PHYSICS 71

71
Chapter 3 Motion in Two or Three Dimensions

07 Projectile Motion

National Institute of Physics

College of Science
University of the Philippines Diliman
Objectives
At the end of this session, you should be able to:
u Describe the characteristics of a projectile.

71
u Discuss the consequences of the independence of vertical
and horizontal components of projectile motion.
u Solve problems involving projectile motion.
 Projectile
model, 15 The Motion
trajectory of an idealized
y) Athat projectile.
projectile is any body in 1D, 2D or 3D that is influenced by
resist-
gravity only.
A projectile moves in a vertical plane that
as lim- S

71
contains the initial velocity vector v0.
S
-range
Examples Its trajectory depends only on v0 and
heless,
A baseball thrownonforward
the downward acceleration due to gravity.
y
of this
ng air S Trajectory
v0
S
a
by the ax 5 0, ay 5 2g
due to x
O

Figs: see credits

Projectile Motion
A projectile is any body in 1D, 2D or 3D that is influenced by
gravity only.

71
Examples

Parabolic shape of water

flowing upward Package dropped off an airplane
Figs: see credits
Projectile Motion
A projectile is any body in 1D, 2D or 3D that is influenced by
gravity only.

71
Assumptions
u Neglect air resistance
u Ignore the curvature and rotation of the earth
 Projectile Motion
del, 15 The trajectory of an idealized
projectile
hatAgravity is any body in 1D, 2D or 3D that is influenced by
projectile.
only.
ist- A projectile moves in a vertical plane that

71
im- S
contains the initial velocity vector v0.
S
nge Its trajectory depends only on v0 and
ess, on the downward acceleration due to gravity.
y
his
air S Trajectory
v0
S
a
the ax 5 0, ay 5 2g
e to x
O
 Projectile Motion
del, 15 The trajectory of an idealized
projectile
hatAgravity is any body in 1D, 2D or 3D that is influenced by
projectile.
only.
ist- A projectile moves in a vertical plane that

71
im-The projectile
contains the initial
is launched withvelocity
initial velocity
S
vectorv+0.
S
nge Its trajectory depends only on v0 and
ess, on the downward acceleration due to gravity.
y
his
air S Trajectory
v0
S
a
the ax 5 0, ay 5 2g
e to x
O
 Projectile Motion
del, 15 The trajectory of an idealized
projectile
hatAgravity is any body in 1D, 2D or 3D that is influenced by
projectile.
only.
ist- A projectile moves in a vertical plane that

71
im-The projectile
contains the initial
is launched withvelocity
initial velocity
S
vectorv+0.
S
ngeThe pathtaken
Its trajectory dependsisonly
by the projectile on v0 and
its trajectory.
ess, on the downward acceleration due to gravity.
y
his
air S Trajectory
v0
S
a
the ax 5 0, ay 5 2g
e to x
O
Fig: University Physics 13th Ed, H. Young and R.
Freedman, Pearson Education 2014
 time, both balls have the same y-position, y-coordinates separately. The x-componen
y-velocity, and y-acceleration, despite hav- y-component is constant and equal to -g.
Independence of x and y
ing different x-positions and x-velocities. with our choice of coordinate directions, ay
jectile motion as a combination of horizont
The red ball is dropped from rest,
vertical
and motion
the yellow with
ball is constant acceleration.
different x-motion
simultaneously but identical y-motion; on
projected
horizontally.
projected horizontally, but both projectiles fa

71
We can then express all the vector relat
velocity, and acceleration by separate equa
S
components. The components of a are
Richard Megna/Fundamental Photographs

x = 0 in this
Successive aimages ay = - g (projecti
stroboscopic photograph are
Since thebyx-acceleration
separated and y-acceleratio
equal time intervals.
relevant equations directly. For example, su
is at the point (x0 , y0) and that at this time
tial values v0x and v0y . The components o
Considering the x-motion first, we find
At any given time, both balls have
the same y-position, y-velocity, vx = v0
and y-acceleration, despite having
different x-positions and x- x = x0 + v
velocities.
For the y-motionFig:we substitute y for x, vy for
University Physics 13 Ed, H. Young and R.
th

