Final Report Os Solar Invertor

Project report on solar inverter
introduction
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 ENERGY RESOURCES:
GOVT.POLYTECHNIC,SKLM Page 1
The scene of energy resources have been visualized in

terms of various parameters. Mainly the population
increase and also the need to increase the standard of
living are the factors forcing to see new and alternate
energy options.
The climate change which is threatening the existence of
life is another factor forcing to consider alternate energy
sources. However the energy sources to be adopted will
have to meet the varying needs of different countries and
at the same time enhance the security of each one against
the energy crisis or energy shortage that have taken place
in the past.
The factors that need consideration for the search for new
energy sources should include:
(i) The global energy situation and demand

(ii) The availability of fossil sources
(iii) The efficiency of the energy sources
(iv) The availability of renewable sources
(v) The options for nuclear fission and fusion.
TYPES OF ENERGY:
The natural elements of the material world exist in forms that

can be converted into usable energy and are resources which
society can obtained energy to produce heat, light, and motion

(among the many uses). According to their nature, the energy
can be classified into:
Primary: They are found in nature: wind, water, solar,

wood, coal, oil, nuclear.
Secondary: Are those obtained from primary energy
sources: electricity, gas.
Classified according to the energy reserves of the energy

source used and the regeneration capacity with:
Renewable energy source:
Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes

from resources which are naturally replenished on a human
timescale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and
geothermal heat. When the energy source used is freely
regenerated in a short period and there are practically limitless
reserves; An example is the solar energy that is the source of
energy from the sun, or the wind used as an energy resource.
Renewable energies are:
o original solar
o natural wind (atmospheric flows)
o natural geothermal
o oceanic tidal
o natural waterfall (hydraulic flows)
o natural plant: paper, wood
o natural animal: wax, grease, pack animals and

sources of mechanical energy
Nonrenewable energy sources:
They are coming from energy limited sources on Earth in

quantity and, therefore, are exhaustible. The non-renewable
energy sources include, non-exclusively:
o fossil source: petroleum, natural gas, coal
o original mineral/chemical: uranium, shale gas
Over 85% of the energy used in the world is from non-

renewable supplies. Most developed nations are
dependent on non-renewable energy sources such as
fossil fuels(coal and oil) and nuclear power.
These sources are called non-renewable because they
cannot be renewed or regenerated quickly enough to keep
pace with their use. Some sources of energy are
renewable or potentially renewable.
Industrialized societies depend on non-renewable

energy sources. Fossil fuels are the most commonly used
types of non-renewable energy.
1.2 SOLAR ENERGY:
Solar energy is radiant energy that is produced by sun.

Everyday the sun radiates, or sends out, an enormous amount
of energy. The sun radiates more energy in one second than
people have used since the beginning of time!
Solar energy comes from within the sun itself. Like other stars,
the sun is a big ball of gases- mostly hydrogen and helium
atoms. The hydrogen atoms in the suns core combine to form
helium and generate energy in a process called nuclear
fusion.
The Earth receives 174 petawatts (PW) of incoming solar radiation (insolation)
at the upper atmosphere. Approximately 30% is reflected back to space while
the rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans and land masses. The spectrum of solar
light at the Earth's surface is mostly spread across the visible and near-infrared
ranges with a small part in the near-ultraviolet.
Earth's land surface, oceans and atmosphere absorb solar radiation, and this
raises their temperature. Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans
rises, causing atmospheric circulation or convection. When the air reaches a
high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds,
which rain onto the Earth's surface, completing the water cycle. The latent heat
of water condensation amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena
such as wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones. Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and
land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 C. By
photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into chemical energy, which
produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived.
The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land
masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year. In 2002, this was
more energy in one hour than the world used in one year. Photosynthesis
captures approximately 3,000 EJ per year in biomass. The technical potential
available from biomass is from 100300 EJ/year. The amount of solar energy
reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as
much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earth's non-renewable resources
of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined,Solar energy can be
harnessed at different levels around the world, mostly depending on distance
from the equator.
1.3 Applications of solar energy:
Water treatment - Solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water.
Thermal mass - Thermal mass is any material that can be used to store heat
from the Sun in the case of solar energy. Common thermal mass materials
include stone, cement and water. They have been used in arid climates or warm
temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the
day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night.
Solar thermal - Solar thermal technologies can be used for
water heating, space heating, space cooling and process heat
generation.
Cooking - Solar cookers use sunlight for cooking, drying and pasteurization.
Fuel production - Solar chemical processes use solar energy to
drive chemical reactions.
Agriculture and horticulture - Agriculture and horticulture seek

