Works Cited

Primary Sources

Douglass, Frederick. A Plea for Free Speech in Boston. Civil Rights in America , Primary

Source Media, 1999. American Journey. Student Resources in Context,

link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/EJ2163000022/SUIC?u=marr26552&xid=4116dd46.

Accessed 4 Dec. 2016. There was an abolitionist meeting in Boston that was broken up

by orders from the mayor, even though he was told not to. The abolitionists were insulted

and captured by a mob of men, which was a clear violation of their right of free speech.

Frederick Douglass came out to speak about the violation of the mens rights , and talked

about how there is no argument that slavery is wrong. Even though Douglass argument

could be easily seen as controversial, he did not hesitate at all to speak his mind.

Frederick Douglass chose to give many speeches such as this one in order to express his

emotions and allow the audience to witness him firsthand.

Douglass, Frederick. Men of Color, Call to Arms. The African-American Experience, Primary

Source Media, 1999. American Journey. Student Resources in Context,

link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/EJ2152000370/SUIC?u=marr26552&xid=b0da40ed.

Accessed 31 Dec. 2016. On July 17, 1862, African Americans were finally able to

register to be in the military. Frederick Douglass took this opportunity to give a speech

urging African Americans to fight for their country. Douglass says that they should

register in order to win the gratitude of the country and to receive respect. Douglass says

that African Americans may have heard that the Civil War is a White Mans War and

that they would be no better off after the war than before, but Douglass assures them that
 these are lies. Frederick Douglass personally recruited more than a hundred men for the

Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts Infantry, and infantry made up of African Americans. Among

them were his own sons, Lewis and Charles. Frederick Douglass speeches inspired

African Americans to fight for their country, which allowed the North to beat the South,

which was the next step in getting African Americans the rights they deserved. Without

Frederick Douglass inspirational words, one can truly wonder if African Americans

would have the same rights as they do now.

Douglass, Frederick. Editorial of The North Star. Women in America, Primary Source Media,

1999. American Journey. Student Resources in Context,

link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/EJ2161000038/SUIC?u=marr26552&xid=6b63e806.

Accessed 31 Dec. 2016. Frederick Douglass used his superb writing skills to edit the

North Star, an abolitionist newspaper. This particular editorial was one of the few that

supported the attendees of the Seneca Falls Convention, the first womens rights

convention. Douglass says that everyone should remain humble and work to improve and

elevate any character of the human family. He even goes on to say women should be

equally entitled to all the political rights that had only belonged to men, and that right is

of no sex. Douglass also says that women are equally intelligent and entitled to rights as

men, and that the government has absolutely no good reason to deny women simple

political rights. Frederick Douglass was one of the very few men that even remotely

supported womens rights at the time, and these words reached the hands of many, which

evidently promoted support for the womens rights movement. Without Frederick
 Douglass immense support, women could have easily lost hope that they would ever

receive the rights they deserve.

Frederick Douglass: Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass (1845). American

Government, ABC-CLIO, 2016,

americangovernment.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/210310. Accessed 19 Nov. 2016. This

excerpt from Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass by Frederick Douglass goes

through the pain and hardships of slavery, and what prompted him to escape. However,

he had to take out many details so that slave masters would not know the exact steps of

how he escaped and therefore be more watchful of their slaves. At first, Frederick was

excited after he escaped, but soon fell into a state of loneliness and fear. Since Frederick

was a slave himself, his experiences allowed him to understand the pain and struggle that

slaves had to go through. His experience with having no freedom allowed him to also

easily sympathize with women. Without Douglass first hand experience as a slave, he

would not been as efficient in changing the lives and rights of future generations of

African Americans and women.

FREDERICK DOUGLASSS INDEPENDENCE DAY ADDRESS (1852). African American

Almanac, edited by Brigham Narins, 10th ed., Gale, 2009. Student Resources in Context,

link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/EJ2125050018/SUIC?u=marr26552&xid=1e9915c2.

Accessed 4 Dec. 2016. In 1852, Frederick is asked to speak in front of many people on

the Fourth of July, and he wastes no time to point out the obvious irony in the

celebration. Even though the nation was independent, the society apparently dedicated to

individual freedom still had over three million African Americans in chains with no
 freedom. Frederick Douglass used his intense anger and harsh words to show the people

listening that this celebration was an extreme act of hypocrisy. Douglass claims that there

is a not a nation on the Earth guilty of a crime worse than that of the Unites States.