Freedman, Pearson Education 2014

Kinematic Equations
Independence of x and y suggests dividing the motion into
horizontal and vertical parts

71
u Horizontal Motion: Constant velocity (- = 0)

= + + +-
- = +-

u Vertical Motion: Constant acceleration (4 = )

1
= + + +4 + () :
2
4 = +4 + ()
 leration is zero, so 18 The initial velocity components v0x
Initial Velocity Components
and not zero, so vy
the projectile were
and v0y of a projectile (such as a kicked
soccer ball) are related to the initial speed
v0 and initial angle a0 .
tude v0 (the initial y
rms of these quan- S
v0

71
x
O
(19)
y
ugh (18) and set
S
v0

v0y 5 v0 sin a0
on) (20)
a0
x
ion) (21) v0x 5 v0 cos a0

on) (22)

on) (23) Fig: University Physics 13th Ed, H. Young and R.

Freedman, Pearson Education 2014
Kinematic Equations
Independence of x and y suggests dividing the motion into
horizontal and vertical parts

71
u Horizontal Motion: Constant velocity (- = 0)

= + + + cos +
- = + cos +

u Vertical Motion: Constant acceleration (4 = )

1
= + + + sin + + () :
2
4 = + sin + + ()
Trajectory
Describe the trajectory of a projectile. Assume that the
projectile starts at the origin of an x-y coordinate system.
Eliminate t in the equations for () and () to get an equation

71
relating and . Set + = + = 0
From = +- ,

=
+-
A
Substitute this to = + + +4 + () : ,
:
1 :
= +4 + ()
+- 2 +-

+4 1 :
= :
+- 2 +-
 Trajectory
Describe the trajectory of a projectile. Assume that the
en projectile
follows a path
starts at the origin of an x-y coordinate system.
and air resistance. Video Tutor 1
+4
an airplane, and a Demo
= :

71
+- :
2 +-
by a projectile is
Express velocity components in terms of magnitude and angle
idealized model, 15 The + sin +
trajectory 1 idealized
of an :
ue to gravity) that =
projectile. :
+ cos + 2 + cos : +
fects of air resist-
A projectile moves in a vertical plane: that
, this one has lim- = tan + : :

S
contains the initial 2 v
+ cos S + 0.
velocity vector
ght of long-range Its trajectory depends only on v0 and
ver.Equation on the
of a parabola:
Nevertheless, downward :
= acceleration due to gravity.
y
remainder of this
ere ignoring air S Trajectory
v0
S
a
etermined by the ax 5 0, ay 5 2g
cceleration due to x Fig: University Physics 13th Ed,
H. Young and R. Freedman,
O Pearson Education 2014
 the origin at time t = 0, along with its position, velocity

Trajectory
Video Tutor
Demo
Video Tutor
Demo
Video Tutor
Demo
17 If air resistance is negligible, the trajectory of a projectile is a combination of horizontal motion with constant velo
vertical motion with constant acceleration.
At the top of the trajectory, the projectile has zero vertical
velocity (vy 5 0), but its vertical acceleration is still 2g.
y S

71
v2
S
v1
v1y v3x v1y
a Vertically, the
v1x a v3y is in constant-
v3y S
v3 motion in resp
earths gravita
S
v0 ay 5 2g Thus its vertic
changes by eq
v0y v0y during equal t

a0
x
O v0x

v0x v1x v2x v3x

Horizontally, the projectile is in constant-velocity motion: Its horizontal acceleration

is zero, so it moves equal x-distances in equal time intervals.

0 Horizontal Motion
Fig: University Physics 13th Ed,
H. Young and R. Freedman,
Pearson Education 2014
 the origin at time t = 0, along with its position, velocity

Trajectory
Video Tutor
Demo
Video Tutor
Demo
Video Tutor
Demo
17 If air resistance is negligible, the trajectory of a projectile is a combination of horizontal motion with constant velo
vertical motion with constant acceleration.
At the top of the trajectory, the projectile has zero vertical
velocity (vy 5 0), but its vertical acceleration is still 2g.
y S

71
v2
S
v1

Vertical Motion
v1y v3x v1y
a Vertically, the
v1x a v3y is in constant-
v3y S
v3 motion in resp
earths gravita
S
v0 ay 5 2g Thus its vertic
changes by eq
v0y v0y during equal t

a0
x
O v0x

v0x v1x v2x v3x

Horizontally, the projectile is in constant-velocity motion: Its horizontal acceleration

is zero, so it moves equal x-distances in equal time intervals.