to optimize the capture of solar energy in order to optimize the
productivity of plants
Transport and reconnaissance - Some vehicles use solar panels for

auxiliary power, such as for air conditioning, to keep the interior
cool, thus reducing fuel consumption.
Concentrated solar power - Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)

systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of
sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source
for a conventional power plant.
Photovoltaics - A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell (PV), is a device that

converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect.
solar inverter
2. SOLAR INVERTER
2.1 History of solar inverter:
Solar energy has been in used by various ancient civilization since

the beginning of human civilizations. Some ancient buildings were build based
on the availability of solar energy to provide sunlight. However, the person who
came up with the idea of using solar power to create electrical energy was
Alexandre Edmond Becquerel. This is why the discovery of solar energy, as we
know it today, is accredited to this French scientist.
Alexandre Edmond Becquerel built the worlds first photovoltaic

panel at the young age of 19 and that was in the year of 1839.
2.2 Solar Inverter:
It consists of a solar panel, which charges a battery and a

inverter which can operate DC to AC
An SOLAR INVERTER is an electrical device that converts

solar radiation obtained from the sun directly into
the direct current (DC) through the solar panel and then
to alternating current (AC) by the use of inverter;
The converted AC can be at any required voltage and

frequency with the use of appropriate transformers,
switching, and control circuits.
Solid-state solar inverters have no moving parts and are
used in a wide range of applications, from small switching
power supplies in computers, to large electric utility high-
voltage direct current applications that transport bulk
power.
SOLAR inverters are commonly used to supply AC power
from DC sources such as solar panels or batteries. A solar
inverter or PV inverter is a critical component in
a photovoltaic system.
It converts the variable DC output of the solar panel into
a utility frequency alternating current that can be fed into
the commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid
electrical network. An inverter allows use of ordinary
mains-operated appliances on a direct current system.
Solar inverters have special functions adapted for use
with PV arrays, including maximum power point
tracking and anti-islanding protection.
Stand-alone inverters, used in isolated systems where the
inverter draws its DC energy from batteries charged by
photovoltaic arrays.
Many stand-alone inverters also incorporate
integral battery chargers to replenish the battery from
an AC source, when available.
Normally these do not interface in any way with the utility
grid, and as such, are not required to have anti-islanding
protection. Grid tie inverters, which match phase with a
utility-supplied sine wave.
Grid-tie inverters are designed to shut down automatically

upon loss of utility supply, for safety reasons.
They do not provide backup power during utility outages.
Battery backup inverters, are special inverters which are
designed to draw energy from a battery, manage the
battery charge via an onboard charger, and export excess
energy to the utility grid.
These inverters are capable of supplying AC energy to
selected loads during a utility outage, and are required to
have anti-islanding protection.
2.3 Types of Solar Inverter:

Solar inverters may be classified into three broad types:
Stand-alone inverters: These are used in isolated

systems where the inverter draws its DC energy from
batteries charged by photovoltaic arrays. Many stand-
alone inverters also incorporate integral battery chargers
to replenish the battery from an AC source, when
available. Normally these do not interface in any way with
the utility grid, and as such, are not required to have anti-
islanding protection.
Grid-tie inverters: Grid-tie inverters which match

phase with a utility-supplied sine wave. Grid-tie inverters
are designed to shut down automatically upon loss of
utility supply, for safety reasons. They do not provide
backup power during utility outages.
Battery backup inverters: These are special

inverters which are designed to draw energy from a
battery, manage the battery charge via an onboard

charger, and export excess energy to the utility grid.
These inverters are capable of supplying AC energy to
selected loads during a utility outage, and are required to
have anti-islanding protection.
SOLAR INVERTER PARTS &