Douglass hoped that this speech would allow the audience to see the clear hypocrisy of

their country, and to work to fight for the rights of African Americans who were still not

free. Even though he faced constant backlash and criticism, Douglass words and actions

impacted the minds of countless people, and changed the futures of African Americans

and women by working to give them rights and freedoms they never thought they would

receive.

FREDERICK DOUGLASSS SPEECH ON WOMAN SUFFRAGE (1888) (EXCERPT).

African American Almanac, edited by Brigham Narins, 10th ed., Gale, 2009. Student

Resources in Context,

link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/EJ2125050029/SUIC?u=marr26552&xid=e8ca873d.

Accessed 1 Jan. 2017. In April 1888, Frederick Douglass gave a speech before the

International Council of Women in Washington D.C., advocating for womens suffrage

and saying that women should be the primary spokespersons for the cause. Douglass says

that he is extremely humbled to be able to fight for equal rights along with women, and

says that women absolutely deserve the same political rights as men. Douglass was one

of the few men to support the feminists in the movement, and he continued to fight for

womens rights until his final days. Without Douglass speeches and advocating, women

would not have the rights they have today.

Douglass, Frederick. From The Autobiography Of Frederick Douglass, 1817-1895. From The

Autobiography Of Frederick Douglass, 1817-1895 (2009): 1. History Reference Center.

Web. 10 Oct. 2016. This article is an excerpt from Douglass autobiography, and it shows

the cruelty that Douglass endured while in the hands of slavery. Douglass also introduces

the people around him and how his fellow slaves survived the daily torture. This article

can be used to show why Douglass was so determined to get rights for African

Americans, as he suffered through slavery himself. After escaping these hard times,

Frederick goes on to fight for his people and get them the rights they deserve.

Frederick Douglass: Appeal for Impartial Suffrage Speech (1867). American History,

ABC-CLIO, 2016, americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/298709. Accessed 7

Oct. 2016 After the civil war, Frederick Douglass became the chief spokesman for

African Americans rights. This speech was given by Douglass in 1867 in which he

argued for African American suffrage. At the time, African Americans could not vote

even though they were free. Douglass explains that the right to vote should be a basic a

right as owning property and education. This source can be used to show how Douglass

actions impacted the rights of African Americans. This speech impacted many people and

changed their minds about rights for African Americans.

Secondary Sources

Benson, Sonia, et al. Douglass, Frederick. UXL Encyclopedia of U.S. History, vol. 2, UXL,

2009, pp. 459-462. Student Resources in Context,

link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3048900181/SUIC?u=marr26552&xid=2f52ae8d.
 Accessed 1 Jan. 2017. Frederick Douglass escaped slavery by borrowing an African

American sailors papers and going to New York, where he married a free African

American woman. Douglass soon began speaking publicly about his past and the evils of

slavery, and his audiences were primarily white. Douglass autobiography was extremely

successful, but he fled to Britain for a few years because the book announced that he was

a fugitive slave, and no laws could protect him from getting captured. His supported

eventually bought his freedom, and he came back to America to publish an abolitionist

newspaper and help fugitives through the Underground Railroad. Douglass continued to

help African Americans after the Civil War, as well as promoting womens suffrage.

Douglass developed close friendships with almost every well known reformer in the

United States. These close relationships added on to his strong speaking and writing skills

allowed to influence countless people, both Black and White, and without his actions,

African Americans and women would most likely not have the privileges they have

today.

Campbell, Heather. Woman Suffrage Movement. American History, ABC-CLIO, 2017,

americanhistory.abc-clio.com. Accessed 30 Jan. 2017. The woman suffrage movement

had the purpose of giving all women the right to vote. After the Civil War, many women

were disappointed in the passing of the 15th amendment, which gave African American

men the right to vote, but still excluded women. The National American Suffrage

Association and the American Woman Suffrage association were formed to fight for the

cause, and Congress eventually gave all women the right to vote in 1920 with the passing

of the 19th amendment.