0 Horizontal Motion
Fig: University Physics 13th Ed,
H. Young and R. Freedman,
Pearson Education 2014
 the origin at time t = 0, along with its position, velocity

Trajectory
Video Tutor
Demo
Video Tutor
Demo
Video Tutor
Demo
17 If air resistance is negligible, the trajectory of a projectile is a combination of horizontal motion with constant velo
vertical motion with constant acceleration.
At the top of the trajectory, the projectile has zero vertical
velocity (vy 5 0), but its vertical acceleration is still 2g.
y S

71
v2
S
v1

Vertical Motion
v1y v3x v1y
a Vertically, the
v1x a v3y is in constant-
v3y S
v3 motion in resp
earths gravita
S
v0 ay 5 2g Thus its vertic
changes by eq
v0y v0y during equal t

a0
x
O v0x

v0x v1x v2x v3x

Horizontally, the projectile is in constant-velocity motion: Its horizontal acceleration

is zero, so it moves equal x-distances in equal time intervals.

0 Horizontal Motion
Fig: University Physics 13th Ed,
H. Young and R. Freedman,
Pearson Education 2014
 the origin at time t = 0, along with its position, velocity

Trajectory
Video Tutor
Demo
Video Tutor
Demo
Video Tutor
Demo
17 If air resistance is negligible, the trajectory of a projectile is a combination of horizontal motion with constant velo
vertical motion with constant acceleration.
At the top of the trajectory, the projectile has zero vertical
velocity (vy 5 0), but its vertical acceleration is still 2g.
y S

71
v2
S
v1

Vertical Motion
v1y v3x v1y
a Vertically, the
v1x a v3y is in constant-
v3y S
v3 motion in resp
earths gravita
S
v0 ay 5 2g Thus its vertic
changes by eq
v0y v0y during equal t

a0
x
O v0x

v0x v1x v2x v3x

Horizontally, the projectile is in constant-velocity motion: Its horizontal acceleration

is zero, so it moves equal x-distances in equal time intervals.

0 Horizontal Motion
Fig: University Physics 13th Ed,
H. Young and R. Freedman,
Pearson Education 2014
 the origin at time t = 0, along with its position, velocity

Trajectory
Video Tutor
Demo
Video Tutor
Demo
Video Tutor
Demo
17 If air resistance is negligible, the trajectory of a projectile is a combination of horizontal motion with constant velo
vertical motion with constant acceleration.
At the top of the trajectory, the projectile has zero vertical
velocity (vy 5 0), but its vertical acceleration is still 2g.
y S

71
v2
S
v1

Vertical Motion
v1y v3x v1y
a Vertically, the
v1x a v3y is in constant-
v3y S
v3 motion in resp
earths gravita
S
v0 ay 5 2g Thus its vertic
changes by eq
v0y v0y during equal t

a0
x
O v0x

v0x v1x v2x v3x

Horizontally, the projectile is in constant-velocity motion: Its horizontal acceleration

is zero, so it moves equal x-distances in equal time intervals.

0 Horizontal Motion
Fig: University Physics 13th Ed,
H. Young and R. Freedman,
Pearson Education 2014
 the origin at time t = 0, along with its position, velocity
velocity (vy 5 0), but its vertical acceleration
y
Trajectory
Video Tutor
Demo
Video Tutor
Demo
Video Tutor
Demo
S
v2
S
17 If air resistance is negligible, v
the trajectory of a projectile is a combination of horizontal motion with constant velo
1
vertical motion with constant
v1y acceleration.
a v3x
At the top of the trajectory, the projectile has zero vertical
y v1x a 2g.
velocity (vy 5 0), but its vertical acceleration is still
S
v3y S
v

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v2
3
S
v1

Vertical Motion
v1y v3x v1y
S
v0
a ay 5 2g Vertically, the
v1x a v3y is in constant-
v3y S
v3 motion in resp
y earths gravita
S
v0 ay 5 2g Thus its vertic
changes by eq
v0y a0 v0y during equal t