EQUIPMENT :
3. SOLAR INVERTER PARTS &

EQUIPMENT
3.1 Solar panel:
A solar panel is a set of solar photovoltaic modules

electrically connected and mounted on a supporting
structure. A photovoltaic module is a packaged,
connected assembly of solar cells.
The solar panel can be used as a component of a
larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply
electricity in commercial and residential applications.
Each module is rated by its DC output power under
standard test conditions (STC), and typically ranges
from 100 to 320 watts. The efficiency of a module
determines the area of a module given the same rated
output - an 8% efficient 230 watt module will have
twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 watt module.
A single solar module can produce only a limited
amount of power; most installations contain multiple
modules. A photovoltaic system typically includes a
panel or an array of solar modules, an inverter, and
sometimes a battery and/or solar tracker and
interconnection wiring.
Solar cells: Solar panels consists of solar cells:
A solar cell (also called a photovoltaic cell)

is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly
into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. It is a form of
photoelectric cell (in that its electrical characteristicse.g.
current, voltage, or resistancevary when light is incident upon
it) which, when exposed to light, can generate and support an
electric current without being attached to any external voltage
source, but do require an external load for power consumption.
The term "photovoltaic" comes from the Greek

(phs) meaning "light", and from "volt", the unit of electro-
motive force, the volt, which in turn comes from the last name
of the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta, inventor of the battery
(electrochemical cell). The term "photo-voltaic" has been in use
in English since 1849.
Photovoltaics is the field of technology and

research related to the practical application of photovoltaic
cells in producing electricity from light, though it is often used
specifically to refer to the generation of electricity from
sunlight. Cells can be described as photovoltaic even when the
light source is not necessarily sunlight (lamplight, artificial light,
etc.). In such cases the cell is sometimes used as a photo
detector (for example infrared detectors), detecting light or
other electromagnetic radiation near the visible range, or
measuring light intensity.
The operation of a photovoltaic (PV) cell requires 3 basic

attributes:
1. The absorption of light, generating either electron-hole

pairs or excitons.
2. The separation of charge carriers of opposite types.
3. The separate extraction of those carriers to an external

circuit.
3.2 Solar Charge controller:
A charge controller may be used to power DC equipment with

solar panels. The charge controller provides a regulated DC
output and stores excess energy in a battery as well as
monitoring the battery voltage to prevent under/over charging.
More expensive units will also perform maximum power point
tracking. An inverter can be connected to the output of a

charge controller to drive AC loads.
3.3 Battery:
Solar Batteries (Deep Cycle Batteries) are a key component in a

stand-alone renewable energy system. If you are installing a
wind, solar panel or hydro electric system that will be tied to
your utility grid, you will still need deep cycle batteries if you
are trying to use power in the event of an outage. Without deep
cycle batteries, you can only use power at the time you
produce it (i.e. you will not have power when the sun isn't out if
you don't have batteries in your solar electric system).
In renewable energy systems, deep cycle batteries provide the

energy storage for your system. Unlike your car battery, deep
cycle batteries that are used in renewable energy applications
are meant to be discharged and recharged (cycled) repeatedly.
To maintain healthy batteries and prolong battery life, most
manufacturers suggest limiting the depth of discharge to about
20%. (That means the deep cycle batteries will be at 80%
capacity or better.) At the very least, do not allow the batteries

to be discharged below 50% Depth of Discharge (DOD). Often
an inverter will have a Low Voltage Disconnect feature that will
disconnect loads at a given set point. Low voltage alarms can
provide audible warnings as well. Ammeters, Voltmeters,
Battery Monitors can help better maintain deep cycle battery
health and provide statistics about the overall health of the
system.
3.4 Inverter:
The basic purpose of any inverter is to convert DC power to

