ( M) f z ( M)
Phng trnh tip din ti M
( P) : f x0 ( M) . ( x x0 ) + f y0 ( M) . (y y0 ) + f z0 ( M) . (z z0 ) = 0.
c bit, nu mt cong cho bi phng trnh z = z ( x, y) th phng trnh tip din ti M

l ( P) : z z0 = z0x ( M) . ( x x0 ) + z0y ( M) . (y y0 ).
2.4 Phng trnh tip tuyn v php din ca ng

cong cho di dng giao ca hai mt cong
(
f ( x, y, z) = 0
Cho ng cong xc nh bi giao ca hai mt cong nh sau .
g ( x, y, z) = 0

t
= f 0 ( M) , f 0 ( M) , f 0 ( M) , l vct php tuyn ca mt phng tip din ca mt
n f x y z
cong f ( x, y,
z) = 0 ti M.

t n g = g0x ( M) , gy0 ( M) , gz0 ( M) , l vct php tuyn ca mt phng tip din ca mt
cong g ( x, y, z) = 0 ti M.
Khi
n f
l vct ch phng ca tip tuyn ca ng cong cho ti M. Vy phng
n g
trnh tip tuyn l:
(

f x0 ( M) . ( x x0 ) + f y0 ( M) . (y y0 ) + f z0 ( M) . (z z0 ) = 0.

PTTQ :

g0x ( M) . ( x x0 ) + gy0 ( M) . (y y0 ) + gz0 ( M) . (z z0 ) = 0.
x x0 y y0 z z0
PTCT : 0 = =
0 0 0

f y ( M) f z ( M) f z ( M) f x ( M) f x ( M ) f y0 ( M )
0

0
gy ( M ) gz0 ( M )
0
gz ( M ) g0x ( M )
0
gx ( M ) gy0 ( M )

Bi tp 1.4. Gi s

p ( t) ,

q ( t) ,

(t) l cc hm vct kh vi. Chng minh rng:

d
d

a. p ( t) +

d p (t) q (t)
dt q ( t) = dt + dt
11
d

b. p (t) = (t) dt + 0 (t)
( t)

d p (t)
dt p ( t)

d
d

p ( t)

q ( t) =
p (t)

c. d q (t)
dt p (t) dt + dt q ( t)

d
d

d. p ( t)

q ( t) =

d q (t) p (t)
dt p (t) dt + dt q ( t)
Li gii. p (t) = ( p1 (t) , p2 (t) , p3 (t)) ,

a. Gi s

q (t) = (q1 (t) , q2 (t) , q3 (t)), khi :
d d
p ( t) +

q ( t) = ( p1 (t) + q1 (t) , p2 (t) + q2 (t) , p3 (t) + q3 (t))
dt dt

= p10 (t) + q10 (t) , p20 (t) + q20 (t) , p30 (t) + q30 (t)

= p10 (t) , p20 (t) , p30 (t) + q10 (t) , q20 (t) , q30 (t)
d
p ( t) d q (t)
= +
dt dt
b.
d
( t)

p (t)
dt

= [ (t) p1 (t)] 0 , [ (t) p2 (t)]0 , [ (t) p3 (t)]0

= 0 (t) p1 (t) + (t) p10 (t) , 0 (t) p2 (t) + (t) p20 (t) , 0 (t) p3 (t) + (t) p30 (t)

= 0 (t) p1 (t) , 0 (t) p2 (t) , 0 (t) p3 (t) + (t) p10 (t) , (t) p20 (t) , (t) p30 (t)
d

p (t)
= ( t) + 0 ( t)

p ( t)
dt
c. Chng minh tng t nh cu b, s dng cng thc o hm ca hm hp.
d.
d
p ( t)

q ( t)
dt !
d p2 (t) p3 (t) p ( t) p ( t)
3 1
p ( t) p ( t)
1 2

= , ,
dt q2 (t) q3 (t) q3 ( t ) q1 ( t ) q1 ( t ) q2 ( t )
= ...
!
p ( t) p0 ( t)
p2 (t) p30 (t) p1 (t) p20 (t)
3 1
= , ,
q2 (t) q30 (t) 0
q3 ( t ) q1 ( t ) q1 (t) q20 (t)
!
0
p2 (t) p3 (t) p3 (t) p1 (t)
0 p10 (t) p2 (t)

+ , ,
q20 (t) q3 (t) q30 (t) q1 (t) q10 (t) q2 (t)
d

q ( t) d
p ( t)
=

p ( t) +
q ( t)
dt dt
Bi tp 1.5. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn v php din ca ng:
12
2. Cc ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc khng gian 13

2
x = a sin t
a. y = b sin t cos t ti im ng vi t =
4 , ( a, b, c > 0 ).

z = c cos2 t

etsin t
x=
2
b. y=1 ti im ng vi t = 2.

z = et
cos t
2
x a y b z c
Li gii. a. Phng trnh tip tuyn: (d) : a 2 = 0 2 = c2

Phng trnh php din: ( P) : a x 2a c z 2c = 0.

2
Phng trnh tip tuyn: (d) :
z
b. x
y1
2
== 0
2
2
.
2 2

Phng trnh php din: ( P) : 22 x + 22 z 2
2
= 0.
Bi tp 1.6. Vit phng trnh php tuyn v tip din ca mt cong:
a) x2 4y2 + 2z2 = 6 ti im (2, 2, 3).
b) z = 2x2 + 4y2 ti im (2, 1, 12).
c) z = ln (2x + y) ti im (1, 3, 0)
a. Phng trnh php tuyn: (d) : x 2 y2 z3

Li gii. 4 = 16 = 12
Phng trnh tip din: ( P) : 4 ( x 2) 16 (y 2) + 12 (z 3) = 0
b. Phng trnh php tuyn: (d) : x 2 y1 z12

8 = 8 = 1
Phng trnh tip din: ( P) : 8 ( x 2) + 8 (y 1) (z 12) = 0.
c. Phng trnh php tuyn: (d) : x +1 y3 z

2 = 1 = 1
Phng trnh tip din: ( P) : 2 ( x + 1) + (y 3) z = 0.
Bi tp 1.7. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn v php din ca ng:

(
x2 + y2 = 10
a. ti im A (1, 3, 4)
y2 + z2 = 25
(
2x2 + 3y2 + z2 = 47
b. ti im B (2, 6, 1)
x2 + 2y2 = z
13
( (
f ( x, y, z) := x2 + y2 10 = 0 n f = (2, 6, 0)
Li gii. a. Ta c nn .
g ( x, y, z) := y2 + z2 25 = 0 n g = (0, 6, 8)
Do n f n g = 2 (21, 8, 3). Vy:
Phng trnh tip tuyn (d) : x 1 y3 z4

21 = 8 = 3
Phng trnh php din ( P) : 21 ( x 1) 8 (y 3) + 3 (z 4) = 0

(
n f = (8, 6, 12)
b. Tng t, , n f n g = 2 (27, 27, 4) nn
n g = (4, 4, 1)
Phng trnh tip tuyn (d) : x +2 y1 z6

27 = 27 = 4
Phng trnh php din ( P) : 27 ( x + 2) + 27 (y 1) + 4 (z 6) = 0
14
CHNG 2
TCH PHN BI
1. T CH PHN KP
1.1 nh ngha
nh ngha 2.1. Cho hm s f ( x, y) xc nh trong mt min ng, b chn D. Chia
min D mt cch tu thnh n mnh nh. Gi cc mnh v din tch ca chng l
S1 , S2 , ..., Sn . Trong mi mnh Si ly mt im tu M ( xi , yi ) v thnh lp tng tch
n
phn In = f ( xi , yi ) Si . Nu khi n sao cho max {Si 0} m In tin ti mt gi
i =1
tr hu hn I , khng ph thuc vo cch chia min D v cch chn im M ( xi , yi ) th gii
hn y c gi l tch phn kp ca hm s f ( x, y) trong min D, k hiu l
ZZ
f ( x, y) dS
D
Khi ta ni rng hm s f ( x, y) kh tch trong min D. Do tch phn kp khng ph

thuc vo cch chia min D thnh cc mnh nh nn ta c th chia D thnh hai h ng
thng song song vi cc trc to , khi dS = dxdy v ta c th vit
ZZ ZZ
f ( x, y) dS = f ( x, y) dxdy
D D
Tnh cht c bn:
Tnh cht tuyn tnh:

ZZ ZZ ZZ
[ f ( x, y) + g ( x, y)] dxdy = f ( x, y) dxdy + g ( x, y) dxdy
D D D
15
16 Chng 2. Tch phn bi
ZZ ZZ
k f ( x, y) dxdy = k f ( x, y) dxdy
D D
Tnh cht cng tnh: Nu D = D1 D2 v D1 D2 = th

ZZ ZZ ZZ
f ( x, y) dxdy = f ( x, y) dxdy + f ( x, y) dxdy
D D1 D2
1.2 Tnh tch phn kp trong h to Descartes

tnh cc tch phn hai lp, ta cn phi a v tnh cc tch phn lp.
1. Phc tho hnh dng ca min D.
2. Nu D l min hnh ch nht ( D ) : a 6 x 6 b, c 6 y 6 d th ta c th s dng mt

trong hai tch phn lp
ZZ Zb Zd Zd Zd
f ( x, y) dxdy = dx f ( x, y) dy = dy f ( x, y) dx
D a c c c
3. Nu D l hnh thang cong c cch cnh song song vi Oy, ( D ) : a 6 x 6 b, ( x ) 6

y 6 ( x ) th dng tch phn lp vi th t dy trc, dx sau.
ZZ Zb Z( x )
f ( x, y) dxdy = dx f ( x, y) dy
D a ( x )
4. Nu D l hnh thang cong c cch cnh song song vi Ox, ( D ) : c 6 y 6 d, (y) 6

x 6 (y) th dng tch phn lp vi th t dx trc, dy sau.
ZZ Zd Z(y)

f ( x, y) dxdy = dy f ( x, y) dx
D c ( y)
5. Nu D l min c hnh dng phc tp, khng c dng 3,4 th thng thng ta s chia
min D thnh mt s hu hn min c dng 3 hoc 4 ri s dng tnh cht cng tnh
a v vic tnh ton nhng tch phn lp trn min c dng 3, 4.
Cc dng bi tp c bn
16
1. Tch phn kp 17
Dng 1: i th t ly tch phn.
Trong phn trn, chng ta bit rng th t ly tch phn v hnh dng ca min D c
lin quan cht ch n nhau. Nu th t dy trc, dx sau th min D c dng hnh thang
cong song song vi trc Oy, v c biu din l ( D ) : a 6 x 6 b, ( x ) 6 y 6 ( x ). Ngc li,
nu th t dx trc, dy sau th min D c dng hnh thang cong song song vi trc Ox,
v c biu din l ( D ) : c 6 y 6 d, (y) 6 x 6 (y). Do vy vic i th t ly tch phn
trong tch phn lp chng qua l vic biu din min D t dng ny sang dng kia.
1. T biu thc tch phn lp, v phc tho min D.
2. Nu D l min hnh thang cong c cc cnh song song vi Oy th ta chia D thnh cc

hnh thang cong c cc cnh song song vi Ox. Tm biu din gii tch ca cc min
con, v d ( Di ) : ci 6 y 6 di , i (y) 6 x 6 i (y), sau vit
Zb yZ2 ( x ) Zdi Zi (y)
dx f ( x, y) dy = dy f ( x, y) dx
a i c
y1 ( x ) i i (y)
3. Lm tng t trong trng hp D l hnh thang cong c cc cnh song song vi Ox.
Bi tp 2.1. Thay i th t ly tch phn ca cc tch phn sau:

Z1 Z1 x2
a) dx f ( x, y) dy

0 1 x 2
y
1
D1
D2 O 1 x
Hnh 2.1 a)
Chiamin D thnh hai min con D1 , D2

nh hnh v,
1 6 y 6 0 0 6 y 6 1
D1 : p p , D2 :
1 y2 6 x 6 1 y2 p1 y 6 x 6 p1 y
2
Z0 Z1y Z1 Z1y
I= dy f ( x, y) dx + dy f ( x, y) dx
1
0

1 y2 1 y
17
2
1+
Z1 Z 1 y
b) dy f ( x, y) dx y
0 2 y 2
O 1 2 x
Hnh 2.1 b)

1 6 x 6 2
Li gii. Ta c: D : nn:
2 x 6 y 6 2x x2

Z2 Z x2
2x
I= dx f ( x, y) dy
1 2 x
y
Z2 Z 2x
c) dx f ( x, y) dx
2
0 2x x2
O 1 2 x
Hnh 2.1 c)
Li gii. Chia D thnh 3 min nh hnh v,

0 6 y 6 1 0 6 y 6 1 1 6 y 6 2
D1 : y 2 p , D 2 : p , D3 :
6 x 6 1 1 y2 1 + 1 y2 6 x 6 2 y2 6 x 6 2
2 2
Vy:
2
1
Z1 Z 1 y Z1 Z2 Z2 Z2
I= dy f ( x, y) dx + dy f ( x, y) dx + dy f ( x, y) dx
0 y2 0
1 y2
1+ 1 y2
2 2
18
1. Tch phn kp 19
2
Z2 Zy Z2 Z4y
d) dy f ( x, y) dx + dy f ( x, y) dx

0 0 2 0
O
x
2
Li gii. Hnh 2.1 d)

0 6 x 6 2
D:
x 6 y 6 4 x2
nn:
Z2 Z4 x2
I= dx f ( x, y) dy
0 x
Mt cu hi rt t nhin t ra l vic i th t ly tch phn trong cc bi ton tch

phn kp c ngha nh th no? Hy xt bi ton sau y:
Z1 Z1
Bi tp 2.2. Tnh I =
2
dx xey dy.
0 x2
x
O 1
Hnh 2.2
Li gii. Chng ta bit rng hm s f ( x, y) = xey lin tc trn min D nn chc chn
2
kh tch trn D. Tuy nhin cc bn c th thy rng nu tnh tch phn trn m lm theo
19
th t dy trc th khng th tnh c, v hm s ey khng c nguyn hm s cp! Cn

2
nu i th t ly tch phn th:

Z1 Zy Z1
2 Z1
y2 y2 x x= y 1 2 1 2 1
I= dy xe dx = e x=0 dy = ey .ydy = ey |10 = (e 1)
2 2 4 4
0 0 0 0
Dng 2: Tnh cc tch phn kp thng thng.
Bi tp 2.3. Tnh cc tch phn sau:

ZZ
a) x sin ( x + y ) dxdy, D = ( x, y) R2 : 0 6 y 6
2,0 6x6
2
D
Li gii.

Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2

I= dx x sin ( x + y) dy = ... = hoc I = dy x sin ( x + y) dx = ... =
2 2
0 0 0 0
ZZ
b) I = x2 (y x ) dxdy, D gii hn bi y = x2 &x = y2
D
y
y = x2
x = y2
1
O 1 x
Hnh 2.3
Li gii.