O v0x a 0
x
O v0x

v0xv v1x
v1x v2x
v2x v3x
v3x
0x

Horizontally, the projectile is in constant-velocity motion: Its horizontal acceleration

Horizontally, the projectile is in constant-velocity motion: Its horizontal acceleration
is zero, so it moves equal x-distances in equal time intervals.
is zero, so it moves equal x-distances in equal time intervals.
0 Horizontal Motion
Fig: University Physics 13th Ed,
H. Young and R. Freedman,
Pearson Education 2014
 the origin vat time t = 0, along with its position, velocity
v3x 1y
Vertically, the projectile
Trajectory
Video Tutor
Demo
Video Tutor a Video Tutor
vDemo
3y
SDemo
v3
v3y is in constant-acceleration
motion in response to the
17 If air resistance is negligible, the trajectory of a projectile is a combination of horizontal motion with constant velo
earths gravitational pull.
vertical motion with constant acceleration.
ay 5 2g Thus its vertical velocity
At the top of the trajectory, the projectile
changes byhas zero vertical
equal amounts
y
v
velocity (vy 5 0),
0y but its vertical acceleration is still
during equal time intervals.
2g.
S

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v2
S
v1

Vertical Motion
v1y x v3x v1y
a Vertically, the
v1x a v3y is in constant-
v3y S
v3 motion in resp
v2x v3x earths gravita
S
v0 ay 5 2g Thus its vertic
changes by eq
v v0y
locity
0y
motion: Its horizontal acceleration during equal t
al time intervals.
a 0
x
O v0x

v0x v1x v2x v3x

Horizontally, the projectile is in constant-velocity motion: Its horizontal acceleration

is zero, so it moves equal x-distances in equal time intervals.

0 Horizontal Motion
Fig: University Physics 13th Ed,
H. Young and R. Freedman,
Pearson Education 2014
Kinematic Equations
Independence of x and y suggests dividing the motion into
horizontal and vertical parts

71
u Horizontal Motion: Constant velocity (- = 0)

= + + + cos +
- = + cos +

u Vertical Motion: Constant acceleration (4 = )

1
= + + + sin + + () :
2
4 = + sin + + ()
 For the y-motion we substitute y for x, vy for vx , v0y for v0x , and ay = - g for a

Ri
Projectile Motion
ActivPhysics 3.1: Solving Projectile Motion y = y0 + v0y t - 2 gt
vy = v0y - gt
1 2
(1
(17

Problems
ActivPhysics 3.2: Two Balls Falling = + cos
+ Its usually
+ + to take the initial position 1at t = 02 as the origin; th
simplest
ActivPhysics 3.3: Changing the x-velocity x0 = y0 = 0. This might be the position of a ball at the instant it leaves
=throwers
ActivPhysics 3.4: Projecting x-y-Accelerations
- cos
+ or the position of a bullet at the instant it leaves the gun barrel.
hand +
Figure 17 shows1the trajectory of a projectile that starts at (or passes throu
:
= + + + sin + at +time ()

71
the origin t = 0, along with its position, velocity, and veloc
2
Video Tutor
Demo
Video Tutor
Demo 4VideoDemo
=Tutor+ sin + + ()
17 If air resistance is negligible, the trajectory of a projectile is a combination of horizontal motion with constant velocity and
vertical motion with constant acceleration.
At the top of the trajectory, the projectile has zero vertical
velocity (vy 5 0), but its vertical acceleration is still 2g.
y S
v2
S
v1
v1y v3x v1y
a Vertically, the projectile
v1x a v3y is in constant-acceleration
v3y S
v3 motion in response to the
earths gravitational pull.
S
v0 ay 5 2g Thus its vertical velocity
changes by equal amounts
v0y v0y during equal time intervals.

a0
x
O v0x

v0x v1x v2x v3x

Horizontally, the projectile is in constant-velocity motion: Its horizontal acceleration

is zero, so it moves equal x-distances in equal time intervals.
 Example 6
Example A body projected horizontally
A motorcycle stunt rider rides off the edge of a cliff. Just at the 22
edge his velocity is horizontal, with magnitude 9.0 m>s. Find the Motion
3.3 Projectile
motorcycles position, distance from the edge of the cliff, and