AC power be it solar inverter or regular inverter. Depending on
the situation and setup one may need some additional features,
which can be implemented in existing home UPS/inverters
through simple modifications.
A solar inverter, or PV inverter, converts the

variable direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic (PV) solar
panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can

be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-
grid electrical network. It is a critical component in a
photovoltaic system, allowing the use of ordinary commercial
appliances.
The input voltage, output voltage and frequency,

and overall power handling, are dependent on the design of the
specific device.
A solar inverter can be entirely electronic or may be a

combination of mechanical effects (such as a rotary apparatus)
and electronic circuitry. Static inverters do not use moving
parts in the conversion process.
Typical applications for inverters include:
Portable consumer devices that allow the user to connect

a battery, or set of batteries, to the device to produce AC
power to run various electrical items such as lights,
televisions, kitchen appliances, and power tools.
Use in power generation systems such as electric utility

companies or solar generating systems to convert DC
power to AC power.
Use within any larger electronic system where an

engineering need exists for deriving an AC source from a
DC source.
WORKING OF
SOLAR
INVERTER
4. WORKING OF SOLAR INVERTER:
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SOLAR

INVERTER
Light striking a silicon semiconductor causes electrons to flow,
creating electricity. Solar power generating systems take
advantage of this property to convert sunlight directly into

electrical energy.
Solar panels (also called solar modules produce direct current
(DC), which goes through a power inverter to become
alternating current (AC) electricity that we can use in the
home or office, like that supplied by a utility power company.
When sunlight hits the semiconductor, an electron springs up

and is attracted to the n-type semiconductor. This causes more
negative electrons in the n-type semiconductor and more
positive electrons in the p-type, thus generating a flow of
electricity in a process known as the photovoltaic effect.
A solar panel is a semi-conductor device which will produce an

electrical voltage and current if light falls on it. It is actually a
giant diode - a one way valve for electricity, and when light falls
on it this gives some electrons enough energy to jump through
the valve, and the only way they can get back is to flow around
the circuit doing useful work.
Lets see in detail:

Normally each atom in the semi-conductor has 4 electrons and
there are none free, but if you add a few atoms with 5 electrons
there are some extra electrons which can move easily and carry
a current (an N-type semi-conductor). Similarly if you add some
atoms with only 3 electrons and then you get some gaps which
other electrons can move into (a P-type semi-conductor). The
electrons can now move a bit like the tiles in a sliding tile
puzzle, but it is easier to think of a positively charged hole
moving through the semiconductor.
N-type with a few extra P-type which has a few electrons

electrons to carry current missing which can be thought of as
positively charged 'holes' and can
carry current.
A diode is made if you join a lump of P-type semi-conductor to a

lump of N-type. When you do this there are lots of extra
electrons in the n-type region which will tend to diffuse into the
p-type region and holes from the p-type region will diffuse into
the N-type. So you end up with the p-type region being
negatively charged and the n-type region being positively
charged.
This means that if you connect the diode to
Electrons and holes a circuit this charge flows around the circuit
diffuse over the border. very quickly.
If you connect the diode to a circuit, this charge will flow around
the circuit evening out the voltage on the two sides, and you
will be left with a region in the centre with no charge carriers.
If light hits this central region it

You are left with an uncharged knocks electrons off an atom
diode with an area in the creating electrons & holes
centre with no charge carriers. which can flow around the
circuit.
Light can hit this non-conducting region in the middle

with no free electrons , and knock an electron off an atom. This
creates a free electron and a hole. These can then flow through
the circuit as electricity and do useful work. The more light
which hits it the more current and therefore power it will
produce.
Solar charge controller transmits this power to the

output inverter and stores the excess power in the battery.
Forcing a direct current into the cell in the reverse direction
replaces energy drawn from the cell during discharge. The
effect on the electrolyte and the plates during this charging
process is essentially the reverse of the discharge process.
Lead sulfate at the plates and the water in the electrolyte are
broken down into metallic lead, lead dioxide, hydrogen and
sulfate ions. This re-creation of plate materials and sulfuric acid
restores the original chemical conditions including, in time, the
original specific gravity.
The amount of energy it takes to re-create the original