Z1 Z x 1
I= dx x2 y x3 dy = ... =
504
0 x2
20
1. Tch phn kp 21
Dng 3: Tnh cc tch phn kp c cha du gi tr tuyt i.
Mc ch ca chng ta l ph b c du gi tr tuyt i trong cc bi ton tnh

tch
ZZ phn kp c cha du gi tr tuyt i. V d, tnh cc tch phn kp dng
| f ( x, y)| dxdy. Kho st du ca hm f ( x, y), do tnh lin tc ca hm f ( x, y) nn
D
ng cong f ( x, y) = 0 s chia min D thnh hai min, D + , D . Trn D + , f ( x, y) > 0, v
trn D , f ( x, y) 6 0. Ta c cng thc:
ZZ ZZ ZZ
| f ( x, y)| dxdy = f ( x, y) dxdy f ( x, y) dxdy (1) (1 )
D D+ D
Cc bc lm bi ton tnh tch phn kp c cha du gi tr tuyt i:
1. V ng cong f ( x, y) = 0 tm ng cong phn chia min D.
2. Gi s ng cong tm c chia min D thnh hai min. xc nh xem min no

l D + , min no l D , ta xt mt im ( x0 , y0 ) bt k, sau tnh gi tr f ( x0 , y0 ).
Nu f ( x0 , y0 ) > 0 th min cha ( x0 , y0 ) l D + v ngc li.
3. Sau khi xc nh c cc min D + , D , chng ta s dng cng thc (1) tnh tch
phn.
ZZ
Bi tp 2.4. Tnh | x + y|dxdy, D : ( x, y) R2 || x 6 1| , |y| 6 1
D
y
D+
x
O 1
D
Hnh 2.4
Li gii. Ta c:
D + = D { x + y > 0} = {1 6 x 6 1, x 6 y 6 1}
D = D { x + y 6 0} = {1 6 x 6 1, 1 6 y 6 x }
21
nn:
ZZ ZZ
8
I= ( x + y ) dxdy ( x + y) dxdy = ... =
3
D+ D
ZZ p
Bi tp 2.5. Tnh |y x2 |dxdy, D : ( x, y) R2 || x | 6 1, 0 6 y 6 1
D
y
D+
D
x
O 1
Hnh 2.5
Li gii.
n o n o

D + = D ( x, y) y x2 > 0 = 1 6 x 6 1, x2 6 y 6 1
n o

D = D ( x, y) y x2 6 0 = {1 6 x 6 1, 0 6 y 6 x }
ZZ q ZZ q
I= y x2 dxdy + x2 ydxdy = I1 + I2
D+ D
trong

Z1 Z1 q Z1 Z2
2 3
2 x =sin t 4
I1 = dx y x2 dy = 1 x2 dx = cos4 tdt = ... =
3 3 4
1 x2 1 0
2
Z1 Zx q Z1 Z1
2 3 4 1
I2 = dx x2 ydy = | x | dx = x3 dx =
3 3 3
1 0 1 0
Vy I =
4 + 13
22
1. Tch phn kp 23
Dng 4: Tnh cc tch phn kp trong trng hp min ly tch phn l min i
xng.
nh l 2.2. Nu min D l min i xng qua trc Ox (hoc tng ng Oy) v hm l

hm l i vi y (hoc tng ng i vi x) th
ZZ
f ( x, y) dxdy = 0
D
nh l 2.3. Nu min D l min i xng qua trc Ox (hoc tng ng Oy) v hm l

hm chn i vi y (hoc tng ng i vi x) th
ZZ ZZ
f ( x, y) dxdy = 2 f ( x, y) dxdy
D D0
trong D 0 l phn nm bn phi trc Ox ca D (hoc tng ng pha trn ca trc Oy

tng ng)
nh l 2.4. Nu min D l min i xng qua trc gc to O v hm f ( x, y) tho mn

f ( x, y) = f ( x, y) th ZZ
f ( x, y) dxdy = 0
D
ZZ
Bi tp 2.6. Tnh | x | + |y| dxdy.
| x |+|y|61
y
D1
x
O 1
Hnh 2.6
Li gii. Do D i xng qua c Ox v Oy, f ( x, y) = | x | + |y| l hm chn vi x, y nn
ZZ Z1 1Z x
4
I=4 f ( x, y) dxdy = 4 dx ( x + y)dy =
3
D1 0 0
23
1.3 Php i bin s trong tch phn kp

Php i bin s tng qut
Php i bin s tng qut thng c

ZZ s dng trong trng hp min D l giao ca
hai h ng cong. Xt tch phn kp: I = f ( x, y) dxdy, trong f ( x, y) lin tc trn D.
D
Thc hin php i bin s x = x (u, v ) , y = y (u, v ) (1)tho mn:
x = x (u, v) , y = y (u, v ) l cc hm s lin tc v c o hm ring lin tc trong

min ng Duv ca mt phng O0 uv.
Cc cng thc (1) xc nh song nh t Duv D.

0
x x0

nh thc Jacobi J = D(u,v) = 0u 0v 6= 0
D ( x,y)
yu yv
Khi ta c cng thc:

ZZ ZZ
I= f ( x, y) dxdy = f ( x (u, v ) , y (u, v)) | J | dudv
D Duv
Ch :
Mc ch ca php i bin s l a vic tnh tch phn t min D c hnh dng

phc tp v tnh tch phn trn min Duv n gin hn nh l hnh thang cong hoc
hnh ch nht. Trong nhiu trng hp, php i bin s cn c tc dng lm n
gin biu thc tnh tch phn f ( x, y).
Mt iu ht sc ch trong vic xc nh min Duv l php di bin s tng qut

s bin bin ca min D thnh bin ca min Duv , bin min D b chn thnh min
Duv b chn.
0
u u0

C th tnh J thng qua J 1 = D( x,y) = 0x 0y .
D (u,v)
v x vy
Bi tp 2.7. Chuyn tch phn sau sang hai bin u, v:

Z1 Zx u = x + y
a) dx f ( x, y) dxdy, nu t
v = x y
0 x
b) p dng tnh vi f ( x, y) = (2 x y)2 .
24
1. Tch phn kp 25
v
2
y
1
D
O 1 x O0 2 u
Hnh 2.7
Li gii.
u = x + y x = u+v D ( x, y) 1 1
2
, | J| = = = 2
v = x y y = uv D (u, v ) 1 1
2
hn na
0 6 x 6 1 0 6 u 6 2
D Duv
x 6 y 6 x 0 6 v 6 2 u
nn
Z2 2Z u
1 u+v uv
I= du f , dv
2 2 2
0 0

ZZ 1 6 xy 6 4
Bi tp 2.8. Tnh I = 4x 2y dxdy, trong D :
2 2
x 6 y 6 4x
D
y
y = 4x
y=x
1 xy = 4
xy = 1
O 1 x
Hnh 2.8
25
Li gii. Thc hin php i bin

u = xy x = p u 1 6 u 6 4 y x y

uv

v
, Duv : , J 1 = y 1 = 2 = 2 p u = 2v
v = y y = uv 1 6 v 6 4 2 x x v
x x
khi
Z4 Z4 1 Z4 Z4 Z4
u 2u 3 45
I= du 4 2uv . dv = du 2
u dv = udu =
v 2v v 2 4
1 1 1 1 1
Php i bin s trong to cc
Trong rt nhiu trng hp, vic tnh ton tch phn kp trong to cc n gin
hn rt nhiu so vi vic tnh tch phn trong to Descartes, c bit l khi min D c
dng hnh trn, qut trn, cardioids,. . . v hm di du tch phnc nhng biu thc
r = OM
x2 + y2 . To cc ca im M ( x, y) l b (r, ), trong \
.

= OM,Ox

x = r cos
Cng thc i bin: , trong min bin thin ca r, ph thuc vo hnh
y = r sin
ZZ
dng ca min D. Khi J = = r , v I =
D ( x,y)
D (r,)
f (r cos , r sin )rdrd
Dr

6 6
1 2
c bit, nu D : , th
r1 ( ) 6 r 6 r2 ( )
Z2 2 ( )
rZ
I= d f (r cos , r sin ) rdr

1 r1 ( )
ZZ
Bi tp 2.9. Tm cn ly tch phn trong to cc I = f ( x, y) dxdy, trong D l
D
min xc nh nh sau:
a) a2 6 x2 + y2 6 b2
26
1. Tch phn kp 27
y
a
b
O a x
Hnh 2.9a
Li gii.
0 6 6 2 Z2 Zb
D: I = d f (r cos , r sin ) rdr
a 6 r 6 b
0 a
b) x2 + y2 > 4x, x2 + y2 6 8x, y > x, y 6 2x

y
O 2 4 8 x
Hnh 2.9b
Li gii. Ta c:

cos
8Z
6 6 Z3
D: 4 3
I = d f (r cos , r sin ) rdr
4 cos 6 r 6 8 cos
4 cos
4
Bi tp 2.10. Dng php i bin s trong to cc, hy tnh cc tch phn sau:

ZR Z2 x2
R

a) dx ln 1 + x2 + y2 dy ( R > 0).
0 0
27
y
O R x
Hnh 2.10 a

0 6 x 6 R
T biu thc tnh tch phn ta suy ra biu thc gii tch ca min D l:
0 6 y 6 R2 x 2

x = r cos 0 6 6
nn chuyn sang to cc, t: th 2
y = r sin 0 6 r 6 R

Z2 ZR ZR

2 2 2
I = d ln 1 + r rdr = ln 1 + r d 1 + r
4
0 0 0
h 2
2

2
i
= R + 1 ln R + 1 R
4

ZZ x 2 + ( y 1 )2 = 1
b) Tnh xy dxdy, D gii hn bi
2 .
x2 + y2 4y = 0
D
y
4
O x
Hnh 2.10 b

x = r cos 0 6 6
t
y = r sin 2 sin 6 r 6 4 sin
28
1. Tch phn kp 29
Z sin
4Z
I= d r cos . (r sin )2 rdr

0 2 sin
=0
Cch 2: V D i xng qua Oy v xy2 l hm s l i vi x nn I = 0.

ZZ 4y 6 x2 + y2 6 8y
a) 2 , trong D :
dxdy

( x 2 + y2 ) x 6 y 6 x 3
D
y

8 y=x 3
y=x
4
O x
Hnh 2.11a
Li gii.

x = r cos 6 6
t 4 3
y = r sin 4 sin 6 r 6 8 sin

Z3 sin
8Z Z3
1 1 1 1 3 1
I= d rdr = d = 1

r 4 2

64 sin 16 sin2
2 128 3
4
4 sin 4
ZZ r
1 x 2 y2
b) 1+ x 2 + y2
dxdy trong D : x2 + y2 6 1
D
29
y
1
O 1 x
Hnh 2.11b

x = r cos 0 6 6 2
t
y = r sin 0 6 r 6 1
Ta c:
s r
Z2 Z1 Z1
1 r2 u =r2 1 1u
I= d rdr = 2 du
1 + r2 2 1+u
0 0 0
t
r
1u du = 4t
2 dt
t= ( 1+ t 2 )
1 + u 0 6 t 6 1
Z1
! Z1 Z1
4t 4dt dt
I= t 2
dt = + 4
( 1 + t2 ) 1 + t2 ( 1 + t2 )
2
0 0 0

1 1 t 1
= 4 arctg t 0 + 4 + arctg t 10
2 t2 + 1 2
2
=
2

x2 + y2 6 12

ZZ x2 + y2 > 2x
c) trong
xy
x 2 + y2
dxdy D :

x 2 + y2 > 2 3y
D

x > 0, y > 0
30
1. Tch phn kp 31
y

2 3 D2
D1
x
O 2 2 3
Hnh 2.11c
Li gii. Chia min D thnh hai min nh hnh v,

0 6 6 6 6
6
D = D1 D2 , D1 = , D2 = 6 2

2 cos 6 r 6 2 3 2 3 sin 6 r 6 2 3
Vy I = I1 + I2 , trong

Z6 2Z 3 Z6
r2 cos sin 1 17
I1 = d 2
rdr = cos sin 12 4cos2 d = ... =
r 2 32
0 2 cos 0

Z2 2Z 3 Z2
r2 cos sin 1 27
I2 = d rdr = cos sin 12 12 sin2 d = ... =
r2 2 32

6 2 3 sin 6
nn I = 11
8
Php i bin s trong to cc suy rng.
Php i bin trong to cc suy rng c s dng khi min D c hnh dng ellipse
hoc hnh trn c tm khng nm trn cc trc to . Khi s dng php bin i ny, bt
buc phi tnh li cc Jacobian ca php bin i.

x = ar cos
y2
1. Nu D : a2 + b2 = 1, thc hin php i bin
x2
, J = abr
y = br sin

x = a + r cos
2. Nu D : ( x a)2 + (y b)2 = R2 , thc hin php i bin ,J =r
y = b + r sin
3. Xc nh min bin thin ca r, trong php i bin trong h to cc suy rng.
31
4. Thay vo cng thc i bin tng qut v hon tt qu trnh i bin.

ZZ 2
Bi tp 2.12. Tnh 9x2 4y2 dxdy, trong D : x2 + y 6 1.
4 9
D
y
O 2 x
Hnh 2.12
Li gii.
x = 2r cos 0 6 6 2
t J = 6r,
y = 3r sin 0 6 r 6 1
Ta c:
ZZ Z2 Z1
2 2
I=6 36r cos 36r sin rdrd = 6.36 |cos 2| d r3 dr = ... = 216
2 2
Dr 0 0

ZR Z2 x2
R
p
Bi tp 2.13. Tnh dx Rx x2 y2 dy, ( R > 0)

0 R2 x 2
y
O R x
Hnh 2.13
Li gii. T biu thc tnh tch phn suy ra biu thc gii tch ca D l:

0 6 x 6 R
R 2 R2
D: x + y2 6
Rx x2 6 y 6 Rx x2 2 4
32
1. Tch phn kp 33

x = R + rcos 0 6 6 2
t 2
| J | = r,
y = r sin 0 6 r 6 R
2
Vy
Z2 r 2 Z2 r 2
R R
Z2
R 1 R R2 R3
I= d r2 rdr = 2. r2 d r2 =
4 2 4 4 12
0 0 0
ZZ
Bi tp 2.14. Tnh xydxdy, vi
D
a) D l mt trn ( x 2)2 + y2 6 1
y
O 1 3 x
Hnh 2.14a
Li gii.
x = 2 + r cos 0 6 r 6 1
t
y = r sin 0 6 6 2
nn
Z2 Z1
I= d (2 + r cos ) r sin .rdr = 0
0 0
Cch 2. Nhn xt: Do D l min i xng qua Ox, f ( x, y) = xy l hm l i vi y
nn I = 0.
b) D l na mt trn ( x 2)2 + y2 6 1, y > 0

y
O 1 3 x
Hnh 2.14b
33
Li gii.
x = 2 + r cos 0 6 r 6 1
t
y = r sin 0 6 6
nn
Z Z1
4
I= d (2 + r cos ) r sin .rdr =
3
0 0
34
2. Tch phn bi ba 35
2. T CH PHN BI BA
2.1 nh ngha v tnh cht

nh ngha 2.2. Cho hm s f ( x, y, z) xc nh trong mt min ng, b chn V ca khng
gian Oxyz. Chia min V mt cch tu thnh n min nh. Gi cc min v th tch
ca chng l V1 , V2 , ..., Vn . Trong mi min i ly mt im tu M( xi , yi , zi ) v thnh
n
lp tng tch phn In = f ( xi , yi , zi ) Vi . Nu khi n + sao cho max {Vi 0} m In
i =1
tin ti mt gi tr hu hn I , khng ph thuc vo cch chia min V v cch chn im
M( xi , yi , zi )ZZZth gii hn y c gi l tch phn bi ba ca hm s f ( x, y, z) trong min V ,
k hiu l f ( x, y, z) dV .
V
Khi ta ni rng hm s f ( x, y, z) kh tch trong min V.