71
velocity
e 3.6 A body 0.50 s after
projected it leaves the edge of the cliff.
horizontally
ycleGiven:
stunt rider rides=off
+ 9.0them s, of a cliff. Just
edge + at
=the 0, 3.22 Our sketch= 0.50 s
for this problem.
velocitySOis L U T I O Nwith magnitude 9.0 m>s. Find the
horizontal,
At this point, the bike and
les Position:
position, distance from the edge of the cliff, and
rider become a projectile.
.50 IDENTIFY and SET UP: Figure 22 shows our sketch of the motorcy-
s after it leaves the edge of the cliff.
= + + + cos +
ON cles trajectory. He K
is in projectile motion as soon as he leaves the
= 0 + 9.0 L cos 0 0.50 s
andedge
SET UP:of the3.22cliff,
Figure shows our which
sketch ofwe choose to be the origin of coordi-
the motor-
S
ajectory. He
nates = is in4.5[m]
so xprojectile motion as soon as he leaves
= 0 and y = 0.
0 choose to be the0origin of coordi- His initial velocity v0 at the edge of
of the cliff, which we
x 0 =the0 andcliff initial velocity v10 that
y0 = 0.isHishorizontal is, :ofa0 = 02, so its components are
S
atA the edge
= + sin +
is horizontal 1that+ is, a0 += 02, so+its components are
v
cos a0x = v
0 = 9.0 m>s 0 and v0y0= v0 sin a0 = 0. To find v0y = v0 sin a0 = 0. To find
cos a = 9.0 m :
> s and
A
motorcycles
= 0at+t =0.50
the position
rcycles + sin s, 0 +
position
we use Eqs.9.8 at
(3.20)mt =s :0.50
and 0.50s, swe: use Eqs. (20) and
e then find the distance from the origin using : Eq. (3.24). The motorcycle has the same horizontal velocity vx as when
we use(21); we
Eqs.(3.22) then
and (3.23)find
to findthe
the distance
velocity compo- from the
the cliff at t origin
= 0, but inusing
additionEq. (24).
there is The
a downward (neg
= 1.2[m] vy. The velocity vector at t = 0.50 s the
Finally,
= 0.50 s. we use Eqs. (22) and (23) tovertical findvelocity
the velocity components is c
From Eqs. (3.20) and (3.21), the motorcycles x- and
S
verti
v ! v n " v n ! 19.0 m>s2n " 1-4.9 m>s2
n
 Example 6
Example A body projected horizontally
A motorcycle stunt rider rides off the edge of a cliff. Just at the 22
edge his velocity is horizontal, with magnitude 9.0 m>s. Find the Motion
3.3 Projectile
motorcycles position, distance from the edge of the cliff, and

71
velocity
e 3.6 A body 0.50 s after
projected it leaves the edge of the cliff.
horizontally
ycleGiven:
stunt rider rides=off
+ 9.0them s, of a cliff. Just
edge + at 0, 3.22 Our sketch
=the = 0.50 s
for this problem.
velocitySOis L U T I O Nwith magnitude 9.0 m>s. Find the
horizontal,
At this point, the bike and
les Position:
position, distancefrom the edge, of
= 4.5[m] =
the1.2 m
cliff, and
rider become a projectile.
.50 IDENTIFY and SET UP: Figure 22 shows our sketch of the motorcy-
s after it leaves the edge of the cliff.
Distance:
ON cles trajectory. He is in projectile motion as soon as he leaves the
= :+ :
andedge
SET UP:of the3.22cliff,
Figure +
shows ourwhich we
sketch of+ choose to be the origin of coordi-
the motor-
S
ajectory. He is in projectile motion
nates so
= x
of the cliff, which we
=
4.5[m] 0 : + asy1.2
and soon as he leaves
= m0. His
:
0 choose to be the0origin of coordi- initial velocity v0 at the edge of
x 0 =the
0 andcliff initial velocity v10 that
y0 = 0.isHishorizontal is, ofa0 = 02, so its components are
S
at the edge
= 4.7[m]
is horizontal 1that is, a0 = 02, so its components are
cosva0x = v0 cos
0 = 9.0 m>s and va = 9.0 m > s and v = v0 sin a0 = 0. To find
0y 0= v0 sin a0 = 0. To find 0y
the position
rcycles motorcycles
at t = 0.50 s, we position at tand= 0.50
use Eqs. (3.20)
The
s, we hasuse
motorcycle the
Eqs.
same
(20)velocity
horizontal
and v as when
e then find the distance from the origin using Eq. (3.24).
(21);
we use we and
Eqs. (3.22) then(3.23)find
to findthe distance
the velocity compo-from the origin using Eq. (24).
the cliff at t = 0, but in addition there is a
x
downwardThe(neg
vy. The velocity vector at t = 0.50 s the
Finally,
= 0.50 s. we use Eqs. (22) and (23) tovertical findvelocity
the velocity components is c
From Eqs. (3.20) and (3.21), the motorcycles x- and
S
v ! v n " v n ! 19.0 m>s2n " 1-4.9 m>s2 verti
n
 Example 6
Example A body projected horizontally
A motorcycle stunt rider rides off the edge of a cliff. Just at the 22
edge his velocity is horizontal, with magnitude 9.0 m>s. Find the Motion
3.3 Projectile
motorcycles position, distance from the edge of the cliff, and