specific gravity is, of course, at least the same as the energy
produced by the chemical reactions during discharge. This
energy is supplied by the charger in the same form that it was
removed from the battery: as volts and ampere-hours (or
kilowatt-hours). Thus, if the battery produced 36 kilowatt-hours
during discharge, it takes at least 36 kilowatt-hours to recharge
it, plus additional kilowatt-hours to make up for losses in the
energy-transfer processes.
Then the inverter converts the direct current stored

in the battery to alternating current for supplying it to house
hold appliances.
A solar inverter also does the same if it is an Off

Grid solar power system. In case of Grid Connected the DC
power is from the solar panels and AC power is given to the
grid.
1.Working of a Off Grid Solar Powered system
2.Working of a Grid Connected Solar Power System
Working of a Off Grid Solar Powered

system:
An off grid solar powered system has an assembly of solar

panels, charge controller, batteries and inverter as shown in the
image below. The batteries are charged using solar panels and
the inverter has the same function of converting DC to AC. It
can also have an automated switch to sense if grid is not
supplying power that can change the power source of the
connected home from grid to batteries. Depending on the need
the system can be designed to: 1) To completely rely on solar
power 2) Charge the batteries from solar power when sun is
available and from the grid when it is not.
An existing home UPS or Inverter system can be converted to

be used with an off grid powered system by just adding a
switch which can control the change source: solar or grid
(based on availability).There is not much difference between a
solar inverter used in off grid system and a regular inverter.
Working of a Grid Connected Solar Power

System:
A grid connected solar power system additionally

supplies excess electricity to the grid. People go for this kind of
system when they feel that they have enough space to install
solar powered system and they can sell the extra electricity
generated back to the electricity distribution company. The
structure of a grid-connected system is shown below:
The purpose of the inverter in this kind of system is also to

convert DC to AC. But it additionally needs a MPPT (Maximum
Power Point Tracking) feature to be built in it. Because the
voltage generated by Solar Panel varies depending on the
temperature and availability of sun (more on this on our article:
Solar Glossary photovoltaic, panels, modules, cells, voltage,
watt and current), MPPT enables solar inverters t draw
maximum power from the solar panels. The solar inverter used
for grid-connected solution also includes an anti-islanding
functionality to prevent risks to grid in case there is power
failure in the grid.
WORKING OF
POWER
INVERTER
5. WORKING OF POWER
INVERTER:
AC TRANSFOR RECTIFI
SUPPLY MER ER
INVERTE BATTERY
R
AC
A power inverter is a device
LOAD
that converts DC power (also known as direct
current), to standard AC power (alternating current). Inverters are used to
operate electrical equipment from the power produced by a car or boat battery
or renewable energy sources, like solar panels or wind turbines.
DC power is steady and continuous, with an electrical

charge that flows in only one direction. When the output of DC
power is represented on a graph, the result would be a straight
line. AC power, on the other hand, flows back and forth in
alternating directions so that, when represented on a graph, it
appears as a sine wave, with smooth and regular peaks and
valleys. A power inverter uses electronic circuits to cause the
DC power flow to change directions, making it alternate like AC
power. These oscillations are rough and tend to create a square
waveform rather than a rounded one, so filters are required to
smooth out the wave, allowing it to be used by more electronic
devices.
Most electronic devices require AC power to work

correctly because they are designed to be plugged into a
standard wall outlet, which supplies AC power. These devices
need a specific amount of low, regulated voltage in order to
operate. AC power is easier to step up or down, or change from
one voltage to another, than DC and easier to regulate. In
many cases, when a power inverter is in use, DC power is being
converted to AC power, which is then stepped down and turned
back into DC power inside the device.
Power inverters or home UPS have been in use

in India since quite some time. Thanks to frequent power cuts,
home UPS or power inverter industry has done well in India. But
with increasing interest in solar power and solar panels many
people are thinking of using Solar Power to charge the batteries
to save electricity drawn from the grid.
A power inverter or invert is a device that converts