The Civil War. Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. History: Government and Politics, Gale, 2009.

Student Resources in Context,

link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/EJ3048400102/SUIC?u=marr26552&xid=4886ceae.

Accessed 4 Feb. 2017. The Civil War was a war fought between the North and the South

(states that had succeeded from the Union). The war lasted from 1861 to 1865, and the

main cause was the debate over slavery. During the Civil War, Lincoln gave his famous

Emancipation Proclamation, which declared all slaves in rebel states free, and allowed

the enrollment of former slaves in the military. African American troops were crucial in

the Norths victory. Unfortunately, one week after the South surrendered, Lincoln was

assassinated before he could witness the passing of the Thirteenth Amendment. Passed in

December 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery throughout all of America.

Frederick Douglass. Encyclopedia of World Biography, Gale, 1998. Student Resources in

Context,

link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1631001867/SUIC?u=marr26552&xid=dec334c1.

Accessed 1 Jan. 2017. When Frederick was a slave, his mistress treated him fairly well,

and even taught him to read and write, which helped him become such an eloquent

speaker and writer. Douglass later escaped to New York, where he married a free African

American woman. He got involved in the antislavery movement immediately, and was

hired to give lectures by the Massachusetts Antislavery Society. Douglass autobiography

exposed him as a fugitive slave, so he escaped to Britain in order to avoid getting caught.

There, he gave many speeches about slavery, and eventually bought his freedom and

returned back to America. John Brown asked Douglass for help in his attack on the
 Harper Ferry Arsenal, but Douglass refused to help because he saw no point in useless

violence. During the Civil War, Douglass met with President Lincoln many times to

discuss African American soldiers. During Reconstruction, Douglass was hired by

Rutherford B. Hayes as post of U.S. marshal for the District of Columbia. In 1870,

Douglass published the New National Era newspaper with his sons. Douglass was the

first African American leader of national stature in American history, which shows the

tremendous impact he had on the rights and lives of African Americans and women.

Without Douglass efforts, women and African Americans would not have the rights they

have today.

Frederick Douglass. DISCovering Multicultural America: African Americans, Hispanic

Americans, Asian Americans, Native Americans, Gale, 2003. Student Resources in

Context,

link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/EJ2116100003/SUIC?u=marr26552&xid=5d1b643e.

Accessed 1 Jan. 2017. During Douglass time in slavery, his mistress taught him to read

and write. After he bravely escaped, he quickly became an extremely well known figure

among abolitionists. He escaped America soon after publishing his autobiography

because it exposed his fugitive status. He went to England and Ireland, where he spoke

about slavery and womens rights, and raised sufficient funds to purchase his freedom. A

few years before the Civil War, Douglass had to escape to Canada when the governor of

Virginia sought out a warrant for his arrest. He continued to help African Americans

during the Civil War by meeting with President Lincoln many times, and he also kept

fighting for equal rights during Reconstruction. Without Douglass bravery and
 inspirational words, African Americans and women would not have the rights they have

today.

Frederick Douglass. UXL Biographies, UXL, 2011. Student Resources in Context,

link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/EJ2108100665/SUIC?u=marr26552&xid=6b51c4cc.

Accessed 1 Jan. 2017. After learning to read and write from his mistress, thirteen year old

Frederick purchased The Columbian Orator, which inspired him to escape and experience

the freedom he could only read about. On September 13, 1838, Douglass successfully

escaped to New York, where he married Anne Murray, a free African American woman.

Douglass published his own autobiography as well as a weekly newspaper called the

North Star (renamed Frederick Douglass Paper after 1851). During the Civil War,

Douglass met with President Lincoln many times to voice the importance of including

African American troops, which eventually paid off. During Reconstruction, Douglass

pushed for civil and voting rights for blacks, and saw the passing of the Fourteenth

Amendment (citizenship to all people born in America) and the Fifteenth Amendment

(voting rights for all males). This shows the Douglass actions paid off and gave African

Americans the rights they had been fighting so long for. Douglass did not stop there, and

continued on to advocate for womens suffrage. Douglass actions made the impossible

possible, and without him, African Americans and women would not have the rights they

have today.

Frederick Douglass. DISCovering Biography, Gale, 2003. Student Resources in Context,

link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/EJ2102100517/SUIC?u=marr26552&xid=75645afe.

Accessed 1 Jan. 2017. After escaping from slavery, Douglass gave an outstanding speech
 at a convention of the Massachusetts Antislavery Society, where he was noticed

immediately by many well known abolitionists, and was soon hired as a full-time

lecturer. Douglass published his own autobiography, and went on a two-year speaking

tour in the British Isles, where he denounced slavery as well as advocated for womens

rights. When he returned to America, he started the North Star, which included the

important topics of antislavery, black education, women suffrage, and temperance. When

Douglass attended the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, he was the only male present

who endorsed Elizabeth Cady Stanton, a well known womens rights activist. Douglass

became a strong Republican, and met with Lincoln many times during the Civil War to

discuss black troops treatment. He also met with President Andrew Johnson after

Lincoln was assassinated to discuss racial problems. Douglass never stopped fighting for

equality, and his actions contributed to the passing of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth

Amendment, which provided African Americans with far more rights. At his time,

Douglass was the most famous person of African descent in the world and one of the

centurys greatest orators. This just goes to show how well respected and inspirational

Douglass was. Without Douglass incredible actions, women and African Americans

would not have the rights they do today.

Frederick Douglass. American Eras, vol. 5, Gale, 1998. Student Resources in Context,

link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K2438000113/SUIC?u=marr26552&xid=d8f4bf66.

Accessed 1 Jan. 2017. Douglass was born a slave in Tuckahoe, Maryland. His mother

was also a slave, and many believed that his father was his master, Captain Anthony. His

mistress taught him to read and write, and he used those skills to read books that
 motivated him to escape and experience freedom. He successfully escaped to New York

on September 3, 1838, by borrowing an African American sailors papers. After moving

to Massachusetts, he was recruited as a lecture for the Massachusetts Anti-slavery

Society, and quickly became a prominent Black figure in America. After publishing an

autobiography, Douglass escaped to the British Isles to avoid getting caught by slave

catchers because his book exposed his fugitive status. He became close friends with many

English abolitionists, who raised enough money to buy Douglass freedom and for him to

return to America and write his own newspaper. He fought for African Americans during

the Civil War and Reconstruction, as well as advocating for womens suffrage. Douglass

helped hundreds of slaves to freedom through the Underground Railroad, and challenged

discrimination everywhere he went. His efforts were remembered forever by the people

of America, and without him, African Americans and women would not have the rights

they have today.

Frederick Douglass: Father of the Civil Rights Movement. American History, ABC-CLIO,

2016, americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/1187637. Accessed 20 Nov. 2016.

Frederick Douglass (originally Frederick Augustus Washington) was born a slave on

Marylands Eastern Shore. On his second attempt, he successfully escaped to New

Bedford, Massachusetts, where he changed his name and married a free African

American woman. He joined the abolitionist movement after reading an issue of William

Lloyd Garrisons newletter, and soon began giving speeches and was hired as an agent

for the American Anti-Slavery Society. Douglass also wrote an autobiography, but had to

leave the country to avoid getting caught for aiding having prior knowledge about John
 Browns violent rebellion. After buying his freedom, Douglass got involved in womens

rights and the Underground Railroad. He also became a consultant to President Abraham

Lincoln during the Civil War. Douglass impacted the rights of both African Americans

and women by giving speeches, helping in the Underground Railroad, becoming a

consultant to the president, and writing his own autobiography. Douglass was highly

respected, and without his actions, African Americans and women would most likely not

have the rights they have today.

King, Coretta Scott, and Sharman Apt Russell. Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass

(1-55546-580-3) (1988): 7-33. History Reference Center. Web. 4 Dec. 2016. This book

was written by Coretta Scott King, Martin Luther King Jrs wife, and it follows Frederick

Douglass through his life and showcases his courage and inspiration to others. It first

talks about Douglass years in slavery and how he managed to escape. After getting

married, he begins his life as a speaker and goes on lecture tours with the American

Anti-Slavery Society (hired by William Lloyd Garrison). He also writes his own books

and starts his own newspaper just to open the eyes of those who did not know of the

horrors of slavery. He also gets involved with womens rights, and never ceases to fight

for them. Frederick Douglass autobiography was an enormous success, which clearly

demonstrates how many people were impacted by his words.During the Civil War,

Douglass met with President Abraham Lincoln several times to discuss slavery and the

treatment of African Americans. After the Civil War, slaves were finally free. Douglass

actions and words then led to the passing of the Fifteenth Amendment, which gave

Blacks the right to vote. Even though he did not live to see the passing of the 19th
 amendment, his words still impacted both women and men to keep fighting for the

womens suffrage movement, which clearly paid off. Without his hard work and

perseverance, it is evident that African Americans and women would most likely not

have the rights they have today

Kittleman, Earle. Frederick Douglass at Home & Abroad. People, Land & Water 1999, pp.

36-37. SIRS Government Reporte Douglass was highly respected by others both in

America and abroad. Greg Lampe, of the University of Wisconsin, describes Douglass

three years in Bedford, Massachusetts as the happiest times of his life. In Ireland,

Douglass made such an impression that the Irish press still references him to this day.

Douglass also wrote that right is of no sex to say that women deserve all the political

rights of men. Many reformers in other countries remember Douglass as an eloquent and

inspirational speaker. Even though Douglass words were considered dangerous during

his time, he never backed down, and influenced countless people both home and abroad.

Without Douglass dedicating his whole life to fighting for equal rights, women and

African Americans would not have the rights they have today.

Reconstruction. American History, ABC-CLIO, 2017, americanhistory.abc-clio.com. Accessed

30 Jan. 2017. Reconstruction refers to the policies of the U.S. towards the Southern states

following the Civil War. Reconstruction was divided into two phases: Presidential

Reconstruction and Radical Reconstruction. During Presidential Reconstruction, the

policies were moderate towards the South, and focused on rejoining the South with Union

without drastically changing their political, economic, or social structures. However,

during Radical Reconstructions, policies were extremely harsh and focused on elevating
 African Americans and punishing former White Southerners for rebelling against the

Union. Unfortunately, Reconstruction only had limited success because the South did

everything they could to bypass the laws and policies given by the government and to

limit African Americans rights.

Rolston, Bill. Frederick Douglass: A Black Abolitionist In Ireland. History Today 53.6 (2003):

45. History Reference Center. Web. 23 Nov. 2016 In 1845, Douglass visited Ireland as

part of an extended lecture tour to the United Kingdom. Slavery was already abolished in

Britain, but many were concerned about the acts of slavery in America. Douglass gave

countless lectures, not only on slavery, but also the evils of alcohol. He edited

newspapers and participated in many reform movements. Douglass became close friends

with many of Irelands politicians. He was also the only man present at the meeting in

Seneca Falls in 1848. Douglass visit to other countries allowed him to share his

experiences and the evils of slavery to people outside of America. The people in Ireland

and many other countries were inspired by Douglass words, and had the opportunity to

hear the horrors of slavery firsthand.

Badertscher, Eric. Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass (1-4298-1309-1) (2005): 1-3.

History Reference Center. Web. 10 Oct. 2016. Douglass began to give speeches and

speak out for his people in the 1840s, but in 1843, at a meeting, he was severely injured

by anti-abolition crowds and permanently lose the use of his right hand,but he did not let

this stop him, and continued to fight for the rights of African Americans and women. In

1848, he attended the Seneca Falls convention for womens rights and became friends

with activist Susan B. Anthony. This article shows how hard Frederick worked to get
 rights for women and African Americans. He persevered and was determined, and his

actions changed the lives of countless people and generations to come.

McGuire, William, and Leslie Wheeler. Frederick Douglass. American History, ABC-CLIO,

2016, americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/246702. Accessed 7 Oct. 2016.

Douglass was born a slave in Maryland, but shockingly escaped in 1838 and married a

free African American woman. He later became an extremely well known activist for not

only African Americans but also women. He also wrote a book to show others the cruelty

of slavery in order to give them a new perspective. Frederick continued to work for

equality during the Reconstruction Era, lobbying for suffrage for both women and

African Americans. This article can easily be used to show how Douglass changed the

lives and rights of women and African Americans. His actions changed the minds of

many and gave inspiration and hope to people that had none.