71
velocity
e 3.6 A body 0.50 s after
projected it leaves the edge of the cliff.
horizontally
ycleGiven:
stunt rider rides=off
+ 9.0them s, of a cliff. Just
edge + at 0, 3.22 Our sketch
=the = 0.50 s
for this problem.
velocitySOis L U T I O Nwith magnitude 9.0 m>s. Find the
horizontal,
At this point, the bike and
les Position:
position, distancefrom the edge, of
= 4.5[m] =
the1.2 m
cliff, and
rider become a projectile.
.50 IDENTIFY and SET UP: Figure 22 shows our sketch of the motorcy-
s after it leaves the edge of the cliff.
Distance: = 4.7[m]
ON cles trajectory. He is in projectile motion as soon as he leaves the
Velocity: = - + 4
andedge
SET UP:of the3.22cliff,
Figure shows our which
sketch ofwe choose to be the origin of coordi-
the motor-
-isso
=in = 0motion
cos S
ajectory. He
nates projectile
x+-
of the cliff, which we
= + and as soon as he leaves
y+ = 0.
0 choose to be the0origin of coordi-His initial velocity v0 at the edge of
x 0 =the
0 andcliff
y = 0.isHishorizontal
-0 = 9.0 s cos
minitial
S
0 v=
velocity 10 that
at9.0 is,sofa0 = 02, so its components are
m
the edge
is horizontal 1that is, a0 = 02, so its components are
cosva0x
0 =
= v0 cos
9.0 =
m>s and+va 0y 0==

9.0a0m=>0.s Toand
v0 sin find v0y = v0 sin a0 = 0. To find
4 +4
the position
rcycles motorcycles
at t = 0.50 s, we position at tand= 0.50
use Eqs. (3.20)
The
s, we hasuse
motorcycle the
Eqs.
same
(20)velocity
horizontal
and v as when
e then findthe= distance
9.0 m
from s the
sinorigin
0 using
+ 9.8 m
Eq. (3.24).s : 0.50 s
(21);
we use
4 we and
Eqs. (3.22) then(3.23)find
to findthe distance
the velocity compo-from the origin using Eq. (24).
the cliff at t = 0, but in addition there is a
x
downwardThe(neg
vertical velocity vy. The velocity vector at t = 0.50 s the
Finally,
= 0.50 s.
4 =we 4.9usemEqs.s (22) and (23) to find the velocity components is c
From Eqs. (3.20) and (3.21), the motorcycles x- and
S
v ! v n " v n ! 19.0 m>s2n " 1-4.9 m>s2 verti
n
 Example 6
Example A body projected horizontally
A motorcycle stunt rider rides off the edge of a cliff. Just at the 22
edge his velocity is horizontal, with magnitude 9.0 m>s. Find the Motion
3.3 Projectile
motorcycles position, distance from the edge of the cliff, and