Direct Current (or DC) to Alternating Current (or AC) using
transformers, switching and control circuits. And this is the
basic function of any inverter: be it solar or regular inverter. A
home UPS or home inverter take the DC power from the
batteries and convert it to AC power used by appliances.
Working of a Home UPS/Inverter:
A regular home UPS/inverter system has a system

of inverter and batteries that is connected to the home power
connection. When the power is coming from the grid, the
UPS/inverter system charges the batteries using the power
coming from the grid. When the power is off, the inverter takes
the DC power from the batteries and converts it into AC used
by appliances. There is an automated switch in the system that
senses if the grid is not supplying power and switches the UPS
into battery mode.
Advantages
&
disadvantages
Solar Inverter Advantages:

1. Saves you money:
After the initial investment has been recovered, the

energy from the sun is practically FREE.
The recovery/ payback period for this investment can be
very short depending on how much electricity your
household uses.
Financial incentives are available form the government
that will reduce your cost.
If your system produce more energy than you use, your
utility company can buy it from you, building up a credit
on your account! This is called net metering.
It will save you money on your electricity bill if you have
one at all. Solar energy does not require any fuel.
It's not affected by the supply and demand of fuel and is
therefore not subjected to the ever-increasing price of
gasoline.
The savings are immediate and for many years to come.
The use of solar energy indirectly reduces health costs.
2. Environmentally friendly:
Solar Energy is clean, renewable (unlike gas, oil and coal)

and sustainable, helping to protect our environment.
Therefore Solar Energy does not contribute to global
warming, acid rain or smog.
It does not pollute our air by releasing carbon dioxide,
nitrogen oxide, sulphur dioxide or mercury into the
atmosphere like many traditional forms of electrical

generations does.
It actively contributes to the decrease of harmful green
house gas emissions.It's generated where it is needed.
By not using any fuel, Solar Energy does not contribute to
the cost and problems of the recovery and transportation
of fuel or the storage of radioactive waste
3. Independent/ semi-independent:
Solar Energy can be utilized to offset utility-supplied
energy consumption. It does not only reduce your
electricity bill, but will also continue to supply your home/
business with electricity in the event of a power outage.
A Solar Energy system can operate entirely independent,
not requiring a connection to a power or gas grid at all.
Systems can therefore be installed in remote locations
(like holiday log cabins), making it more practical and
cost-effective than the supply of utility electricity to a new
site.
The use of Solar Energy reduces our dependence on
foreign and/or centralized sources of energy, influenced by
natural disasters or international events and so
contributes to a sustainable future.
Solar Energy supports local job and wealth creation,
fuelling local economies.
4. Low/ no maintenance:
Solar Energy systems are virtually maintenance free and

will last for decades.
Once installed, there are no recurring costs.
They operate silently, have no moving parts, do not

release offensive smells and do not require you to add any
fuel.
More solar panels can easily be added in the future when

your family's needs grow.
Solar Inverter Disadvantages:
The initial cost is the main disadvantage of installing a

solar energy system, largely because of the high cost of
the semi-conducting materials used in building one.
The cost of solar energy is also high compared to non-
renewable utility-supplied electricity. As energy shortages
are becoming more common, solar energy is becoming
more price-competitive.
Solar panels require quite a large area for installation to
achieve a good level of efficiency.
The efficiency of the system also relies on the location of
the sun, although this problem can be overcome with the
installation of certain components.
The production of solar energy is influenced by the
presence of clouds or pollution in the air.
Similarly, no solar energy will be produced during
nighttime although a battery backup system and/or net
metering will solve this problem.
INSTALLATION OF
SOLAR INVERTER
4. INSTALLATION OF SOLAR
INVERTER:
Installation:
1.Location:
The location of the Solar Inverter must be chosen by the