Do tch phn bi ba khng ph thuc vo cch chia min V thnh cc min nh nn ta c
th chia V bi ba h mt thng song song vi cc mt phng to , khi dV = dxdydz
v ta c th vit ZZZ ZZZ
f ( x, y, z) dV = f ( x, y, z) dxdydz
V V
Cc tnh cht c bn
Tnh cht tuyn tnh

ZZZ ZZZ ZZZ
[ f ( x, y, z) + g ( x, y, z)] dxdydz = f ( x, y, z) dxdydz + g ( x, y, z) dxdydz
V V V
ZZZ ZZZ
k f ( x, y, z) dxdydz = k f ( x, y, z) dxdydz
V V
Tnh cht cng tnh: Nu V = V1 V2 v V1 V2 = th:

ZZZ ZZZ ZZZ
f ( x, y, z) dxdydz = f ( x, y, z) dxdydz + f ( x, y, z) dxdydz
V V1 V2
2.2 Tnh tch phn bi ba trong h to Descartes

Cng ging nh vic tnh ton tch phn kp, ta cn phi a tch phn ba lp v tch
phn lp. Vic chuyn i ny s c thc hin qua trung gian l tch phn kp.
Tch phn ba lp Tch phn hai lp Tch phn lp
35
S trn cho thy vic tnh tch phn ba lp c chuyn v tnh tch phn kp (vic
tnh tch phn kp c nghin cu bi trc). ng nhin vic chuyn i ny ph
thuc cht ch vo hnh dng ca min V. Mt ln na, k nng v hnh l rt quan trng.
Nu min V c gii hn bi cc mt z = z1 ( x, y) , z = z2 ( x, y), trong z1 ( x, y) , z2 ( x, y)
l cc hm s lin tc trn min D, D l hnh chiu ca min V ln mt phng Oxy th ta
c:
ZZZ ZZ z2Z( x,y)
I= f ( x, y, z) dxdydz = dxdy f ( x, y, z) dz (2.1)

V D z1 ( x,y)
Thut ton chuyn tch phn ba lp v tch phn hai lp
1. Xc nh hnh chiu ca min V ln mt phng Oxy.
2. Xc nh bin di z = z1 ( x, y) v bin trn z = z2 ( x, y) ca V.
3. S dng cng thc 2.1 hon tt vic chuyn i.
n y mi vic ch mi xong mt na, vn cn li by gi l:
Xc nh D v cc bin z = z1 ( x, y) , z = z2 ( x, y) nh th no?
C hai cch xc nh: Dng hnh hc hoc l da vo biu thc gii tch ca min V.
Mi cch u c nhng u v nhc im ring. Cch dng hnh hc tuy kh thc hin
hn nhng c u im l rt trc quan, d hiu. Cch dng biu thc gii tch ca V tuy
c th p dng cho nhiu bi nhng thng kh hiu v phc tp. Chng ti khuyn cc
em sinh vin hy c gng th cch v hnh trc. Mun lm c iu ny, i hi cc bn
sinh vin phi c k nng v cc mt cong c bn trong khng gian nh mt phng, mt
tr, mt nn, mt cu, ellipsoit, paraboloit, hyperboloit 1 tng, hyperboloit 2 tng, hn
na cc bn cn c tr tng tng tt hnh dung ra s giao ct ca cc mt.
Ch : Cng ging nh khi tnh tch phn kp, vic nhn xt c tnh i xng ca min
V v tnh chn l ca hm ly tch phn f ( x, y, z) i khi gip sinh vin gim c khi
lng tnh ton ng k.
nh l 2.5.ZZZNu V l min i xng qua mt phng z = 0(Oxy) v f ( x, y, z) l hm s l

i vi z th f ( x, y, z) dxdydz = 0.
V
nh l 2.6. Nu ZVZZ l min i xng quaZZmtZ phng z = 0(Oxy) v f ( x, y, z) l hm s

chn i vi z th f ( x, y, z) dxdydz = 2 f ( x, y, z) dxdydz, trong V + l phn pha
V V+
trn mt phng z = 0 ca V.
36
2. Tch phn bi ba 37
Tt nhin chng ta c th thay i vai tr ca z trong hai nh l trn bng x hoc y. Hai
nh l trn c th c chng minh d dng bng phng php i bin s.

1

0 6 x 6
ZZZ
4
Bi tp 2.15. Tnh zdxdydz trong min V c xc nh bi: x 6 y 6 2x

q
V

0 6 z 6 1 x 2 y2
Li gii.
1
1 1
1 x 2 y2
Z4 Z2x Z Z4 Z2x Z4
1 1 10 3 43
I= dx dy zdz = dx 1 x2 y2 dy = x x dx =
2 2 3 3072
0 x 0 0 x 0
ZZZ
(
x 2 + y 2 + z2 = 1
Bi tp 2.16. Tnh x2 + y 2 dxdydz trong V: .
x 2 + y 2 z2 = 0
V
z
p
z= 1 x 2 y2
p
z= x 2 + y2
y
O
Hnh 2.16
37
ZZZ ZZZ
Li gii. Do tnh cht i xng, x2 + y2 dxdydz = 2 x2 + y2 dxdydz = 2I1 , trong
V V1 q q

V1 : x2 + y2 6 z 6 1 x2 y2
V1 l na pha trn mt phng Oxy ca V. Ta c ,
D : x 2 + y2 6 1 ,

2
vi D l hnh chiu ca V1 ln Oxy. Ta c

1 x 2 y2
ZZ Z ZZ q q
2 2 2 2
I1 = x + y dxdy dz = x +y 1 x2 y2 x2 + y2 dxdy
D
D
x 2 + y2

(
x = r cos 0 6 6 2
t J = r, 1 nn
y = r sin
0 6 r 6
2
1 1
Z2 p Z2 Z 2
p
3 3 (r =cos ) 2 8 5 2
I1 = r 1 r2 r dr d = 2 r 1 r2 r dr = ... = .
5 12
0 0 0
Vy
4 8 5 2
I= .
5 12
2.3 Phng php i bin s trong tch phn bi ba

Php i bin s tng qut
Php i bin s tng qut thng

ZZZc s dng trong trng hp min V l giao ca
ba h mt cong. Gi s cn tnh I = f ( x, y, z) dxdydz trong f ( x, y, z) lin tc trn V.
V
Thc hin php i bin s

x = x (u, v, w )

y = y (u, v, w ) (2.2)

z = z u, v, w
( )
tho mn
x, y, z cng vi cc o hm ring ca n l cc hm s lin tc trn min ng Vuvw

ca mt phng O0 uvw.
Cng thc 2.2 xc nh song nh Vuvw V.
38
2. Tch phn bi ba 39
6= 0 trong Vuvw . Khi

D ( x,y,z)
J= D (u,v,w)
ZZZ ZZZ
I= f ( x, y, z) dxdydz = f [ x (u, v, w ) , y (u, v, w ) , z (u, v, w)] | J | dudvdw
V Vuvw
Cng ging nh php i bin trong tch phn kp, php i bin trong tch phn bi ba
cng bin bin ca min V thnh bin ca min Vuvw , bin min V b chn thnh min
Vuvw b chn.

x + y + z = 3
ZZZ
Bi tp 2.17. Tnh th tch min V gii hn bi x + 2y z = 1 bit V = dxdydz.

x + 4y + z = 2 V

u = x+y+z

Li gii. Thc hin php i bin v = x + 2y z . V php i bin bin bin ca V

w = x + 4y + z

u = 3

thnh bin ca Vuvw nn Vuvw gii hn bi: v = 1

w = 2

1 1 1
ZZZ
D (u, v, w) 1 1 1
J 1 = = 1 2 1 = 6 J = V = dudvdw = .6.2.4 = 8
D ( x, y, z) 6 6 6
1 4 1 Vuvw
Php i bin s trong to tr
Khi min V c bin l cc mt nh mt paraboloit, mt nn, mt tr, v c hnh chiu

D ln Oxy l hnh trn, hoc hm ly tch phn f ( x, y, z) c cha biu thc ( x2 + y2 ) th ta
hay s dng cng thc i bin trong h to tr. To tr ca im M( x, y, z) l b ba
(r, , z), trong (r,
) chnh l to cc ca im M0 l hnh chiu ca im M ln Oxy.

x = r cos

Cng thc i bin y = r sin . nh thc Jacobian ca php bin i l J = D(r,,z) = r,
D ( x,y,z)

z = z
ta c: ZZZ ZZZ
I= f ( x, y, z) dxdydz = f (rcos, r sin , z) rdrddz
V Vr z
39
( (
( x, y) D 1 6 6 2
Nu min V : , trong D : th:
z1 ( x, y) 6 z 6 z2 ( x, y) r1 ( ) 6 r 6 r2 ( )
Z2 2 ( )
rZ z2 (r cosZ,r sin )
I= d rdr f (r cos , r sin , z) dz

1 r1 ( ) z1 (r cos ,r sin )
ZZZ
(
x 2 + y2 6 1
Bi tp 2.18. Tnh x2 +y 2 dxdydz, trong V : .
16z62
V
z
V
1
y
O
Hnh 2.18

x = r cos
0 6 6 2

Li gii. t y = r sin th 0 6 r 6 1 . Ta c

z = z 1 6 z 6 2
Z2 Z1 Z2
2 3
I= d r dr zdz = ... =
4
0 0 1
ZZZ p
Bi tp 2.19. Tnh z x2 + y2 dxdydz, trong :
V
a) V l min gii hn bi mt tr: x2 + y2 = 2x v cc mt phng z = 0, z = a ( a > 0).
b) V l na ca hnh cu x2 + y2 + z2 6 a2 , z > 0 (a > 0)
40
2. Tch phn bi ba 41
z
O y
x
Hnh 2.19a

x = r cos
66

2 2
Li gii. a) t y = r sin . T x2 + y2 = 2x suy ra r = 2 cos . Do : 0 6 r 6 2 cos .

z = z
0 6 z 6 a
Vy

Z2 cos
2Z Za
2 16a2
I= d r dr zdz = ... =
9
2 0 0
O y
x
Hnh 2.19b
41

x = r cos
0 6 6 2

Li gii. b) t y = r sin , ta c 0 6 r 6 a . Vy

p
z = z
0 6 z 6 a2 r 2

Z2 Za a2 r 2
Z Za
2 a2 r 2 2a5
I= d r dr zdz = 2 r2 . dr =
2 15
0 0 0 0
( p
ZZZ
y= z2 + x 2
Bi tp 2.20. Tnh I = ydxdydz, trong V gii hn bi: .
y=h
V
O h y
x
Hnh 2.20

x = r cos
0 6 6 2

Li gii. t y = r sin , ta c 0 6 r 6 h . Vy

z = z r 6 y 6 h
Z2 Zh Zh Zh
h2 r 2 h4
I= d rdr ydy = 2 r. dr =
2 4
0 0 r 0
ZZZ p
(
x 2 + y 2 = z2
Bi tp 2.21. Tnh I = x2 + y2 dxdydz trong V gii hn bi: .
z=1
V
42
2. Tch phn bi ba 43
x
Hnh 2.21

x = r cos
0 6 6 2

Li gii. t y = r sin , ta c 0 6 r 6 1 . Vy

z = z r 6 z 6 1
Z2 Z1 Z1 Z1
2
I= d r dr dz = 2 r2 (1 r ) dr =
6
0 0 r 0
ZZZ
(
x2 + y2 = 1
Bi tp 2.22. Tnh , trong V : .
dxdydz

x2 + y2 +(z2)2 |z| 1
V
43
z
O y
x
Hnh 2.22

x = r cos
0 6 6 2

Li gii. t y = r sin | J | = r, Vrz : 0 6 r 6 1 , ta c

z0 = z 2 3 6 z 0 6 1
Z2 Z1 Z1
dz0
I= d rdr
r 2 + z 02
0 0 3
Z1 p 0
0 z =1
= r. ln z + r2 + z 02 z0 =3 dr
0

Z1 p Z1 p
= 2 r ln r2 + 1 1 dr r ln r2 + 9 3 dr
0 0
= 2 ( I1 I2 )

V lim r ln r2 + 1 1 = lim r ln r2 + 9 3 = 0 nn thc cht I1 , I2 l cc tch phn
r 0 r 0
xc nh.

t r2 + 1 = t rdr = tdt, ta c
Z p
r ln r2 + 1 1 dr
Z
= t ln (t 1) dt
Z
t2 1 t2
= ln (t 1) dt
2 2 t1
t2 1 t2 t
= ln (t 1) + C
2 4 2
44
2. Tch phn bi ba 45
nn
t2 1 t2 t 2 1 1 1
I1 = ln (t 1) | = ln 21 21
2 4 2 1 2 4 2
Tng t, I2 = t
2 ln ( t 3) 4 2 + C nn
9 2 t 3t 2
2
t 9 t2 3t 10 1 1 3
I2 = ln (t 3) |3 = ln 10 3 10 3
2 4 2 2 4 2
Vy !

21
I = 2 ( I1 I2 ) = ln + 3 10 8 2
10 3
Php i bin trong to cu
Trong trng hp min V c dng hnh cu, chm cu, mi cu,. . . v khi hm ly tch

phn f ( x, y, z) c cha biu thc x2 + y2 + z2 th ta hay s dng php i bin trong to
cu.
To cu ca im M( x, y, z) trong khng gian l b ba (r, , ), trong :

r = OM

\
= OM, Oz

0

= OM \
, Ox

x = r sin cos

Cng thc ca php i bin l: y = r sin sin .

z = r cos
nh thc Jacobian J = = r2 sin , ta c:

D ( x,y,z)
D (r,,)
ZZZ ZZZ
f ( x, y, z) dxdydz = f (r sin cos , r sin sin , r cos ) r2 sin drdd
V Vr

6 6 2 , ( 2 1 6 2 )
1
c bit, nu Vr : 1 ( ) 6 6 2 ( ) th

r , 6 r 6 r ,
1( ) 2( )
Z2 2 ( )
Z r2Z(,)
I= d sin d f (r sin cos , r sin sin , r cos )r2 dr

1 1 ( ) r1 (,)
45
ZZZ
(
1 6 x 2 + y 2 + z2 6 4
Bi tp 2.23. Tnh x 2 + y2 + z 2 dxdydz, trong V :
x 2 + y 2 6 z2
V
V1
x
Hnh 2.23

x = r sin cos

Li gii. t y = r sin sin . Do 1 6 x2 + y2 + z2 6 4 nn 1 r 2; trn mt nn c

z = r cos
phng trnh x2 + y2 = z2 nn = 4.

Vy

0 6 6 2

066

4

1 6 r 6 2
nn
Z2 Z4

Z2 r5 !
4.31 2
I=2 d sin d 2 2
r .r dr = 2.2. ( cos ) 04 . 21 = 1
5 5 2
0 0 1
ZZZ p
Bi tp 2.24. Tnh x2 + y2 + z2 dxdydz trong V : x2 + y2 + z2 6 z.
V
46
2. Tch phn bi ba 47
x
Hnh 2.24

x = r sin cos

Li gii. t y = r sin sin . Nhn hnh v ta thy 0 6 6 2, 0 6 6 2.

z = r cos
Do x2 + y2 + z2 6 z nn 0 6 r 6 cos . Vy

Z2 Z2 Z
cos Z2
1
I= d sin d r.r2 dr = 2. sin . cos4 d =
4 10
0 0 0 0
Php i bin trong to cu suy rng.
Tng t nh khi tnh tch phn kp, khi min V c dng hnh ellipsoit hoc hnh cu
c tm khng nm trn cc trc to th ta s s dng php i bin s trong to cu
suy rng. Khi ta phi tnh li Jacobian ca php bin i.
1. Nu min V c dng hnh ellipsoit hoc hnh cu c tm khng nm trn cc trc to

nn ngh ti php i bin s trong to cu suy rng.
y2
2. Nu V : x2
a2
+ b2
+ z2
c2
= 1 th thc hin php i bin

x = ar sin cos

y = br sin sin , J = abcr2 sin

z = cr cos
47
Nu V : ( x a)2 + (y b)2 + (z c)2 = R2 th thc hin php i bin

x = a + r sin cos

y = b + r sin sin , J = r2 sin

z = c + r cos
3. Xc nh min bin thin ca , , r.
4. Dng cng thc i bin tng qut hon tt vic i bin.