71
velocity
e 3.6 A body 0.50 s after
projected it leaves the edge of the cliff.
horizontally
ycleGiven:
stunt rider rides=off
+ 9.0them s, of a cliff. Just
edge + at 0, 3.22 Our sketch
=the = 0.50 s
for this problem.
velocitySOis L U T I O Nwith magnitude 9.0 m>s. Find the
horizontal,
At this point, the bike and
les Position:
position, distancefrom the edge, of
= 4.5[m] =
the1.2 m
cliff, and
rider become a projectile.
.50 IDENTIFY and SET UP: Figure 22 shows our sketch of the motorcy-
s after it leaves the edge of the cliff.
Distance: = 4.7[m]
ON cles trajectory. He is in projectile motion as soon as he leaves the
Velocity: = 9.0 ms 4.9 ms
andedge
SET UP:of the3.22cliff,
Figure shows ourwhich
sketch ofwe choose to be the origin of coordi-
the motor-
S
ajectory.He=
nates is in projectile
so x
of the cliff, which we
9.0 = m 0 sand:+
motion as soon
y =
4.9as he
0.m leaves

0 choose to be the0origin of coordi-s
His :
initial velocity v0 at the edge of
x 0 =the
0 andcliff s velocity v10 that
y0 = 0.isHishorizontal is, ofa0 = 02, so its components are
S
initial at the edge
= 10.2 m
is horizontal 1that is, a0 = 02, so its components are
cosva0x = v0 cos
0 = 9.0 m>s and
XY.Zva 0=L=
0yK
9.0a0m=>0.s Toand
v0 sin find v0y = v0 sin a0 = 0. To find
theposition
= tanXA
motorcycles Z.+ KL position at t = 0.50 s, we hasuse Eqs. (20)velocity
and v as when
rcycles at t = 0.50 s, we use Eqs. (3.20) and
e then find the distance from the origin using Eq. (3.24). The motorcycle the same horizontal
(21);
we use Eqs. we
(3.22) then
and (3.23)find
to findthe
the distance
velocity compo- from
the the
cliff at t origin
= 0, but inusing
additionEq.
there (24).
is a
x
downwardThe(neg
= 29 vy. The velocity vector at t = 0.50 s the
Finally,
= 0.50 s. we use Eqs. (22) and (23) tovertical findvelocity
the velocity components is c
From Eqs. (3.20) and (3.21), the motorcycles x- and
S
v ! v n " v n ! 19.0 m>s2n " 1-4.9 m>s2 verti
n
Projectile Motion
Quantities of Interest
u Maximum Height

71
u Time of Flight
u Range
Maximum Height
What is the velocity and acceleration at the maximum
height of a projectile?
At maximum height, the velocity is = +- [ + 0\.

71
While acceleration is still = \.
Thus, the condition for maximum height is 4 = 0.
Maximum Height
Derive an expression for the maximum height (measured
from the initial height) of a projectile.
At maximum height set 4 = 0 in

71
:
4: = +4 + 2()( + )
and solve for the maximum height +
:
+4
=
2
In terms of magnitude and angle of initial velocity
+: sin: +
=
2
What initial angle gives the greatest maximum height?
The maximum occurs when sin: + = 1 at
+ = 90
Time of Flight
Def: Time interval from the moment the projectile is
launched up to the moment it landed.
Derive an expression for the time of flight of a projectile

71
when the initial and final heights are equal.
From
1
= + + +4 + :
2
set = + and
1
0 = +4 + () :
2

0 = +4
2
Solving for the roots:
2+4
= 0; =

Time of Flight
Derive an expression for the time of flight of a projectile
when the initial and final heights are equal.
2+4

71
= 0; =

The first solution is extraneous. In terms of + and +
2+ sin +
=

What initial angle gives the greatest time of flight?
The maximum occurs when sin + = 1 at
+ = 90
 idealized model, 15 The trajectory of an idealized
ue to gravity) that projectile.
Range
fects of air resist- A projectile moves in a vertical plane that
, this one has lim-
Def: The horizontal distance from the projectiles
contains the initial velocity vector
S
v0. initial
S
ghtposition
of long-range trajectory depends only on v0 and
Itsposition.
to its final
ver. Nevertheless, on the downward acceleration due to gravity.
y

71
remainder of this
ere ignoring air S Trajectory
v0
S
a
etermined by the ax 5 0, ay 5 2g
cceleration due to x
O

89
Derive an expression for the range of a projectile when the
initial and final heights are equal.
The range is the horizontal displacement at the time of flight

Fig: University Physics 13th Ed,

H. Young and R. Freedman,
Pearson Education 2014
Range
Derive an expression for the range of a projectile when the
initial and final heights are equal.
The range is the horizontal displacement at the time of flight

71
Solve for + when = :
= + + +-
+ = +-
= +-
:def
Substituting t = =
g
2+4
= +-

2+- +4
=

Range
Derive an expression for the range of a projectile when the
initial and final heights are equal.
In terms of initial speed and angle

71
2 + cos + + sin +
=

+: 2 cos + sin +
=

+: sin 2+
=

What initial angle gives the greatest range?
The maximum occurs when sin 2+ = 1 at
2+ = 90
+ = 45
Quantities of Interest
u Maximum Height
+: sin: +
=
2

71
u Time of Flight
2+ sin +
=

u Range
+: sin 2+
=

WARNING:
The aforementioned formulas for time of flight and range are
valid ONLY when the initial and final heights of the projectile
are equal.
Different initial and final heights
QUIZ II
After getting into a quarrel, a kid throws a bullys slippers with
a speed of 13.0 m/s at an angle 60.0 above the horizontal. The

71
slippers landed on top of the flat roof of a 5.71 m tall house.
3-4. What is the time of flight of the slippers?
5-6. How far away is the kid from the edge of the house?
Different initial and final heights
QUIZ II
After getting into a quarrel, a kid throws a bullys slippers with
a speed of 13.0 m/s at an angle 60.0 above the horizontal. The

71
slippers landed on top of the flat roof of a 5.71 m tall house.
3-4. What is the time of flight of the slippers?

If you had used

2+ sin +
=

(which is, of course, WRONG), you would have obtained
2(13.0[m/s]) sin 60
=
9.81[m/s : ]

= 2.30[s]

Different initial and final heights
QUIZ II
After getting into a quarrel, a kid throws a bullys slippers with
a speed of 13.0 m/s at an angle 60.0 above the horizontal. The

71
slippers landed on top of the flat roof of a 5.71 m tall house.
3-4. What is the time of flight of the slippers?

Let the ground be the = 0. Solve for when = 5.71 m.

1
= + + +4 + :
2
1
5.71 m = 0 + 13.0 ms sin 60.0 + 9.8 ms : :
2
:
4.9 + 11.26 5.71 = 0

Solving for the roots:

= 0.756 s , 1.54 s .
Different initial and final heights
QUIZ II
After getting into a quarrel, a kid throws a bullys slippers with
a speed of 13.0 m/s at an angle 60.0 above the horizontal. The

71
slippers landed on top of the flat roof of a 5.71 m tall house.
3-4. What is the time of flight of the slippers?

= 0.756 s = 1.54 s

The slippers will cross the y = 5.71 m twice. The latter time is
the one we want.
= 1.54 s
Different initial and final heights
QUIZ II
After getting into a quarrel, a kid throws a bullys slippers with
a speed of 13.0 m/s at an angle 60.0 above the horizontal. The

71
slippers landed on top of the flat roof of a 5.71 m tall house.
5-6. How far away is the kid from the edge of the house?

= 0.756 s = 1.54 s

Find when = 1.54 s :

= + + +- = 10.0 m
= 0 + 13.0 ms cos 60.0 1.54 s
Credits/References
u University Physics 13th Ed, H. Young and R. Freedman
Pearson Education 2014
u PowerPoint Lectures for University Physics 13th Ed, Wayne

71
Anderson Pearson Education 2012
u Physics 71 Lectures by J Vance, M Flores, A Lacaba, PJ
Blancas,
G Pedemonte, DL Sombillo, K Agapito
u Images of examples:
u https://www.teachengineering.org/collection/nyu_/activities/nyu_proje
ctile/nyu_projectile_activity1_image1.gif
u http://ffden-
2.phys.uaf.edu/211_fall2004.web.dir/Nathan_Ayotte/thrownball.gif
u http://titan.bloomfield.edu/facstaff/dnicolai/images/ImagesPhy-
105/lesson40.jpg