following criteria: Protection from unauthorized handling. Dry
dust free room, no condensation, no rodents. Never install
directly over the battery and never in a cabinet together with
the batteries. Keep ventilation holes free. The ventilation of the
Solar Inverter is designed in such a way that it will work most
efficiently when mounted vertically.In mobile installation it is
important to keep vibrations to a minimum.
2.Cabling / wiring:
When making connections to the Solar Inverter you must
ensure that all connections are carried out in a clean and
correct manner and under no circumstances that a cable is
connected to a wrong terminal. Connecting the Solar Inverter
must be carried out in the following order.
2.1 Pre-installation settings:
Before you start with the wiring of the Solar Inverter you must
set the type of battery. If sealed-gel batteries are used then you
must set the parameter P-04 ( Equalization charging ) is
Disable .. In case of normal lead-acid batteries, these can
handle a higher equalizing charge, the P-04 can be set to
Enable ,
2.2 Connection to battery:
Prepare the batteries for connection. Prepare battery cables, if
necessary press on cable tabs/shoes. Connect the red cable to
the Battery positive fuse/circuit breaker and the black cable to
battery Minus (-) Take care when connecting the second cable
to the battery, as a spark is produced, this is caused for a short
time due to high current flowing in the Solar Inverter to charge
the capacitors. This is another reason to install a battery

fuse/circuit breaker. For this reason follow strictly the safety
measures described in this manual.
2.3 Connection to the AC OUTPUT:
The AC output must be connected to the screw terminal AC
OUTPUT. For this,
use a 3-core cable with a conductor cross section of 2,5mm.
Connections are
marked as follows OUT / N=Neutral, GND=Earth, OUT /
L=Live or Active.
2.4 Connection to the AC INPUT:
The AC input supply from the electricity grid or from a
generator must be connected to the screw terminals AC INPUT.
For this use a 3-core cable with a conductor cross section of
2,5mm. Connections are marked as follows
IN / N=Neutral,
GND=Earth, IN / L=Live or Active.
2.5 Connect the Solar modules: SOLAR IN +/-
Solar modules are connected on these terminals. Under no

circumstances should any other energy source i.e. wind
generator be connected to these terminals. Depending on the
power of the modules, the cable cross section should be 2.5
upto 6mm. Before connecting it is necessary to check with a
Voltmeter that the required voltage.
2.6 Connection to Aux1 & AUX2:
On these three terminals, it is a potential free change-over
contact capable of
switching a maximum current and voltage of 16A/250V ac. The

multi-display on the front of Solar Inverter can show the
status of these contacts.
2.7 Connection to Remote control unit

( optional ):
The Remote control unit of Solar Inverter RCC-A is connected in
the Remotecontrol of front panel with a RJ11 / 6 connector.
The Remote Control can be plugged IN at any time. Push in the
connector, without forcing it, until you hear the click. Now the
connector is locked in place. The same applies to the plug at
the Remote control unit. The length of the cable for the Remote
control should not exceed 15m, it comes standard with 3m
cable.
2.8 Connection to Temperature Sensor
(Optional):
To connect the battery temperature sensor we recommend
using a wing nut style battery terminal to allow multiple lugs
from the positive pole of the battery.Use the diagram below as
a guide for connecting both the sensor and the positive battery
lead. Always ensure that the positive cable/lug is underneath
the temperature sensor cable/lug. This will ensure safe
operation of both the inverter
and battery bank.
Safety precautions
&
Maintenance
Safety precautions for installing a solar

photovoltaic system:
Solar modules produce electrical energy when exposed to
sunlight. DC voltages may exceed 30V on a single exposed
module.
Only connect modules with the same rated output current
in series. If modules are connected in series, the total
voltage is equal to the sum of the individual module
voltages.
Only connect modules or series combinations of modules
with the same voltage in parallel. If modules are
connected in parallel, the total current is equal to the sum
of individual module or series combination currents.
Keep children well away from the system while