ZZZ p x 2 + y2
Bi tp 2.25. Tnh x2 + y2 dxdydz, trong V l na ca khi ellipsoit
2
z a2
+ bz2 6
V
1, z > 0, (a, b > 0)
Li gii. Cch 1: S dng php i bin trong to tr suy rng.

t
z = bz0
D ( x, y, z) n p o
x = ar cos J = = a2 br, Vrz0 = 0 6 6 2, 0 6 r 6 1, 0 6 z0 6 1 r2
D (r, , z)
y = ar sin
Vy

Z2 Z1 Z1r2 Z1
0 2 0 3 2 1 r2 2a3 b2
I= d dr bz .ar.a brdz = 2a b r2 . dr =
2 15
0 0 0 0
Cch 2: S dng php i bin trong to cu suy rng.

t
x = ar sin cos
D ( x, y, z) n o
y = ar sin sin J = = a2 br2 sin , Vrz0 = 0 6 6 2, 0 6 6 , 0 6 r 6 1
D (r, , ) 2
z = br cos
Vy

Z2 Z2 Z1 Z2 Z1
2 3 2 2 2a3 b2
I= d d br cos .ar sin .a b sin = 2a b cos sin d r4 dr =
15
0 0 0 0 0
ZZZ
y2 y2
Bi tp 2.26. Tnh x2
a2
+ b2
+ z2
c2
dxdydz , V : x2
a2
+ b2
+ z2
c2
6 1, (a, b, c > 0).
V
48
2. Tch phn bi ba 49
Li gii. t

x = ar sin cos
D ( x, y, z)
y = br sin sin J = = abcr2 sin , Vrz0 = {0 6 6 2, 0 6 6 , 0 6 r 6 1}

D (r, , )
z = cr cos
Vy
Z2 Z Z1
4
I = abc d d r2 .r2 sin = abc
5
0 0 0
49
3. CC NG DNG CA TCH PHN BI
3.1 Tnh din tch hnh phng

ZZ
Cng thc tng qut: S = dxdy
D

y = 2x

Bi tp 2.27. Tnh din tch ca min D gii hn bi: y = 2 x .

y = 4
y
y = 2 x y = 2x
4
O x
Hnh 2.27
Li gii. Nhn xt:

( (
2 6 x 6 0 06x62
D = D1 D2 , D1 x
, D2
2 6y64 2x 6 y 6 4
nn ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ
3
S= dxdy = dxdy + dxdy = 2 dxdy = ... = 2 8
ln 2
D D1 D2 D1
50
3. Cc ng dng ca tch phn bi 51
(
y2 = x, y2 = 2x
Bi tp 2.28. Tnh din tch ca min D gii hn bi:
x2 = y, x2 = 2y
y
y = x2 x2 = 2y
2x = y2
x = y2
O x
Hnh 2.28
ZZ
Li gii. Ta c S = dxdy. Thc hin php i bin
D

y2 (
u = 16u62
x
D uv : ,

x2 1 6 v 6 2
v =
y
th

D (u, v ) y2 2y

J 1 = = 2xx2 x
2 = 3
D ( x, y) y xy2
Vy
ZZ
1 1
S= dudv =
3 3
Duv
(
y = 0, y2 = 4ax
Bi tp 2.29. Tnh din tch min D gii hn bi .
x + y = 3a, y 6 0 ( a > 0)
51
y
3a
3a
O x
6a
Hnh 2.29

6a 6 y 6 0
Li gii. Nhn hnh v ta thy D :y2 nn

6 x 6 3a y
4a
ZZ Z0 Z y
3a Z0
y2
S= dxdy = dy dx = 3a y dy = 18a2
4a
D 6a y2 6a
4a
(
x2 + y2 = 2x, x2 + y2 = 4x
Bi tp 2.30. Tnh din tch min D gii hn bi .
x = y, y = 0
y
y=x
O 2 4 x
Hnh 2.30
(
ZZ x = r cos 0 6 6
Li gii. Ta c S = dxdy, t th D : 4 nn
y = r sin 2 cos 6 r 6 4 cos
D

Z4 cos
4Z Z4
1 3 3
S= d rdr = 12 cos2 d = +
2 4 2
0 2 cos 0
52
Bi tp 2.31. Tnh din tch min D gii hn bi ng trn r = 1, r = 2 cos .

3
Ch :
r = a l phng trnh ng trn tm O(0, 0), bn knh a.
r = a cos l phng trnh ng trn tm (a, 0), bn knh a.
O x
Hnh 2.31
Li gii. Giao ti giao im ca 2 ng trn:

2
r = 1 = cos =
3 6
nn
2 cos
Z6 3Z Z6
1 4 3
S = 2 d rdr = 2. cos2 1 d =
2 3 6 18
0 1 0
2
Bi tp 2.32. Tnh din tch min D gii hn bi ng x2 + y2 = 2a2 xy ( a > 0) (ng
)
y
p
r=a sin 2
O
x
Hnh 2.32
53
(
x = r cos
Li gii. Tham s ho ng cong cho, t , phng trnh ng cong
y = r sin
tng ng vi r2 = a2 sin 2. Kho st v v ng cong cho trong h to cc (xem
hnh v 2.32). Ta c
0 6 6 , 6 6 3
D: 2p 2

0 6 r 6 a sin 2
Do tnh i xng ca hnh v nn

a
Z2 Zsin 2 Z2
S=2 d rdr = a2 sin 2d = a2
0 0 0
Bi tp 2.33. Tnh din tch min D gii hn bi ng x3 + y3 = axy ( a > 0) (L Descartes)
1
2
1 x
O 2
Hnh 2.33 TCX: y = x 13

(
x = r cos
Tham s ho ng cong cho, t , phng trnh ng cong tng ng
y = r sin
vi
a sin cos
r=
sin3 + cos3
Kho st v v ng cong cho trong h to cc (xem hnh v 2.33). Ta c

0 6 6 2
D: a sin cos

0 6 r 6
sin3 + cos3
54
nn
a sin cos

Z2 sin3 Z +cos3 Z2 +
Z
a2 sin2 cos2 1 t= tg a2 d t3 + 1 a2
S= d rdr = 2
d = . 2
=
2 sin3 + cos3 2 3 ( t 3 + 1) 6
0 0 0 0
Bi tp 2.34. Tnh din tch min D gii hn bi ng r = a (1 + cos ) ( a > 0), (ng
Cardioids hay ng hnh tim)
y
O
2a x
a
Hnh 2.34
Li gii. Ta c
D = {0 6 6 2, 0 6 r 6 a (1 + cos )}
nn
Z a (1+
Zcos ) Z
3a2
S=2 d rdr = a 2
(1 + cos )2 d = ... =
2
0 0 0
3.2 Tnh th tch vt th

Cng thc tng qut:
ZZZ
V= dxdydz
V
Cc trng hp c bit
1. Vt th hnh tr, mt xung quanh l mt tr c ng sinh song song vi trc

Oz, y l min D trong mt phng Oxy, phaZZtrn gii hn bi mt cong z =
f ( x, y) , f ( x, y) > 0 v lin tc trn D th V = f ( x, y) dxdy. (Xem hnh v di
D
y).
55
z = f ( x, y)
z
O y
2. Vt th l khi tr, gii hn bi cc ng sinh song song vi trc Oz, hai mt

z = z1 ( x, y) , z = z2 ( x, y). Chiu cc mt ny ln mt phng Oxy ta c min D,
z1 ( x, y) , z2 ( x, y) l cc hm lin tc, c o hm ring lin tc trn D. Khi :
ZZ
V= |z1 ( x, y) z2 ( x, y)| dxdy
D
z = f ( x, y)
z

z = g( x, y)
O y

3x + y > 1

Bi tp 2.35. Tnh din tch min gii hn bi 3x + 2y 6 2 .

y > 0, 0 6 z 6 1 x y
56
z
O
y
x
Hnh 2.35
Li gii.
22y
ZZ Z1 Z3 Z1
1 1
V= f ( x, y) dxdy = dy (1 x y ) dx = 1 2y + y2 dy =
6 18
D 0 1 y 0
3
(
z = 4 x 2 y2
Bi tp 2.36. Tnh th tch ca min V gii hn bi .
2z = 2 + x2 + y2
z
2z = 2 + x2 + y2
z = 4 x 2 y2 O
y
x
Hnh 2.36
57
(
x 2 + y2 = 2
Li gii. Giao tuyn ca hai mt cong: , nn hnh chiu ca V ln mt phng
z=2
2+ x 2 + y2
Oxy l D : x2 + y2 2. Hn na trn D th 4 x2 y2 > 2 nn ta c:
ZZ
2 + x 2 + y2
2 2
V= 4x y dxdy
2
D
( (
x = r cos 0 6 6 2
t th , do
y = r sin 06r6 2

Z2 Z 2
3 2
V= d 3 r rdr = ... = 3
2
0 0
(
0 6 z 6 1 x 2 y2
Bi tp 2.37. Tnh th tch ca V : .
y > x, y 6 3x
z
O 1
y
Hnh 2.37
x

Li gii. Do x y 3x nn x, y 0. Ta c
ZZ
V= 1 x2 y2 dxdy
D
58
(
x = r cos 66
t th 4 3 . Vy
y = r sin 06r61

Z3 Z1
V= d 1 r2 rdr = . . . =
48
0
4
(
x2 + y2 + z2 6 4a2
Bi tp 2.38. Tnh th tch V : .
x2 + y2 2ay 6 0
2a
2a 2a
x y
Hnh 2.38
Li gii. Do tnh cht i xng ca min V nn

ZZ q
V=4 4a2 x2 y2 dxdy,
D
( (
2 2
x + y 2ay 6 0 x = r cos 0 6 6
trong D l na hnh trn D : . t 2
x>0 y = r sin 0 6 r 6 2a sin
59
Vy

Z2 2aZsin
p
V=4 d 4a2 r2 rdr
0 0

Z2 3
1 2 2 2 r =2a sin
= 4. 4a r2 r=0 d
2 3
0

Z2
4
= 8a3 8a3 cos3 d
3
0

32a3 2
=
3 2 3

z=0

x 2 y2
Bi tp 2.39. Tnh th tch ca min V gii hn bi z = a2 + b2 .

2 2
x + y = 2x

a2 b2 a
z
x2 y2
z= a2
+ b2
O
a x
Hnh 2.39
y2
Li gii. Ta c hnh chiu ca V ln mt phng Oxy l min D : x2
a2
+ b2
= a .
2x
Do tnh cht
i xng ca min V nn:
ZZ 2
x y2
V=2 + 2 dxdy,
a2 b
D+
60
y2
trong D + l na ellipse D + : xa2 + b2 = 2x
2
a ,y > 0
(
x = ar cos 0 6 6
t th | J | = abr, 2 . Vy
y = br sin 0 6 r 6 2 cos

Z2 cos
2Z
3
V=2 d r2 rdr = ... =
2
0 0

az = x2 + y2
Bi tp 2.40. Tnh th tch ca min V : q .
z = x 2 + y2
z
a O a y
Hnh 2.40
Li gii. Giao tuyn ca hai ng cong:

q (
x 2 + y2 x 2 + y 2 = a2
z= x 2 + y2 =
a z=a
Vy hnh chiu ca V ln mt phng Oxy l
D : x 2 + y 2 = a2
Nhn xt rng, trong min D th mt nn pha trn mt paraboloit nn:

ZZ q
2 2
x 2 + y2
V= x +y dxdy
a
D
61
( (
x = r cos 0 6 6 2
t th . Vy
y = r sin 06r6a
Z2 Za
r2 a3
V= d r rdr = ... =
a 6
0 0
3.3 Tnh din tch mt cong

Mt z = f ( x, y) gii hn bi mt ng cong kn, hnh chiu ca mt cong ln mt
phng Oxy l D. f ( x, y) l hm s lin tc, c cc o hm ring lin tc trn D. Khi :
ZZ q
= 1 + p2 + q2 dxdy, p = f x0 , q = f y0
D
z = f ( x, y)
z
O y
62
CHNG 3
TCH PHN PH THUC THAM S .
1. T CH PHN XC NH PH THUC THAM S .
1.1 Gii thiu

Zb
Xt tch phn xc nh ph thuc tham s: I (y) = f ( x, y) dx, trong f ( x, y) kh
a
tch theo x trn [ a, b] vi mi y [ c, d]. Trong bi hc ny chng ta s nghin cu mt s
tnh cht ca hm s I (y)nh tnh lin tc, kh vi, kh tch.
1.2 Cc tnh cht ca tch phn xc nh ph thuc

tham s.
1) Tnh lin tc.
nh l 3.7. Nu f ( x, y)l hm s lin tc trn [ a, b ] [ c, d] th I (y)l hm s lin

tc trn [c, d]. Tc l:
Zb Zb
lim I (y) = I (y0 ) lim f ( x, y) dx = f ( x, y0 ) dx
y y0 y y0
a a
2) Tnh kh vi.
nh l 3.8. Gi s vi mi y [c, d], f ( x, y) l hm s lin tc theo x trn [ a, b] v

f y ( x, y) l hm s lin tc trn [ a, b] [c, d] th I (y) l hm s kh vi trn (c, d) v
0
63
64 Chng 3. Tch phn ph thuc tham s.
Zb
f y ( x, y) dx , hay ni cch khc chng ta c th a du o hm vo trong
0 0
I (y) =
a
tch phn.
3) Tnh kh tch.
nh l 3.9. Nu f ( x, y) l hm s lin tc trn [ a, b] [ c, d] th I (y)l hm s kh

tch trn [c, d] , v:

Zd Zd Zb Zb Zd
I (y) dy := f ( x, y) dx dy = f ( x, y) dy dx
c c a a c
Bi tp
Z1
Bi tp 3.1. Kho st s lin tc ca tch phn I (y) = , vi f ( x ) l hm s
y f (x)
x 2 + y2
dx
0
dng, lin tc trn [0, 1] .
Li gii. Nhn xt rng hm s g ( x, y) = lin tc trn mi hnh ch nht [0, 1] [ c, d]

y f (x)
x 2 + y2
v [0, 1] [d, c] vi 0 < c < d bt k, nn theo nh l 3.7, I (y) lin tc trn mi
[c, d] , [d, c] , hay ni cch khc I (y) lin tc vi mi y 6= 0.
By gi ta xt tnh lin tc ca hm s I (y) ti im y = 0 . Do f ( x ) l hm s dng, lin
tc trn [0, 1] nn tn ti m > 0 sao cho f ( x ) > m > 0 x [0, 1] . Khi vi > 0 th:
Z1 Z1
f ( x) .m x
I ( ) = dx > dx = m.arctg
x 2 + 2 x2+ 2
0 0
Z1 Z1
f ( x ) .m x
I () = dx 6 dx = m.arctg
x 2 + 2 2
x + 2
0 0
Suy ra | I () I ()| > 2m.arctg x

2m. 2 khi 0 , tc l | I () I ()| khng tin ti
0 khi 0 , I (y) gin on ti y = 0 .

Z1
a) In () = x lnn xdx , n l s nguyn dng.
0
Li gii. Vi mi > 0, hm s f n ( x, ) = x lnn x, n = 0, 1, 2, ... lin tc theo x

trn [0, 1]
64
1. Tch phn xc nh ph thuc tham s. 65
V lim x lnn+1 x = 0 nn = x lnn+1 x lin tc trn [0, 1] (0, +).

f n ( x,)

x 0+
Ngha l hm s f n ( x, ) = x lnn x tho mn cc iu kin ca nh l 3.8 nn:
Z1 Z1 Z1
0 d n 1 d n 1
In1 () =
x ln xdx = x ln x dx = x lnn xdx = In ()
d d
0 0 0
Tng t, In2 = In1 , ..., I2 = I1 , I1 = I0 , suy ra In () = [ I0 ()](n) . M I0 () =

0 0 0
Z1 h i(n )
(1)n n!
n +1 .
1 1
x dx = + 1 In ( ) = +1 =
( + 1)
0

Z2
b) ln 1 + y sin2 x dx, vi y > 1.
0

Li gii. Xt hm s f ( x, y) = ln 1 + y sin2 x tho mn cc iu kin sau:

f ( x, y) = ln 1 + y sin2 x xc nh trn 0, 2 (1, +) v vi mi y > 1 cho

trc, f ( x, y) lin tc theo x trn 0, 2 .

Tn ti f y ( x, y) = 1+sin xc nh, lin tc trn 0, 2 (1, +) .
0 2x
2
y sin x

Z2 Z2
Theo nh l 3.8, I 0 (y) = sin2 x
1+ y sin2 x
dx = 1
dx
.
+y
sin2 x
0 0
t t = tgx th dx = dt
1+ t 2
,0 6 t 6 + .
+
Z +
Z
0 t2 dt 1 1 1
I (y) = = dt
(t2 + 1) (1 + t2 + yt2 ) y t2 + 1 1 + ( y + 1 ) t2
0 0
" #
1 1 p
= arctgt|0+ p arctg t y + 1 |0+
y y+1
!
1 1
= 1 p = p . p
2y 1+y 2 1+y 1+ 1+y
Suy ra
Z Z p
0 1
I (y) = I (y) dy =
. p p
dy = ln 1 + 1 + y + C
2 1+y 1+ 1+y
p
Do I (0) = 0 nn C = ln 2 v I (y) = ln 1 + 1 + y ln 2.
Z1
y2 x 2
Bi tp 3.3. Xt tnh lin tc ca hm s I (y) = 2 dx.
( x 2 + y2 )
0
65
Z1
Li gii. Ti y = 0 , I (0) = x12 dx = , nn hm s I (y) khng xc nh ti y = 0.
0
Z1 Z1
( x2 +y2 )2x.x
Ti y 6= 0 , I (y) = 2 dx = d x
x 2 + y2
= 1
1+ y2
, nn I (y) xc nh v lin tc
( x 2 + y2 )
0 0
vi mi y 6= 0 .
1.3 Cc tnh cht ca tch phn ph thuc tham s vi

cn bin i.
Xt tch phn ph thuc tham s vi cn bin i
bZ(y)
J (y) = f ( x, y) dx, vi y [c, d] , a 6 a (y) , b (y) 6 b y [c, d]

a(y)
1) Tnh lin tc
nh l 3.10. Nu hm s f ( x, y) lin tc trn [ a, b ] [c, d] , cc hm s a ( y) , b (y)
lin tc trn [c, d] v tho mn iu kin a 6 a (y) , b (y) 6 b y [ c, d] th J (y) l
mt hm s lin tc i vi y trn [c, d] .
2) Tnh kh vi
nh l 3.11. Nu hm s f ( x, y) lin tc trn [ a, b] [ c, d] , f y ( x, y) lin tc trn
0
[ a, b ] [c, d] , v a (y) , b (y) kh vi trn [c, d] v tho mn iu kin a 6 a ( y) , b (y) 6

b y [c, d] th J (y) l mt hm s kh vi i vi y trn [ c, d], v ta c:
bZ(y)
0 0 0
J 0 (y) = f y ( x, y) dx + f (b (y) , y) by (y) f (a ( y) , y) ay (y)
a(y)
.
Bi tp
1Z+ y
Bi tp 3.4. Tm lim dx
1+ x 2 + y2
.
y 0
y
1Z+ y
Li gii. D dng kim tra c hm s I (y) = dx

1+ x 2 + y2
lin tc ti y = 0 da vo nh
y
1Z+ y Z1
l 3.10, nn lim dx
1+ x 2 + y2
= I (0 ) = dx
1+ x 2
= 4 .
y 0
y 0
66
2. T CH PHN SUY RNG PH THUC THAM S .
2.1 Cc tnh cht ca tch phn suy rng ph thuc

tham s.
+
Z
Xt tch phn suy rng ph thuc tham s I (y) = f ( x, y)dx, y [c, d]. Cc kt qu
a
di y tuy pht biu i vi tch phn suy rng loi II (c cn bng v cng) nhng u
c th p dng mt cch thch hp cho trng hp tch phn suy rng loi I (c hm di
du tch phn khng b chn).
1) Du hiu hi t Weierstrass
nh l 3.12. Nu | f ( x, y)| 6 g ( x ) ( x, y) [ a, + ] [ c, d] v nu tch phn suy

+
Z +
Z
rng g ( x ) dx hi t, th tch phn suy rng I (y) = f ( x, y)dx hi t u i vi
a a
y [c, d].
2) Tnh lin tc
nh l 3.13. Nu hm s f ( x, y) lin tc trn [ a, + ] [c, d] v nu tch phn suy

+
Z
rng I (y) = f ( x, y)dx hi t u i vi y [c, d] th I (y) l mt hm s lin tc
a
trn [ c, d].
3) Tnh kh vi
nh l 3.14. Gi s hm s f ( x, y) xc nh trn [ a, + ] [ c, d] sao cho vi mi y

[c, d] , hm s f ( x, y) lin tc i vi x trn [ a, +] v f y ( x, y) lin tc trn [ a, + ]
0
+
Z +
Z
[c, d]. Nu tch phn suy rng I (y) = f ( x, y)dx hi t v f y ( x, y)dx hi t u
0
a a
+
Z
i vi y [ c, d] th I (y) l hm s kh vi trn [c, d] v f y ( x, y) dx.
0
I 0 (y) =
a
4) Tnh kh tch
nh l 3.15. Nu hm s f ( x, y) lin tc trn [ a, + ] [c, d] v nu tch phn suy

rng I (y) hi t u i vi y [c, d] th I (y) l hm s kh tch trn [ c, d] v ta c
67
th i th t ly tch phn theo cng thc:

Zd Zd +
Z + Zd
Z
I (y) dy := f ( x, y) dx dy = f ( x, y) dy dx.
c c a a c
2.2 Bi tp
Dng 1. Tnh tch phn suy rng ph thuc tham s bng cch i th t ly
tch phn
+
Z
Gi s cn tnh I (y) = f ( x, y)dx.
a
Zd
B1. Biu din f ( x, y) = F ( x, y) dy.
c
B2. S dng tnh cht i th t ly tch phn:

+
Z + Zd
Z Zd +
Z
I (y) = f ( x, y)dx = F ( x, y) dydx = F ( x, y) dx dy
a a c c a
Ch : Phi kim tra iu kin i th t ly tch phn trong nh l 3.15 i vi tch

phn suy rng ca hm s F ( x, y).
Z1
a) xb x a
ln x dx, (0 < a < b ).
0
Li gii. Ta c:
Zb Zb
xb x a 0 xy
= F ( x, b) F ( x, a) = Fy ( x, y) dy = y
x dy; F ( x, y) :=
ln x ln x
a a
nn:

Z1 Z1 Zb Zb Z1 Zb
xb xa 1 b+1
dx = x dy dx =
y x dx dy =
y
dy = ln
ln x y+1 a+1
0 0 a a 0 a
Kim tra iu kin v i th t ly tch phn:
68
2. Tch phn suy rng ph thuc tham s. 69
+
Z
ex e x
b) x dx, (, > 0).
0
Li gii. Ta c:

F (x,y): = e
yx Z Z
ex e x x 0
= F ( x, ) F ( x, ) = Fy ( x, y) = eyx dy
x

nn:

+
Z + Z
Z Z +
Z Z
ex e x yx yx dy
dx = e dy dx = e dx dy = = ln .
x y
0 0 0

+
Z 2 2
c) ex e x
x2
dx, (, > 0).
0
Li gii. Ta c:

yx 2
2 2 F (x,y): = e Z Z
ex e x x2 0
F ( x, ) F ( x, ) = Fy ( x, y) dy =
2
= eyx dy
x2

nn:
+
Z 2 2 + Z
Z Z +
Z
ex e x 2 2
dx = e x y dy dx = e x y dx dy
x2
0 0 0
+
Z +
Z
Vi iu kin bit ta c 2 y.
2 2
e x dx = e x y dx =
2
0 0
Z p

Suy ra I =
2 y dy = .

+
Z
e) e ax sin bx
x
sin cx
, (a, b, c > 0).
0
Li gii. Ta c:

e ax sin yx
F (x,y)= Zb Zb
ax sin bx sin cx x 0
e = F ( x, b) F ( x, c) = Fy ( x, y) dy = e ax cos yxdx
x
c c
69
nn:
+ Zb
Z Zb +
Z
I= e ax cos yxdy dx = e ax cos yxdx dy
0 c c 0
Z +
Z
M sin yx, suy ra ,
y
e ax cos yxdx = a2 +a y2 e ax cos yx + a2 + y2
e ax e ax cos yxdx = a
a2 + y2
0
Zb
v I = a
a2 + y2
dy = arctg ba arctg ac .
c
Dng 2. Tnh tch phn bng cch o hm qua du tch phn.

+
Z
Gi s cn tnh I (y) = f ( x, y)dx.
a
+
Z
B1. Tnh bng cch
0
I 0 (y) I 0 (y) = f y ( x, y) dx.
a
Z
B2. Dng cng thc Newton-Leibniz khi phc li I (y) bng cch I (y) = I 0 (y) dy.
Ch : Phi kim tra iu kin chuyn du o hm qua tch phn trong nh l 3.14.
+
Z
arctg( x + y)
Bi tp 3.6. Chng minh rng tch phn ph thuc tham s I (y) = 1+ x 2
dx l mt

hm s lin tc kh vi i vi bin y. Tnh I 0 (y) ri suy ra biu thc ca I (y).
Li gii. Ta c:
arctg( x + y)
f ( x, y) = 1+ x 2
lin tc trn [, + ] [, + ].
+
Z +
Z
arctg(x+y) arctg( x + y)
1+ x 2 6 1
2 . 1+ x 2 , m 1
1+ x 2
= hi t, nn I (y) = 1+ x 2
dx hi t u

trn [, +].
Theo nh l 3.13, I (y) lin tc trn [, + ].

+
Z
0
Hn na f y ( x, y) = 6 1+ x2 , y; do f y ( x, y)dx hi t u trn
1 1 0
(1+ x2 )[1+( x + y)2 ]

+
Z
[, +]. Theo nh l 3.14, I (y) kh vi trn [, +], v: I 0 (y) = 1
dx.
(1+ x2 ) [1+( x + y)2 ]

70
t 1
= Ax +B
+ Cx+ D 2 , dng phng php ng nht h s ta thu c:A =
(1+ x2 )[1+( x + y)2 ] 1+ x 2 1+( x + y)
2
y(y2 +4)
, B = y(y2 +4) , C = y2 +4 , D = y23+4 . Do :
2 1
+
Z
" #
1 2x + y 2x + 3y
I 0 (y) = 2 +
y +4 1 + x2 1 + ( x + y)2

1 h i
2
= ln 1 + x + y arctg x + ln 1 + ( x + y) + y arctg ( x + y) |+
2
x =
+4 y2
4
= 2
y +4
Z +
Z
Suy ra I (y) = = 2 arctg + C, mt khc I (0) = = 0 nn C = 0 v
y arctg x
I 0 (y) dy 2 1+ x 2
dx

y
I (y) = 2 arctg 2

Z1
a) xb x a
ln x dx, (0 < a < b ).
0
Z1
Li gii. t I ( a) = xb x a
ln x dx, f ( x, a) = ln x .
xb x a
Ta c:
0
ln x lin tc trn theo x trn [0, 1] vi mi 0 < a < b.

xb x a
f ( x, a) =
= x a lin tc trn [0, 1] (0, +).
0
f a ( x, a)
Z1 Z1
x a dx = a+1 1 hi t u trn [0, 1] v n l TPX.
0
f a ( x, a)dx =
0 0
Do theo nh l 3.14,
Z1 Z
0 0 1
I ( a) = f a ( x, a) dx = I ( a) = I 0 ( a) da = ln ( a + 1) + C.
a+1
0
Mt khc I (b) = 0 nn C = ln (b + 1) v do I ( a) = ln ba+

+1
1.
+
Z
b) ex e x
x dx, (, > 0).
0
+
Z
Li gii. t I () = ex e x
x dx, f ( x, ) = ex e x
x . Ta c:
0
71
ex e x
f ( x, ) = x lin tc theo x trn [0, +) vi mi , > 0.
= ex lin tc trn [0, +) (0, +).
0
f ( x, )
+
Z +
Z
ex dx = 1 hi t u i vi trn mi khong [, +)
0
f ( x, ) dx =
0 0
+
Z
theo tiu chun Weierstrass, tht vy, |ex | 6 ex , m ex dx = 1
hi t.
0
Do theo nh l 3.14,
+
Z Z
0 0 1
I () = f ( x, ) dx = I () = I 0 () d = ln + C.

0
Mt khc, I ( ) = 0 nn C = ln v I = ln .

+
Z 2 2
c) ex e x
x2
dx, (, > 0).
0
+
Z 2 2 2 2
ex e x ex e x
Li gii. t I () = x2
dx, f ( x, ) = x2
. Ta c:
0
2 2
ex e x
f ( x, ) = x2
lin tc theo x trn [0, +) vi mi , > 0.
f ( x, ) = ex lin tc trn [0, +) (0, +).
0 2
+
Z +
Z +
Z
x = y
hi t u theo
0 2 2 dy 1
f ( x, ) dx = ex dx = ey

= 2 .
0 0 0
2
trn mi [, + ) theo tiu chun Weierstrass, tht vy, ex 6 ex m
2
+
Z
ex dx hi t.
2
Do theo nh l 3.14,
+
Z Z
0 0 1
I ( ) = f ( x, ) dx = . I () = I 0 () d = . + C.
2
0
p p
Mt khc, I ( ) = 0 nn C = . v I () = .
+
Z
d) dx
n +1
( x2 + y)
0
72
+
Z
Li gii. t In (y) = dx
n+1 , f n ( x, y ) = 1
n +1 . Khi :
( x 2 + y) ( x2 + y)
0
0
+
Z +
Z
0 dx dx 1 0
[ In1 (y)]y = 2 n
= n
n +1
= n.In (y) In = ( In1 ) .
( x + y) ( x2 + y) n
0 y 0
0 0 0
Tng t, In1 = n
1
1 ( In 2 ) , In 2 = n 2 ( In 3 ) , ..., I1 = ( I0 ) .
1
+
Z
(1)n
Do , In (y) = n! [ I0 (y)] (n )
. M I0 (y) = 1
x2 + y
dx = 1 arctg x |+
y y 0 =

2 y nn
0
2 . (2n)!! . y2n+1 .
(2n 1)!! 1
In (y) =
Vn cn li l vic kim tra iu kin chuyn o hm qua du tch phn.
(n ) (1)n
Cc hm s f ( x, y) = lin tc
1 0 1
x2 + y
, f y ( x, y) = 2 , ..., f yn ( x, y) = n +1
( x2 + y) ( x 2 + y)
trong [0, +) [ , + ) vi mi > 0 cho trc.

1 (1)n
x2 +y 6 x2 + , 2 2 6 2 2 , ..., 2 n+1 6 2 1 n+1
1 1 1
( x + y) ( x + ) ( x + y) ( x + )
+
Z +
Z
M cc tch phn 1
x2 +
dx, ..., 1
n+1 dx u hi t, do
( x2 + )
0 0
+
Z +
Z +
Z
f yn ( x, y) dx hi t u trn [, + )vi mi >
0 (n )
f ( x, y) dx, f y ( x, y) dx, ...,
0 0 0
0.
+
Z
e) e ax sin bx
x
sin cx
dx (a, b, c > 0) .
0
+
Z
Li gii. t I (b) = e ax sin bx
x
sin cx
dx, f ( x, b) = e ax sin bx
x
sin cx
. Ta c:
0
f ( x, b) = e ax sin bxx sin cx lin tc theo x trn [0, +) vi mi a, b, c > 0.

f b ( x, b) = e ax cos bx lin tc trn [0, +) (0, +).
0
+
Z +
Z
0 +
f b ( x, b) dx = e ax cos bx = a2 +a b2 e ax cos bx + b
a2 + b 2
e ax sin bx 0 = a
a2 + b 2
0 0
hi t u theo b trn mi (0, +) theo tiu chun Weierstrass, tht vy,
+
Z
m e ax dx hi t.
2 2
| e ax cos bx | 6 e ax
0
73
Z
Do theo nh l 3.14, Ib ( x, b) = , I = a2 +a b2 db = arctg ba
0 a
a2 + b 2
+ C.
Mt khc I (c) = 0 nn C = arctg ac v I = arctg ba arctg ac .
+
Z
f)
2
e x cos (yx ) dx.
0
+
Z
Li gii. t I (y) = e x cos (yx ) dx, f ( x, y) = e x cos (yx ) .Ta c:
2 2
f ( x, y) lin tc trn [0, +) (, +).
f y ( x, y) = xe x sin yx lin tc trn [0, +) (, +).

0 2
+
Z +
Z +
Z
0 2 1 x2 2 y
f y ( x, y) dx = xe x sin yxdx = 2e sin yx 0+ 1
2 ye x cos yxdx = 2 I (y)
0 0 0
+
Z
0
hi t u theo tiu chun Weierstrass, tht vy, f y ( x, y) 6 xe , m
2 2
x xe x dx =
0
1
2 hi t.
I 0 (y) y2
Do theo nh l 3.14, = 2 I = Ce 4 .
y
I (y)
2
y4
M I (0) = C = 2

nn I (y) = 2 e .
Nhn xt:
Vic kim tra cc iu kin o hm qua du tch phn hay iu kin i th t

ly tch phn i khi khng d dng cht no.
+
Z
Cc tch phn f ( x, ) dx cu b, c, d ch hi t u trn khong [, + ) vi mi
0
0
> 0, m khng hi t u trn (0, +). Tuy nhin iu cng khng nh
+
Z
rng I = f ( x, ) dx trn (0, +).
0 0
74
3. Tch phn Euler 75
3. T CH PHN EULER
3.1 Hm Gamma
+
Z
( p) = x p1 e x dx xc nh trn (0, +)
0
Cc cng thc
(1)n ()
1. H bc: ( p + 1) = p ( p) , ( n) = (1 )(2 )...(n )
.
ngha ca cng thc trn l nghin cu ( p) ta ch cn nghin cu ( p) vi
0 < p 6 1 m thi, cn vi p > 1 chng ta s s dng cng thc h bc.
2. c
bit, (1) = 1
nn (n) = (n 1)! n N.
(2n 1)!!
2 = nn n + 12 = 22
1
.
+
Z
3. o hm ca hm Gamma: ( k) ( p) = x p1 k
ln x .e x dx.
0
4. ( p) . (1 p ) =
sin p 0 < p < 1.
3.2 Hm Beta
Z1
q 1
Dng 1: B ( p, q) = x p1 (1 x ) dx.
0
+
Z
Dng 2: B ( p, q) = x p 1
dx.
(1+ x ) p + q
0

Z2 Z2
Dng lng gic: B ( p, q) = 2 sin2p1 t cos2q1 tdt, B m+1 n +1
2 , 2 = 2 sinm t cosm tdt.
0 0
Cc cng thc:
1. Tnh i xng: B ( p, q) = B (q, p ).
2. H bc:
p+ q 1 B ( p 1, q) , nu p > 1
B ( p, q) = p1
p+ q 1 B ( p, q 1) , nu q > 1
B ( p, q) = q 1
ngha ca cng thc trn ch mun nghin cu hm bta ta ch cn nghin cu

n trong khong (0, 1] (0, 1] m thi.
75
3. c bit, B (1, 1) = 1 nn

B (m, n) = ( m1)!(n 1)!
(m+ n 1)!
, m, n N
B ( p, n) = (n 1)!
( p+ n 1)( p+ n 2)...( p+1) p
n N.
4. Cng thc lin h gia hm Bta v Gamma: B ( p, q) = .

( p) (q )
( p+ q)
5. B ( p, 1 p ) = ( p) (1 p) = sin p .

3.3 Bi tp

Z2
Bi tp 3.8. Biu th sinm x cosn xdx qua hm B (m, n).
0

Li gii. t sin x = t 0 6 t 6 1, cos xdx = 1
dt
2 t

Z2 Z2 n 1 Z2
1 m n 1
12 1 m+1 n+1
dt = B
m n m 2 2
sin x cos xdx = sin x 1 sin x . cos xdx = t (1 t )
2 2 t ,
2 2 2 2
0 0 0
y chnh l cng thc dng lng gic ca hm Beta.
Bi tp 3.9.

Z2
a) sin6 x cos4 xdx.
0
Li gii. Ta c

7
5

3 + 1
2 + 1 5!! 3!!
1 7 5 1 1 2 2 1 23 . 22 3
I= B , = . 2 2
= . = . =
2 2 2 2 ( 6) 2 ( 6) 2 5! 512
Za
b) x2n a2 x2 dx ( a > 0) .
0

Li gii. t x = a t dx = adt

2 t
Z1
adt a2n+2
1
Z1
1 a 2n +2 1 3

n 21
2n n
I = a t .a (1 t) . = 2 . t (1 t) 2 dt = B n+ ,
2 t 2 2 2 2
0 0

+ 1 3 (2n 1)!!
2 2
+ n
a 2n 2 a2n+2 n . a2n+2 (2n 1)!!
= = . 2 2
=
2 ( n + 2) 2 ( n + 1) ! 2 (2n + 2)!!
76
3. Tch phn Euler 77
+
Z
c)
2
x10 e x dx
0

Li gii. t x = t dx = dt

2 t
+
Z +
Z
5 t dt 1 9 t 1 11 1 9!! 9!!
I= t e . = t e dt =
2 = . 5 = .
2 t 2 2 2 2 2 26
0 0
+
Z
d) x
2 dx
(1+ x 2 )
0
Li gii. t x2 = t 2xdx = dt

+ 41 dt
Z +
Z 1 p 1 = 1 p =
t . 1 t 4 dt 1 3
I=
2 t
2
= 2
= B ( p, q) vi 4
4
(1 + t ) 2 (1 + t ) 2 p+q = 2 q = 5
0 0 4
Vy

1 3 5 1 5 1 3 1 1 3 1 1
I= B , = .3 4 5 B , = .B , = . =
2 4 4 2 4 + 4 1 4 4 8 4 4 8 sin 4 4 2
+
Z
e) 1
1+ x 3
dx
0
Li gii. t x3 = t dx = 13 t 3 dt
2
+ 2
Z
1 t 3 dt 1 1 2 1 2
I= = B , = =
3 1+t 3 3 3 3 sin 3 3 3
0
+
Z
f) x n +1
(1+ x n )
dx, (2 < n N )
0
Li gii. t x n = t dx = n1 t n 1 dt
1
+
Z n +1 1 Z
+ 2
t n . n1 t n 1 dt 1 1 2 tn 2
I= dt = B
= + 1, 1
(1 + t)2 (1 + t)2 n n n n
0 0
2
1 2 2 2
= . 2
n
2
B ,1 = 2 .
n n +1 + 1 n 1 n n n sin 2 n
77
Z1
g)
n
1
dx, n N
1 x n
0
Li gii. t x n = t dx = n1 t n 1 dt
1
Z1 1 n1 1 Z1
nt dt 1 1 n1 1 1 1 1
I= 1 = t n 1 . (1 t ) dt = B ,1 =
(1 t ) n n n n n n sin n
0 0
78
CHNG 4
TCH PHN NG
1. T CH PHN NG LOI I
1.1 nh ngha
Cho hm s f ( x, y) xc nh trn mt cung phng AB c . Chia cung AB c thnh n cung
nh, gi tn v di ca chng ln lt l s1 , s2 , ...sn . Trn mi cung si ly mt im
n
Mi bt k. Gii hn, nu c, ca tng f ( Mi ) si khi n sao cho max si 0 khng
i =1
ph thuc vo cch chia cung AB c v cch chn cc im Mi c gi l tch phn ng
Z
loi mt ca hm s f ( x, y) dc theo cung AB, k hiu l
c f ( x, y) ds.
c
AB
Ch :
Tch phn ng loi mt khng ph thuc vo hng ca cung AB.

c
Nu
Z cung AB
c c khi lng ring ti M ( x, y) l ( x, y) th khi lng ca n l
( x, y) ds. nu tch phn tn ti.
c
AB
Z
Chiu di ca cung AB
c c tnh theo cng thc l = ds.
c
AB
Tch phn ng loi mt c cc tnh cht ging nh tch phn xc nh.
79
80 Chng 4. Tch phn ng
1.2 Cc cng thc tnh tch phn ng loi I

1. Nu cung AB
c cho bi phng trnh y = y ( x ) , a 6 x 6 b th
Z Zb q
f ( x, y) ds = f ( x, y ( x )) 1 + y02 ( x )dx. (1 )
c
AB a
2. Nu cung AB
c cho bi phng trnh x = x (y) , c 6 y 6 d th
Z Zd q
f ( x, y) ds = f ( x (y) , y) 1 + x 02 (y)dy. (2 )
c
AB c
3. Nu AB
c cho bi phng trnh x = x (t), y = y(t), t1 t t2 , th
Z Zt2 q
f ( x, y)ds = f ( x (t), y(t)) x 02 (t) + y02 (t) dt (3 )
c
AB t1
4. Nu cung AB
c cho bi phng trnh trong to cc r = r ( ) , 1 2 th coi n
p
nh l phng trnh di dng tham s, ta c ds = r2 ( ) + r 02 ( )d v
Z Z2 q
f ( x, y) ds = f (r ( ) cos , r ( ) sin ) r2 ( ) + r 02 ( )d (4 )
c
AB 1
1.3 Bi tp
Z
Bi tp 4.1. Tnh ( x y) ds, C l ng trn c phng trnh x2 + y2 = 2x.
C

x = 1 + cos t
Li gii. t , 0 6 t 6 2
y = sin t
Z2 q
I= (1 + cos t sin t) ( sin t)2 + cos2 tdt = 2
0

Z x = a ( t sin t)
Bi tp 4.2. Tnh y ds, C l ng cong
2 , 0 6 t 6 2, a > 0.
y = a (1 cos t)
C
80
1. Tch phn ng loi I 81
Li gii.
x 0 (t) = a (1 cos t) q
t
x 02 (t) + y02 (t) = 2a sin
y0 (t) = a sin t 2
Z2
t 256a3
I= a2 (1 cos t)2 .2a sin dt = .
2 15
0

Z p x = a (cos t + t sin t)
Bi tp 4.3. Tnh x2 + y2 ds, C l ng , 0 6 t 6 2, a > 0.
y = a (sin t t cos t)
C
Li gii.
x 0 (t) = at cos t q
x 02 (t) + y02 (t) = at
y0 (t) = at sin t
Z2r h i q
2 2 a3 3
I= a2 (cos t + t sin t) + (sin t t cos t) .atdt = (1 + 4 2 ) 1
3
0
81
2. T CH PHN NG LOI II
2.1 nh ngha
Cho hai hm s P ( x, y) , Q ( x, y) xc nh trn cung AB.
c Chia cung AB c thnh n cung nh

si bi cc im chia A0 = A, A1 , A2 , ..., An = B.Gi to ca vect Ai 1 Ai = (xi , yi ) v
n
ly im Mi bt k trn mi cung si . Gii hn, nu c, ca tng [ P ( Mi ) xi + Q ( Mi ) yi ]
i =1
sao cho max xi 0, khng ph thuc vo cch chia cung AB c v cch chn cc im Mi
c giZl tch phn ng loi hai ca cc hm s P ( x, y) , Q ( x, y) dc theo cung AB
c , k
hiu l P ( x, y) dx + Q ( x, y) dy.
c
AB
Ch :
Tch phn ng loi hai ph thuc Zvo hng ca cung AB,
c nu i chiu trn ng
Z
ly tch phn th tch phn i du, P ( x, y) dx + Q ( x, y) dy = P ( x, y) dx + Q ( x, y) dy.
c
AB c
BA
Tch phn ng loi hai c cc tnh cht ging nh tch phn xc nh.
2.2 Cc cng thc tnh tch phn ng loi II

1. Nu cung ABc c cho bi phng trnh y = y ( x ), im u v im cui ng vi
x = a, x = b th
Z Zb
Pdx + Qdy = P ( x, y ( x )) + Q ( x, y ( x )) .y0 ( x ) dx. (5 )
c
AB a
2. Nu cung AB c c cho bi phng trnh x = x (y), im u v im cui ng vi

y = c, y = d th
Z Zd
Pdx + Qdy = P x (y) .x 0 (y) dy, y + Q ( x (y) , y). (6 )
c
AB c

x = x ( t)
3. Nu cung AB
c c cho bi phng trnh , im u v im cui tng
y = y ( t)
ng vi t = t1 , t = t2 th
Z Zt2
Pdx + Qdy = P ( x (t) , y (t)) .x 0 (t) + Q ( x (t) , y (t)) y0 (t) dt (7 )
c
AB t1
82
2. Tch phn ng loi II 83
Bi tp
Z
Bi tp 4.4. Tnh x2 2xy dx + 2xy y2 dy, trong AB
c l cung parabol y = x2 t
c
AB
A (1, 1) n B (2, 4).
Li gii. p dng cng thc (5) ta c:

Z2 h i
2 3 3 4 41
I= x 2x + 2x x .2x dx = .
30
1

Z x = a(t sin t)
Bi tp 4.5. Tnh x2 2xy dx + 2xy y2 dy trong C l ng cong
y = a(1 cos t)
C
theo chiu tng ca t, 0 t 2, a > 0.

x 0 (t) = a(1 cos t)
Li gii. Ta c nn:
y0 (t) = a sin t
Z2
I= {[2a(t sin t) a(1 cos t)] a(1 cos t) + a(t sin t).a sin t} dt
0
Z2
2
=a [(2t 2) + sin 2t + (t 2) sin t (2t 2) cos t]dt
0
Z2
= a2 [(2t 2) + t sin t 2t cos t]dt
0

= a2 4 2 6 .
Z
Bi tp 4.6. Tnh 2 x2 + y2 dx + x (4y + 3) dy ABCA l ng gp khc i qua
ABCA
A(0, 0), B(1, 1), C(0, 2).
y
C
1 B
O
A 1 x
Hnh 4.6
83

phng trnh ng thng AB : x = y

Li gii. Ta c phng trnh ng thng BC : x = 2 y nn

phng trnh ng thng CA : x = 0
Z Z Z
I= ... + ... + ...
AB BC CA
Z1 h i Z2 h i
= 2
2 y +y 2
+ y (4y + 3) dy + 2 (2 y)2 + y2 . (1) + (2 y) (4y + 3) dy + 0
0 1
=3
Z
Bi tp 4.7. Tnh trong ABCDA l ng gp khc qua A(1, 0), B(0, 1), C(1, 0), D (0
dx + dy
| x |+|y|
ABCDA
y
1B
C O 1
A x
Hnh 4.7
Li gii. Ta c

AB : x + y = 1 dx + dy = 0

BC : x y = 1 dx = dy

CD : x + y = 1 dx + dy = 0

DA : x y = 1 dx = dy
nn
Z Z Z Z
I= ... + ... + ... +
AB BC CD DA
Z Z
2dx 2dx
= 0+ +0+
x+y xy
BC DA
Z1 Z1
= 2dx + 2dx
0 0
=0
84

x = t sin t
Z

4
x 2 + y2
Bi tp 4.8. Tnh 2 dx + dy trong y = t cos t theo chiu tng ca t.

C
0 t 2
4

x = u2 sin u x 0 (u) = 2u sin u + u2 cos u
Li gii. t u = t0 u ,
y = u2 cos u y0 (u) = 2u cos u u2 sin u

Z2 h i
u 2 2
I= 2u sin u + u cos u + 2u cos u u sin u du
2
0
Z 3
u
= + 2u cos udu
2
0
3
= 2 + 2
2
2.3 Cng thc Green.

Hng dng ca ng cong kn: Nu ng ly tch phn l ng cong kn th
ta quy c hng dng ca ng cong l hng sao cho mt ngi i dc theo ng
cong theo hng y s nhn thy min gii hn bi n gn pha mnh nht nm v pha
bn tri.
y
C
O x
Gi s D R2 l min n lin, lin thng, b chn vi bin gii D l ng cong kn vi

hng dng, hn na P, Q cng cc o hm ring cp mt ca chng lin tc trn D.
Khi Z ZZ
Q P
Pdx + Qdy = dxdy
x y
C D
Ch :
85
Z ZZ
Q P
Nu D c hng m th Pdx + Qdy = dxdy
x y
C D
Trong nhiu bi ton, nu C l ng cong khng kn, ta c th b sung C c

ng cong kn v p dng cng thc Green.
Z
Bi tp 4.9. Tnh cc tch phn sau ( xy + x + y) dx + ( xy + x y) dy bng hai cch:
C
tnh trc tip, tnh nh cng thc Green ri so snh cc kt qu, vi C l ng:
a) x2 + y2 = R2
O x
Hnh 4.9 a
Cch1: Tnh trc tip Cch

2: S dng cng thc Green
x = R cos t P( x, y) = xy + x + y
t 0 t Q P
x y = y x
y = R sin t Q( x, y) = xy + x y
ZZ
I = ... I = (y x ) dxdy
Z2 x 2 + y2 6 R 2
R3 ZZ ZZ
= (cos t cos 2t + sin t cos 2t) dt
2 = ydxdy xdxdy
0
x 2 + y2 6 R 2 x 2 + y2 6 R 2
=0
=0
b) x2 + y2 = 2x
O x
86
Hnh 4.9 b
Cch1: Tnh trc tip. Ta c x + y = 2x ( x 1) + y = 1 nn

2 2 2 2
x = 1 + cos t
t , 0 t 2
y = sin t
Z2
I= {[(1 + cos t) sin t + 1 + cos t + sin t] ( sin t) + [(1 + cos t) sin t + 1 + cos t sin t] cos t}dt
0
Z2
2 2 2 2
= 2 sin t + cos t cos t sin t + cos t sin t cos t sin t + cos t sin t dt
0
= ...
=
Cch 2: S dng cng thc Green.

P( x, y) = xy + x + y
Ta c: Q
x
P
y = yx
Q( x, y) = xy + x y

ZZ x = r cos
I = (y x ) dxdy, t ,
y = r sin 2 2
( x 1) 2 + y2 61

Z2 cos
2Z
I= d (r sin 1 r cos )rdr

2 0

Z2
1 2
= (sin cos ) .4 cos 2 cos d
2
2
y2
c) x2
a2
+ b2
= 1, (a, b > 0)
87
Cch 1: Tnh trc tip

Cch 2: S dng cng thc Green

P( x, y) = xy + x + y
x = a cos t 0 t 2

Q P
x y = y x
t x 0 (t) = a sin t Q( x, y) = xy + x y
y = b sin t

y0 (t) = b cos t ZZ
I = (y x ) dxdy
I = ... x2 y2
+ 2 61
a2 b
Z2 ZZ ZZ
2 2 = ydxdy xdxdy
= ab sin t + ab cos t dt
0 x 2 + y 2 61 x 2 + y 2 61
a2 b2 a2 b2
=0
=0
Z y
Bi tp 4.10. Tnh x2 y + x
4 dy y2 x + 4 dx.
x2 + y2 =2x
O x
Hnh 4.10
Li gii. p dng cng thc Green ta c:

Z Z Z Z
Q P 3 2 3 2 3 2
I= dxdy = 4xy + x + y dxdy = x + y dxdy v
2
4xydxdy = 0
x y 4 4 4
D D D D

x = r cos
t , ta c 2 2 , 0 r 2 cos . Vy
y = r sin

Z2 cos
2Z Z2
3 3 9
I= d r2 .rdr = 4 cos4 =
4 4 8
2 0 2
H
Bi tp 4.11. Tnh e x [(1 cos y ) dx (y sin y) dy] trong OABO l ng gp
OABO
khc O(0, 0), A(1, 1), B(0, 2)
88
y
B
1 A
O
1 x
Hnh 4.11

P ( x, y) = e x (1 cos y)
Li gii. t Q
x
P
y = e x y.
Q ( x, y) = e x (y sin y)
p dng cng thc Green ta c:
ZZ
I= e x ydxdy
D
Z1 2Z x
= dx e x ydy
0 x
Z1
1
= e x (4x 4) dx
2
0
= 4 2e
H
Bi tp 4.12. Tnh ( xy + e x sin x + x + y) dx ( xy ey + x sin y) dy
x2 + y2 =2x
O x
Hnh 4.12

P ( x, y) = xy + e x sin x + x + y
Li gii. t Q
x
P
y = y x 2.
Q ( x, y) = xy ey + x sin y
89
ZZ
I= y x 2dxdy
D
ZZ ZZ
= x 2dxdy v ydxdy = 0
D D

x = r cos
t , 0 r 2 cos
y = r sin 2 2

Z2 cos
2Z
= d (r cos 2) rdr
2 0
= 3
H 3
Bi tp 4.13. Tnh xy4 + x2 + y cos xy dx + x3 + xy2 x + x cos xy dy
C
x = a cos t
trong C ( a > 0 ).
y = a sin t
O x
Hnh 4.13

P ( x, y) = xy4 + x2 + y cos xy
Li gii. t Q
x
P
y = x2 + y2 4xy3 1.
Q ( x, y) = x3 + xy2 x + x cos xy
3
90

ZZ
I= x2 + y2 4xy3 1dxdy
D
ZZ ZZ
= x + y 1dxdy v
2 2
4xy3 dxdy = 0
D D

x = r cos
t 0 2, 0 ra
y = r sin
Z2 Za
2
= d r 1 rdr
0 0
4
a 2
= a
2
2.4 ng dng ca tch phn ng loi II

p dng cng thc Green cho hm s P( x, y), Q( x, y) tho mn Q
x P
y = 1 ta c:
ZZ Z
S (D) = 1dxdy = Pdx + Qdy
D D
Z
Ly P( x, y) = 0, Q( x, y) = x th S ( D ) = xdy
D
Z
Ly P( x, y) = y, Q( x, y) = 0 th S ( D ) = ydx
D
Z
Ly P( x, y) = 1
2 x, Q ( x, y) = 1
2y th S ( D ) = 1
2 xdy ydx
D
Bi tp4.14. Dng tch phn ng loi II, tnh din tch ca min gii hn bi mt nhp
x = a(t sin t)
xycloit v Ox (a > 0).
y = a(1 cos t)
y m
A
O n 2 x
91
Hnh 4.14
Li gii. p dng cng thc
Z Z Z Z0
S( D ) = xdy = xdy + xdy = a ( t sin t) .a sin tdt = 3a2
D AmO OnA 2
2.5 iu kin tch phn ng khng ph thuc

ng ly tch phn.
Gi s rng D l min n lin, lin thng, P, Q cng vi cc o hm ring cp mt
ca chng lin tc trn D. Khi bn mnh sau l tng ng:
Q P
1. = vi mi ( x, y) D.
x y
Z
2. Pdx + Qdy = 0 vi mi ng cong ng kn L nm trong D.
L
Z
3. Pdx + Qdy = 0 khng ph thuc vo ng i t A nB, vi mi ng cong AB
AB
nm trong D.
4. Pdx + Qdy l vi phn ton phn. Ngha l c hm s u( x, y) sao cho du = Pdx + Qdy.
Hm u c th c tm theo cng thc:
Zx Zy Zx Zy
u( x, y) = P( x, y0 )dx + Q( x, y)dy = P( x, y)dx + Q( x0 , y)dy
x0 y0 x0 y0
Gii bi ton tnh tch phn ng khng ph thuc ng i:
1. Kim tra iu kin Py = Q x .

0 0
(1 )
2. Nu iu kin (1) c tho mn v ng ly tch phn l ng cong kn th I = 0.
3. Nu iu kin (1) c tho mn v cn tnh tch phn trn cung AB khng ng

th ta chn ng tnh tch phn sao cho vic tnh tch phn l n gin nht, thng
thng ta chn l ng thng ni A vi B, hoc ng gp khc c cc cnh song
song vi cc trc to . Mt khc, nu tm c hm F sao cho du = Pdx + Qdy th
I = u ( B ) u ( A ).
92
(Z3,0)

Bi tp 4.15. Tnh x4 + 4xy3 dx + 6x2 y2 5y4 dy.
(2,1)
2 B
O x
A 1 C
Hnh 4.15
0 0
Li gii. Nhn xt rng x4 + 4xy3 y = 6x2 y2 5y4 x nn tch phn cho khng ph
thuc vo ng i. Vy ta chn ng i l ng gp khc ACB nh hnh v.
Z Z
I= Pdx + Qdy + Pdx + Qdy = 62
AC CB
(Z
2, )

y2 y
Bi tp 4.16. Tnh
y y y
1 x2
cos x dx + sin x + x cos x dy
(1, )
y
2 B
O 1 2 x
Hnh 4.16
P = 1 y2 cos y
y2
Li gii. t sin x nn tch phn
x2 x Q 2y y y
P
y = x = x2 cos x + x3
Q = sin y + y cos y
x x x
cho khng ph thuc vo ng i t A n B. Khi ta chn ng ly tch phn l
ng thng AB, n c phng trnh y = x.
Z2 Z2
2
I= 1 cos dx + (sin + cos ) dx = 1
1 1
93
94
CHNG 5
TCH PHN MT
1. T CH PHN MT LOI I
1.1 nh ngha
Cho hm s f ( x, y, z) xc nh trn mt cong S. Chia mt cong S thnh n mt nh
n
S1 , S2 , . . . , Sn . Trn mi Si ly mt im Mi bt k. Gii hn, nu c, ca tng f ( Mi )Si
i =1
khi n v max d(Si ) 0 khng ph thuc vo cch chia mt cong S v cch chn
1 i n
cc im Mi c gi l tch phn mt loi I ca hm s f ( M) trn mt cong S, k hiu l
ZZ
f ( x, y, z)dS.
S
1.2 Cc cng thc tnh tch phn mt loi I

Gi s S l mt c cho bi phng trnh z = z( x, y); (( x, y) D R2 ), hay l hnh
chiu ca S ln mt phng Oxy l D, z( x, y) cng vi cc o hm ring ca chng
lin tc trn D. Khi
s
ZZ ZZ z 2 z 2
f ( x, y, z)dS = f ( x, y, z( x, y)) 1+ + dxdy
x y
S D
1.3 Bi tp
ZZ
Bi tp 5.1. Tnh dS trong S = ( x, y, z) | x2 +
4y y
z + 2x + 3 3 + 4z = 1, x > 0, y > 0, z > 0
S
95
96 Chng 5. Tch phn mt
O B y
x
Hnh 5.1
Li gii. Ta c hnh chiu ca mt S ln mt phng Oxy l

n x y o n x o
D = ( x, y) | + 6 1, x > 0, y > 0 = ( x, y) |0 6 x 6 2, 0 6 y 6 3 1
2 3 2

p = z 0 = 2 p
Mt khc z = 4(1 2 3 ) 2 + q2 dxdy = 61 dxdy nn
x y x
dS = 1 + p 3
q = z0 = 4
y 3
ZZ Z2 3Z 3x
x y
2
4y 61 61
I= 4 1 + 2x + dxdy = 4 dx dy = 4 61
2 3 3 3 3
D 0 0
ZZ
Bi tp 5.2. Tnh x2 + y2 dS, S = ( x, y, z) |z = z2 + y2 , 0 6 z 6 1 .
S
1 O 1 y
x
Hnh 5.2
96
1. Tch phn mt loi I 97

Li gii. Ta c hnh chiu
ca mt cong ln mt phng Oxy l D = ( x, y ) | x 2 + y2 6 1
p = z0 = 2x
Mt khc, z = x + y nn
2 2 x
q = z0 = 2y
y
ZZ q
2 2
I= x +y 1 + 4x2 + 4y2 dxdy
D

x = r cos
t 0 2, 0 r 1
y = r sin
Z2 Z1 p
I= d r2 1 + 4r2 rdr
0 0
Z1 p

= r2 1 + 4r2 d 1 + 4r2
4
0
Z5
t 1
= tdt tt = 1 + 4r2
4 4
1
!
20 5 4
= +
16 3 15
97
2. T CH PHN MT LOI II
2.1 nh hng mt cong

Cho mt cong S trong khng gian. Ti mi im M chnh quy ca mt cong S c hai
vect php tuyn n v l

n v

n.
Nu c th chn c ti mi im M ca mt mt vect php tuyn n v n sao cho

vect n bin thin lin tc trn S th ta ni mt S nh hng c. Khi ta chn
mt hng lm hng dng th hng cn li c gi l hng m.
Ngc li, th mt S gi l khng nh hng c. V d nh l Mobius.
2.2 nh ngha tch phn mt loi II

Cho mt mt cong nh hng S trong min V R3 v n = (cos , cos , cos ) l
vct php tuyn n v theo hng dng chn ca S ti im M( x, y, z). Gi trng

vect F ( M) = ( P ( M) , Q ( M) , R ( M)) bin thin lin tc trn V, ngha l cc to
P ( M) , Q ( M) , R ( M) ca n l nhng hm s lin tc trn V. Chia mt S thnh n mt
cong nh, gi tn v c din tch ca chng ln lt l S1 , S2 , ..., Sn . Trn mi Si ly
mt im Mi bt k v gi vect php tuyn n v theo hng dng chn ca n l ni =
n
(cos i , cos i , cos i ). Gii hn, nu c, ca tng [ P ( Mi ) cos i + Q ( Mi ) cos i + R ( Mi ) cos i ]Si
i =1
c gi l tch phn mt loi II ca cc hm s P ( x, y, z) , Q (x, y, z) , R ( x, y, z) trn mt S,
v c k hiu l:
ZZ
P( x, y, z)dydz + Q( x, y, z)dzdx + R( x, y, z)dxdy
S
2.3 Cc cng thc tnh tch phn mt loi II

Gi s ZZ ZZ ZZ
I= Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy .
S S S
| {z } | {z } | {z }
I1 I2 I3
Ngi ta tnh tch phn mt loi II bng cch a v tch phn kp. Chng hn xt tch
phn I3 . Gi s mt S c phng trnh z = z( x, y), z( x, y) cng vi cc o hm ring ca
chng lin tc trn min D l hnh chiu ca S ln mt phng Oxy. Khi :
98
2. Tch phn mt loi II 99
Nu vect php tuyn n v theo hng dng

n to vi Oz mt gc nhn th
ZZ ZZ
Rdxdy = R ( x, y, z ( x, y)) dxdy
S D
Nu vect php tuyn n v theo hng dng

n to vi Oz mt gc t th
ZZ ZZ
Rdxdy = R ( x, y, z ( x, y)) dxdy
S D
Tng t nh vy chng ta c th a I1 , I2 v tch phn kp.
Bi tp
ZZ
Bi tp 5.3. Tnh z x2 + y2 dxdy, trong S l na mt cu x2 + y2 + z2 = 1, z > 0,
S
hng ca S l pha ngoi mt cu.
z

n ( x, y, z)
O y
D: x2 + z2 a2
x Hnh 5.3
p
Li gii. Ta c mt z = 1 x2 y2 , hnh chiu ca S ln mt phng Oxy l min D :
x2 + y2 1, hn na

n to vi Oz mt gc nhn nn:
ZZ q
2 2 2 2
I= 1 x y x + y dxdy
D

x = r cos
t 0 2, 0 r 1
y = r sin
Z2 Z1 p
= d 1 r2 r3 dr
0 0
4
=
15
99
ZZ
y2
Bi tp 5.4. Tnh ydxdz + z2 dxdy trong S l pha ngoi mt x2 + 4 + z2 = 1, x >
S
0, y > 0, z > 0.
z

n ( x, y, z)
O y
x Hnh 5.4
ZZ
Li gii. Tnh I1 = ydxdz
S

Mt S : y = 2 1 x2 z2
Hnh chiu ca S ln Oxz l 1

4 hnh trn, D1 : x2 + z2 1, x 0, z 0.
= (

n , Oy l gc nhn.
nn:
ZZ p
I= 2 1 x2 z2 dxdz
D1

x = r cos
t 0 ,0 r 1
z = r sin 2

Z2 Z1 p
= d 2 1 r2 rdr
0 0

=
3
ZZ
Tnh I2 = z2 dxdy
S
y2
Mt S : z2 = 1 x2 4
y2
Hnh chiu ca S ln Oxz l 1
4 elip, D2 : x2 + 4 1, x 0, y 0.
= (

n , Oz l gc nhn.
100
nn:
ZZ
y2
I= 1 x2 dxdy
4
D2

x = r cos
t 0 , 0 r 1, J = 2r
y = 2r sin 2

Z2 Z1
= d (1 r2 )2rdr
0 0

=
4
Vy I = 7
12
ZZ
Bi tp 5.5. Tnh x2 y2 zdxdy trong S l mt trn ca na mt cu x2 + y2 + z2 =
S
R 2 , z 0.
O y
x
Hnh 5.5
Li gii. Ta c:
p
Mt S : z = R2 x 2 y 2
Hnh chiu ca S ln Oxy l hnh trn, D : x2 + y2 R2 .
= (

n , Oz) l gc nhn.
101
nn:
ZZ q
2 2
I= x y R2 x2 y2 dxdy
D
x = r cos
t 0 2, 0 r R, J = r
y = r sin
Z2 ZR p
I= d sin2 cos2 R2 r2 .r5 dr
0 0
2R7
=
105
2.4 Cng thc Ostrogradsky, Stokes

Gi s P, Q, R l cc hm kh vi, lin tc trn min b chn, o c trong V R3 . V
gii hn bi mt cong kn S trn hay trn tng mnh, khi :
ZZ ZZZ
P Q R
Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy = + + dxdydz
x y z
S V
trong tch phn v tri ly theo hng php tuyn ngoi.

Ch :
Nu tch phn v tri ly theo hng php tuyn trong th
ZZ ZZZ
P Q R
Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy = + + dxdydz
x y z
S V
Nu mt cong S khng kn, c th b sung thnh mt cong S0 kn p dng cng

thc Ostrogradsky, ri tr i phn b sung.
ZZ
Bi tp 5.6. Tnh xdydz + ydzdx + zdxdy trong S l pha ngoi ca mt cu x2 +
S
y2 + z2 = a2 .
102

n ( x, y, z)
O y
x Hnh 5.6
Li gii. p dng cng thc Ostrogradsky ta c

ZZ ZZZ
xdydz + ydzdx + zdxdy = 3dxdydz = 3V = 4a2
S V
ZZ
Bi tp 5.7. Tnh x3 dydz + y3 dzdx + z3 dxdy trong S l pha ngoi ca mt cu x2 +
S
y 2 + z 2 = R2 .
Li gii. Xem hnh v 5.6, p dng cng thc Ostrogradsky ta c:

ZZZ
I= 3 x2 + y2 + z2 dxdydz
V

x = r sin cos
0 2

t y = r sin sin 0 , J = r2 sin

z = r cos
0 r R
Z2 Z ZR
I=3 d d r4 sin dr
0 0 0
12R5
=
5
103
ZZ
Bi tp 5.8. Tnh y2 zdxdy + xzdydz + x2 ydxdz trong S l pha ngoi ca min x
S
0, y 0, x2 + y2 1, z x2 + y2 .
O y
x
Hnh 5.8
Li gii. p dng cng thc Ostrogradsky ta c:

ZZZ
I= y2 + z + x2 dxdydz
V

x = r cos
0
2
t y = r sin 0r1 , J = r

z = z
0 z r 2
2
Z2 Z1 Zr
= d dr r2 + z rdr
0 0 0

=
8
ZZ
Bi tp 5.9. Tnh xdydz + ydzdx + zdxdy trong S l pha ngoi ca min (z 1)2 6
S
x2 + y2 , a 6 z 6 1, a > 0.
104
a
y
a1 O 1a
Hnh 5.9
Li gii. p dng cng thc Ostrogradsky ta c:
ZZZ
1
I= 3dxdydz = 3V = 3. Bh = (1 a)3
3
V
2.5 Cng thc lin h gia tch phn mt loi I v loi

II
ZZ
[ P( x, y, z) cos + Q( x, y, z) cos + R( x, y, z) cos ] dS
(5.1)
S
ZZ
= P( x, y, z)dydz + Q( x, y, z)dzdx + R( x, y, z)dxdy
S
trong cos , cos , cos l cosin ch phng ca vct php tuyn n v ca mt S.
Bi tp 5.10. Gi S l phn mt cu x2 + y2 + z2 = 1 nm trong mt tr x2 + x + z2 =

0, y 0, hng S pha ngoi. Chng minh rng
ZZ
( x y)dxdy + (y z)dydz + (z x )dxdz = 0
S
105
1 O 1
x
Hnh 5.10
p
Li gii. Ta c y = 1 x2 y2 nn vct php tuyn ca S l

n = (y0x , 1, y0z ). V
(

n , Oy) < 2 nn

x z
n = (y0x , 1, y0z ) = , 1,
1 x 2 z2 1 x 2 z2
q
Do |
x2
. Vy
2
n|= 1 x 2 z2
+ 1 + 1 xz2 z2 = 1
1 x 2 z2

n1

cos = cos(

n , Ox ) =
=x

|n|
n2
cos = cos(

n , Oy) =
=y

|n|

n3

cos = cos( n , Oz) = =z
|

n|
p dng cng thc lin h gia tch phn mt loi I v II 5.1 ta c

ZZ
I= [( x y) cos + (y z) cos + (z x ) cos ] dS
S
ZZ
= ( x y)z + (y z) x + (z x )ydS
S
=0
106
CHNG 6
L THUYT TRNG
1. T RNG V HNG
1.1 nh ngha
nh ngha 6.3. Cho l mt tp con m ca R3 (hoc R2 ). Mt hm s
u:R
( x, y, z) 7 u = u( x, y, z)
c gi l mt trng v hng xc nh trn .
Cho c R, khi mt S = {( x, y, z) |u( x, y, z) = c} c gi l mt mc ng vi gi tr

c (ng tr).
1.2 o hm theo hng

nh ngha 6.4. Cho u = u( x, y, z) l mt trng v hng xc nh trn v M0 .

Vi l l mt vct khc khng bt k v M( x, y, z) sao cho M0 M cng phng vi l , t
p

( x x )2 + ( y y )2 + ( z z )2
0 0 0 nu M0 M l
= p (6.1)
( x x0 )2 + (y y0 )2 + (z z0 )2 nu
M0 M l
4u
Gii hn (nu c) ca t s lim c gi l o hm theo hng l ti M0 ca trng
0
u
v hng u v c k hiu l ( M0 ).
l
Ch :
107
108 Chng 6. L thuyt trng
Gii hn trong cng thc 6.1 c th c thay bng

u( x0 + t cos , y0 + t cos , z0 + t cos ) u( x0 , y0 , z0 )
lim ,
t 0 t

trong cos , cos , cos l cc cosin ch phng ca l .

Nu l Ox th u
( M0 ) = x ( M0 ).
u
l

o hm theo hng l ti im M0 ca trng v hng u th hin tc bin

thin ca trng v hng u ti M0 theo hng l .
nh l 6.16. Nu u = u( x, y, z) kh vi ti M( x0 , y0 , z0 ) th n c o hm theo mi hng
l 6= 0 ti M0 v
u u u u
( M0 ) = x ( M0 ). cos + y ( M0 ). cos + z ( M0 ). cos , (6.2)
l

trong cos , cos , cos l cc cosin ch phng ca l .
1.3 Gradient
nh ngha 6.5. Cho u( x, y, z) l trng v hng c cc o hm ring ti M0 ( x0 , y0 , z0 ).
Ngi ta gi gradient ca u ti M0 l vct

u u u
( M0 ), ( M0 ), ( M0 )
x y z

v c k hiu l gradu( M0 ).
nh l 6.17. Nu trng v hng u( x, y, z) kh vi ti M0 th ti ta c

u
( M0 ) = gradu.~l
~l
u
Ch : ( M0 ) th hin tc bin thin ca trng v hng u ti M0 theo hng ~l.
~
l
u ~ ~ u
T cng thc ( M0 ) = gradu.l = gradu l . cos gradu,~l ta c ( M0 ) t gi tr ln
~l ~l
~
nht bng gradu l nu ~l c cng phng vi grad u. C th
Theo hng ~l, trng v hng u tng nhanh nht ti M0 nu ~l c cng phng, cng

hng vi grad u.
Theo hng ~l, trng v hng u gim nhanh nht ti M0 nu ~l c cng phng,

ngc hng vi grad u.
108
1. Trng v hng 109
1.4 Bi tp

Bi tp 6.1. Tnh o hm theo hng l ca u = x3 + 2y3 3z3 ti A(2, 0, 1), l =

AB, B(1, 2, 1).

Li gii. Ta c AB = (1, 2, 2) nn
1 1 u u
cos = = , = 3x2 ( A) = 12
| AB | 3 x x
2 2 u u
cos = = , = 6y2 ( A) = 0
| AB | 3 y x
2 2 u u
cos = = , = 9z2 ( A ) = 9
| AB | 3 z x
p dng cng thc 6.2 ta c
u 1 2 2
( A) = 12. 3 + 0. 3 + (9). 3 = 2
l

Bi tp 6.2. Tnh mnun ca gradu vi u = x3 + y3 + z3 3xyz ti A(2, 1, 1). Khi no th

graduOz, khi no gradu = 0.
Li gii. Ta c

u u u
gradu = , , = (3x2 = 3yz, 3y2 3zx, 3z2 3xy)
x y z

nn gradu = (9, 3, 3) v gradu = 92 + 32 + 32 = 3 11.
D E u
graduOz gradu, k = 0 x = 0 z2 = xy

x2 = yz

gradu = 0 y2 = zx x=y=z

z2 = xy
p
Bi tp 6.3. Tnh gradu vi u = r2 + 1r + ln r v r = x2 + y2 + z2 .
Bi tp 6.4. Theo hng no th s bin thin ca hm s u = x sin z y cos z t gc to

O(0, 0) l ln nht?
109

u ~ ~ u
Li gii. T cng thc (O) = gradu.l = gradu l . cos gradu, l ta c (O) t gi
~
~l
~l
~
tr ln nht bng gradu l nu ~l c cng phng vi gradu(O) = (0, 1, 0).
p p
Bi tp 6.5. Tnh gc gia hai vct gradz ca cc hm z = x2 + y2 , z = x 3y + 3xy
ti M(3, 4).
Li gii. Ta c

nn gradz1 ( M) = 53 , 45 .
y
gradz1 = 2x 2 ,
x +y x 2 + y2

3y
gradz2 = 1+ , 3 + 3x
2 x 2 y nn gradz2 ( M) = 2, 94 . Vy
D E
gradz1 , gradz2 12

cos = =
gradz1 . gradz2 5 145
110
2. Trng vct 111
2. T RNG VCT
2.1 nh ngha
Cho l mt min m trong R3 . Mt hm vct

F : R3

M 7 F = F ( M ),
trong

F = Fx ( M) i + Fy ( M) j + Fz ( M) k
2.2 Thng lng, dive, trng ng

a. Thng lng: Cho S l mt mt nh hng v F l mt trng vct. i lng
ZZ
= Fx dydz + Fy dzdx + Fz dxdy (6.3)
S

c gi l thng lng ca F i qua mt cong S.

b. Dive: Cho F l mt trng vct c thnh phn Fx , Fy , Fz l cc hm s c o hm
Fy

x + y + z c gi l dive ca trng vct F v k hiu
ring cp mt th tng Fx Fz

l div F .

c. Trng vct F xc nh trn c gi l mt trng ng nu div F ( M) = 0 vi
mi M .

Tnh cht: Nu F l mt trng ng th thng lng i vo bng thng lng i ra.
2.3 Hon lu, vct xoy

a. Hon lu: Cho C l mt ng cong (c th kn hoc khng kn) trong khng gian.
i lng Z
Fx dx + Fy dy + Fz dz (6.4)
C

c gi l hon lu ca F dc theo ng cong C.
b. Vct xoy: Vct

i j k

rot F := x y z
Fx Fy Fz
111

c gi l vct xoy (hay vct rota) ca trng vct F .
2.4 Trng th - hm th v

Trng vct F c gi l trng th (trn ) nu tn ti trng v hng u sao cho

gradu = F (trn ). Khi hm u c gi l hm th v.

nh l 6.18. iu kin cn v trng vct F = F ( M) l mt trng th (trn

) l rot F ( M) = 0 vi mi M .

Ch : Nu F l trng th th hm th v u c tnh theo cng thc
Zx Zy Zz
u= Fx ( x, y0 , z0 )dx + Fy ( x, y, z0 )dy + Fz ( x, y, z)dz + C (6.5)
x0 y0 z0
2.5 Bi tp
Bi tp 6.6. Trong cc trng sau, trng no l trng th?

a.

a = 5( x2 4xy) i + (3x2 2y) j + k .

b.

a = yz i + xz j + xy k .

c.

a = ( x + y) i + ( x + z) j + (z + x ) k .
Li gii. a. Ta c
!

y z x , x y
rot
a = , z = (0, 0, 6x 20y) 6= 0
Q R R P P Q
nn trng cho khng phi l trng th.

b. Ngoi cch tnh rot
a , sinh vin c th d dng nhn thy tn ti hm th v u = xyz

nn a l trng th.
c. Ta c
!

y z x , x y
rot
a = , z = (0, 0, 0)
Q R R P P Q
112
2. Trng vct 113
nn

a l trng th. Hm th v c tnh theo cng thc 6.5:
Zx Zy Zz
u= Fx (t, y0 , z0 )dt + Fy ( x, t, z0 )dt + Fz ( x, y, t)dt + C
x0 y0 z0
Zx Zy Zz
= tdt + ( x + 0)dt + (t + y)dt + C
0 0 0
x2 z2
= + xy + + yz + C
2 2

Bi tp 6.7. Cho F = xz2 i + 2 j + zy2 k . Tnh thng lng ca F qua mt cu S :
x2 + y2 + z2 = 1 hng ra ngoi.
Li gii. Theo cng thc tnh thng lng 6.3 ta c

ZZ
= xz2 dydz + yx2 dxdz + zy2 dxdy
S
p dng cng thc Ostrogradsky ta c

ZZZ
= ( x2 + y2 + z2 )dxdydz
V

x = r sin cos
0 2

Thc hin php i bin trong to cu y = r sin sin , 0 , J = r2 sin

z = r cos
0 r 1
ta c
Z2 Z Z1
4
= d d r2 .r2 sin dr =
5
0 0 0

Bi tp 6.8. Cho F = x (y + z) i + y(z + x ) j + z( x + y) k v L l giao tuyn ca mt

tr x2 + y2 + y = 0 v na mt cu x2 + y2 + z2 = 2, z 0. Chng minh rng lu s ca F
dc theo L bng 0.
Li gii. Theo cng thc tnh lu s 6.4

I
I= x (y + z)dx + y(z + x )dy + z( x + y)dz
L
113
p dng cng thc Stokes ta c

ZZ
y z x dzdx y
I= dydz + z + x dxdy
Q R R P P Q
ZZS
= (z y)dydz + ( x z)dzdx + (y x )dxdy
S
= 0 (theo bi tp 5.10).
114

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TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

VIN TON NG DNG & TIN HC

CC NG DNG CA PHP TNH VI PHN, TCH PHN BI, TCH PHN

Chng 1 . Cc ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc . . . . . . . 5

1.2 Cc tnh cht ca tch phn xc nh ph thuc tham s. . . . . . . . 63

2 Trng vct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

1. CC NG DNG CA PHP TNH VI PHN TRONG

1.1 Phng trnh tip tuyn v php tuyn ca ng

Cho ng cong ( L) xc nh bi phng trnh f ( x, y) = 0. im M ( x0 , y0 )

Phng trnh tip tuyn v php tuyn ca ng cong xc nh bi phng

1.2 cong ca ng cong.

2. Cc cng thc tnh cong ca ng cong ti mt im.

Nu ng cong cho bi phng trnh y = f ( x ) th:

Nu ng cong cho bi phng trnh trong to cc r = r () th:

1.3 Hnh bao ca h ng cong ph thuc mt tham

2. Quy tc tm hnh bao ca h ng cong ph thuc mt tham s.

nh l 1.1. Cho h ng cong F ( x, y, c) = 0 ph thuc mt tham s c. Nu h

3. Nu h ng cong cho c im k d th h phng trnh (1) bao gm hnh bao

Bi tp 1.1. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn v php tuyn vi ng cong:

a) y = x3 + 2x2 4x 3 ti (2, 5).

b) y = e1 x ti giao im ca ng cong vi ng thng y = 1 .

Li gii. Phng trnh tip tuyn y = x.

Li gii. Phng trnh tip tuyn x + 2y 10 = 0.

Bi tp 1.2. Tnh cong ca:

d. r = aeb , (a, b > 0)

Bi tp 1.3. Tm hnh bao ca h ng cong sau:

b. t F ( x, y, c) := cx2 + c2 y 1 = 0. Nu c = 0 th khng tho mn phng trnh

Do x, y 6= 0 v ta c hnh bao ca h ng cong l ng y = x4 tr im O(0, 0).

2. CC NG DNG CA PHP TNH VI PHN TRONG

2.2 Phng trnh tip tuyn v php din ca ng

Phng trnh tip tuyn ti M

Phng trnh php din ti M.

( P) : x 0 (t0 ) . ( x x (t0 )) + y0 (t0 ) . (y y (t0 )) + z0 (t0 ) . (z z ( t0 )) = 0.

2.3 Phng trnh php tuyn v tip din ca mt

Phng trnh php tuyn ti M

Phng trnh tip din ti M

c bit, nu mt cong cho bi phng trnh z = z ( x, y) th phng trnh tip din ti M

2.4 Phng trnh tip tuyn v php din ca ng

Li gii. p (t) = ( p1 (t) , p2 (t) , p3 (t)) ,

c. Chng minh tng t nh cu b, s dng cng thc o hm ca hm hp.

Bi tp 1.5. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn v php din ca ng:

Bi tp 1.6. Vit phng trnh php tuyn v tip din ca mt cong:

a) x2 4y2 + 2z2 = 6 ti im (2, 2, 3).

b) z = 2x2 + 4y2 ti im (2, 1, 12).

a. Phng trnh php tuyn: (d) : x 2 y2 z3

Phng trnh tip din: ( P) : 4 ( x 2) 16 (y 2) + 12 (z 3) = 0

b. Phng trnh php tuyn: (d) : x 2 y1 z12

c. Phng trnh php tuyn: (d) : x +1 y3 z

Bi tp 1.7. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn v php din ca ng:

Phng trnh tip tuyn (d) : x 1 y3 z4

Phng trnh php din ( P) : 21 ( x 1) 8 (y 3) + 3 (z 4) = 0

Phng trnh tip tuyn (d) : x +2 y1 z6

Phng trnh php din ( P) : 27 ( x + 2) + 27 (y 1) + 4 (z 6) = 0

Khi ta ni rng hm s f ( x, y) kh tch trong min D. Do tch phn kp khng ph

Tnh cht c bn:

Tnh cht tuyn tnh:

Tnh cht cng tnh: Nu D = D1 D2 v D1 D2 = th

1.2 Tnh tch phn kp trong h to Descartes

1. Phc tho hnh dng ca min D.

2. Nu D l min hnh ch nht ( D ) : a 6 x 6 b, c 6 y 6 d th ta c th s dng mt

3. Nu D l hnh thang cong c cch cnh song song vi Oy, ( D ) : a 6 x 6 b, ( x ) 6

4. Nu D l hnh thang cong c cch cnh song song vi Ox, ( D ) : c 6 y 6 d, (y) 6

Dng 1: i th t ly tch phn.

1. T biu thc tch phn lp, v phc tho min D.