Prepared by Asst.

Professor Mohammad (AERO)

B.S. ABDUR RAHMAN UNIVERSITY

Fluid Mechanics & Machinery (ME202) B.E.-3(MECH)
Internal Test I (19.08.2013)
Answer all the questions and dont mix-up Part-A with other answers.
Only non-programmable calculator is allowed
Part A (Marks: 5 x 2 = 10)
1. Define weight density of any liquid.
2. Discuss the disadvantage of a piezometer.
3. Why the units of viscosity are generally measured in centipoise?
4. Explain the phenomena of capillary fall in in fluids.
5. State Pascals Law.
Part B (Marks: 2 x 20 = 40)
6 (a) (i) Derive the expression for hydrostatic law. (8)
(ii) A 400 mm diameter shaft is rotating at 200 r.p.m. in a bearing of length 150 (12)
mm. if the thickness of oil film is 1.5mm and the dynamic viscosity of the oil
is 7 poise. Determine torque required to overcome friction in bearing and
power required to overcome viscous resistance
(OR)
(b) (i) Explain the different types of fluids. (8)
(ii) A square metal plate 1.8 m wide and 1.8 mm thick weighing 60 N is to be (12)
lifted through the vertical gap of 30 mm of infinite extent. The oil in the gap
has a specific gravity of 0.95 and viscosity of 3 Ns/m2. If the metal plate is to
be lifted at a constant speed of 0.12 m/s, find the force and power required.
7 (a) (i) A cylindrical tank of cross sectional area 600 mm2 and 2.6m high is filled with (12)
water up to a height of 1.5m and remaining with oil of specific gravity 0.78.
The vessel is open to atmospheric pressure. Calculate: Intensity of pressure at
the interface, Absolute and gauge pressure on the base of tank in terms of
water head, oil head and Pascal, The net force experienced by the base of tank.
Assume the atmospheric pressure = 1.0132 bar.
(ii) The diameter of the ram and the plunger of a hydraulic press are 300mm and (8)
30mm respectively. Find the weight lifted by the hydraulic press when the
force applied at the plunger is 600N.
(OR)

Page 1 of 7
Prepared by Asst. Professor Mohammad (AERO)

(b) (i) A U tube manometer containing mercury was used to find negative pressure (10)
in the pipe containing water. The right limb is open to the atmosphere. Find
the vacuum pressure in the pipe if the difference of mercury level was 100mm
and height of the water in the left limb from the centre of the pipe was found
to be 40mm below.
(ii) An inverted differential manometer is connected to two pipes A and B (12)
carrying water under pressure as shown in the figure. The fluid in the
manometer is oil of specific gravity 0.75. Determine the pressure difference
between A and B.

Page 2 of 7
Prepared by Asst. Professor Mohammad (AERO)

Answers
1. Weight density of any fluid is the weight per unit volume of the fluid. It is also a product of mass
density and gravitational acceleration.
weight density = g
2. A very high pressure cannot be measured using piezometer because it will require a very long
liquid column. Also since one of its limbs is exposed to the atmosphere, a gas pressure cannot be
measured as it doesnt make any free surface.
3. Since poise is a big unit and most of the liquids hold a small value if mentioned in poise, generally
viscosity of the fluid is mentioned in centipoise.
4. Capillary action is due to the mutual forces of cohesion and adhesion acting together. If the
cohesive forces are more than adhesive forces, liquid will be depressed if any capillary tube is
dipped into it.
5. Pascals law states that the static pressure at a point inside a fluid acts equally in all the direction.
6. (a) (i) Derivation of hydrostatic law:
By looking into the picture of the fluid
element hanging in the bulk of static fluid,
we can write the force balance equation in
the vertical direction as below:

( + ) + + ( ) = 0


+ + ( )

=0

= g

We got this by taking downward direction as positive. Taking downward as negative we
get the hydrostatic law of pressure as:

=

(a) (ii) given that:
= 400 , = 200 , = 150 , = 1.5 , = 7
Angular frequency of the shaft:
200
= 2 = 2
60

= 20.933

Page 3 of 7
Prepared by Asst. Professor Mohammad (AERO)

Radial speed of the fluid particle sticking to the circumferential surface of the shaft:
20.933 400 103
= = = 4.187 /
2 2
Velocity gradient at the circumferential surface of the shaft:
4.187
= = = 2791.11 1
1.5 103
Viscosity of the oil in SI units:

= 0.7
2
Shear stress acting at the circumferential surface of the shaft:

= = 0.7 2791.11 = 1953.78 /2

Total force acting on the shaft:
= () = 1953.78 (0.4) 150 103 = 368.09
Torque required:
400 103
= = 368.09 = .
2 2
Power required:
= = 73.618 20.933 = .
(b) (i) As far as mechanics is concerned, there are two types of fluid available in the engineering.
Newtonian fluid and non-Newtonian fluid.
Newtonian fluids are those who obey the
Newtons law of viscosity and non-
Newtonian fluids are those who dont obey
the Newtons law of viscosity. The shear
stress and strain rate relation can be written
as below:

= ( )

In the case of Newtonian fluid the index n
in the above equation is 1 and there is
straight line relation between shear stress and strain rate. For any other value of n the fluid
is said to be non-Newtonian.
(b) (ii) Given data are:

Page 4 of 7
Prepared by Asst. Professor Mohammad (AERO)

= 1.8 , = 1.8 , = 60 , = 30 , =3 ,


= 0.12 , g = 0.95

Area of the plate:
= 2 = 1.8 1.8 = 3.24 2
Assuming that the plate is lying in the centre of the gap, the oil thickness on either side of
the plate will be:
30 1.8
=( )= 103 = 0.0141
2 2
Shear stress acting on the plate will be (considering both the sides):
0.12
= ( ) = 2 (3 ) = 25.532 /2
0.0141
Total force viscous acting on the plate (considering both the sides):
= 2 = 2 25.532 3.24 = .
Force of buoyancy will be:
= g
= 0.95 1000 3.24 1.8 103 9.81
= 54.35
Total force including the weight of the plate:
= + g = 165.447 + 60 54.35 = .
Power required is:
= = 171.097 0.12 = .
7. (a) (i) Given
= 600 2 , = 2.6 , = 1.5, g = 0.78, = 1.0132
Intensity of the pressure at the interface will be affected by the oil column only. So the
pressure at the interface:
= g() = 9.81 0.78 103 (2.6 1.5) = .
It is gauge pressure. So the absolute pressure will be given by:
= 8416.98 + 1.0132 105 = .

The gauge pressure at the base of tank:

= g() + g()

Page 5 of 7
Prepared by Asst. Professor Mohammad (AERO)

= 9.81 0.78 103 (2.6 1.5) + 9.81 103 1.5

= .
The gauge pressure at the base in the terms of water head:
23218.308
= = 3 = .
(g) 10 9.81
The gauge pressure at the base in terms of oil head:
23218.308
= = = .
(g) 0.78 103 9.81
Now the absolute pressure at the base:
= + = 23218.308 + 1.0132 105 = .
Absolute pressure at the base in terms of water head:
124538.308
= = = .
(g) 103 9.81
Absolute pressure at the base in the terms of oil head:
124538.308
= = = .
(g) 0.78 103 9.81
Net force acting on the base of the tank:
= = 124538.308 600 106 = .
(a) (ii) Given data are:
= 300 , = 30 , = 600 , =?
Area of the ram:
2 3.14 (300 103 )2
= = = 0.07065 2
4 4
Area of the plunger:
2 3.14 (30 103 )2
= = = 0.0007065 2
4 4
Pressure created in the fluid connecting plunger to the ram:
600
= = = 849256.9
0.0007065
Weight lifted on the ram side:
= = 849256.9 0.07065 =
(b) (i) Given data are:
Page 6 of 7
Prepared by Asst. Professor Mohammad (AERO)

= 40 , g = 100
On taking the level to the lower level of the mercury, we can write that:
+ (g) + (g)g =
+ 1000 9.81 40 103 + 13.6 1000 9.81 100 103 =
= (392.4 + 13341.6) =
(b) (ii) With the given data in the picture we can write that:
1 450 103 + 200 103 0.75 + 450 103 = 2
2 1 =
Above is the pressure difference between the pressures in both the pipes in the terms of
pressure head of water. In the Pascal unit the pressure difference will be:
2 1 = 150 103 9.81 1000 = .

Page 7 of 7