transporting and installing mechanical and electrical
components.
Completely cover all modules with an opaque material
during installation to prevent electricity from being
generated.
Do not wear metallic rings, watchbands, ear, nose, or lip
rings or other metallic devices while installing or
troubleshooting photovoltaic systems.
Use appropriate safety equipment (insulated tools,
insulating gloves, etc) approved for use on electrical
installations.
Observe the instructions and safety precautions for all
other components used in the system, including wiring
and cables, connectors, DC-breakers, mounting hardware,
inverters, etc.
Use only equipment, connectors, wiring and mounting
hardware suitable for use in a photovoltaic system.
Always use the same type of module within a particular
photovoltaic system.
Please remind anyone going on your roof that they should
not disturb the panels or wiring.
Do not step on the panels or allow objects to fall on the
panels.
Do not disassemble or remove any part of the system.
This will void manufacturer warranties
Maintenance:
Solar inverter recommends the following maintenance
items to ensure optimum performance of the module:
Clean the glass surface of the module as necessary. Use

water and a soft sponge or cloth for cleaning. A mild, non-
abrasive cleaning agent can be used if necessary.
Do not use dishwasher detergent.
Electrical and mechanical connections should be checked
periodically by qualified personnel to verify that they are
clean, secure and undamaged.
Check the electrical and mechanical connections
periodically to verify that they are clean, secure and
undamaged.
Problems should only be investigated by qualified
personnel.

Final Report Os Solar Invertor

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Final Report Os Solar Invertor

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Project report on solar inverter

1.1 ENERGY RESOURCES:

The scene of energy resources have been visualized in

(i) The global energy situation and demand

The natural elements of the material world exist in forms that

society can obtained energy to produce heat, light, and motion

Primary: They are found in nature: wind, water, solar,

Classified according to the energy reserves of the energy

Renewable energy source:

Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes

o natural wind (atmospheric flows)

o natural waterfall (hydraulic flows)

o natural plant: paper, wood

o natural animal: wax, grease, pack animals and

Nonrenewable energy sources:

They are coming from energy limited sources on Earth in

o fossil source: petroleum, natural gas, coal

o original mineral/chemical: uranium, shale gas

Over 85% of the energy used in the world is from non-

Industrialized societies depend on non-renewable

1.2 SOLAR ENERGY:

Solar energy is radiant energy that is produced by sun.

1.3 Applications of solar energy:

Agriculture and horticulture - Agriculture and horticulture seek

Transport and reconnaissance - Some vehicles use solar panels for

Concentrated solar power - Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)

Photovoltaics - A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell (PV), is a device that

Solar energy has been in used by various ancient civilization since

Alexandre Edmond Becquerel built the worlds first photovoltaic

2.2 Solar Inverter:

It consists of a solar panel, which charges a battery and a

An SOLAR INVERTER is an electrical device that converts

The converted AC can be at any required voltage and

Grid-tie inverters are designed to shut down automatically

2.3 Types of Solar Inverter:

Stand-alone inverters: These are used in isolated

Grid-tie inverters: Grid-tie inverters which match

Battery backup inverters: These are special

battery, manage the battery charge via an onboard

SOLAR INVERTER PARTS &

3. SOLAR INVERTER PARTS &

3.1 Solar panel:

A solar panel is a set of solar photovoltaic modules

Solar cells: Solar panels consists of solar cells:

A solar cell (also called a photovoltaic cell)

The term "photovoltaic" comes from the Greek

Photovoltaics is the field of technology and

The operation of a photovoltaic (PV) cell requires 3 basic

1. The absorption of light, generating either electron-hole

2. The separation of charge carriers of opposite types.

3. The separate extraction of those carriers to an external

3.2 Solar Charge controller:

A charge controller may be used to power DC equipment with

tracking. An inverter can be connected to the output of a

Solar Batteries (Deep Cycle Batteries) are a key component in a

In renewable energy systems, deep cycle batteries provide the

capacity or better.) At the very least, do not allow the batteries

The basic purpose of any inverter is to convert DC power to

A solar inverter, or PV inverter, converts the

panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can

The input voltage, output voltage and frequency,

A solar inverter can be entirely electronic or may be a

Typical applications for inverters include: