ArchiesnExponent:Therestofthestory

GeneBallayandNelsonSuarez
www.GeoNeurale.com
Inanearliernote(ThemExponentinCarbonatePetrophysics)wediscussedthephysical
meaningandrangeofvaluesofArchiesmexponent;herewemoveontothenexponent.
ConceptuallytheCementationExponent Double Porosity Hydrocarbon Saturated Rock R(T)/R(0) vs Sw for Archie's "n"

representstheefficiencyofabrine
1000.00
Phi(Macro)=0.20
Although Archies m exponent is often said to Phi(Meso)=0.05
saturatedporesystemtoconduct represent the pore system electrical efficiency,
while n is thought of as wettability, multi-
100.00

n~2.3
electricityrelativetotheconductivityof

Resistivity Index
mode pore systems can also have an effect on n 10.00 MacroPores MesoPores
Vb 0.2 Vb 0.05

thebrineitself.TheSaturationExponent RI vs Sw crossplots for dual porosity systems with

1.00
Pd
Constant
10
0.1
Pd
Constant
100
0.1
both large and small pores each having n = 2, Rw 0.05 Rw 0.05 Macro

describestheefficiencyofapartially can exhibit departures from a slope of 2, and can

m
n
Ro
2
2
1.25
m
n
Ro
2
2
20
Meso
Total
conceivably bend both upwards & downwards,
brinesaturatedporesystemtoconduct
0.10
0.01 0.1 1
depending upon the porosity partition Sw Sw(Net) ~ 0.365
electricityinthepresenceofanon Figure 1
conductivehydrocarbonphase,relative 1000.000
R(T)/R(0) vs Sw for Archie's "n"
1000.000
R(T)/R(0) vs Sw for Archie's "n"

Phi(Macro)=0.05 Phi(Macro)=0.125
tothefullybrinesaturatedbaseline. 100.000
Phi(Meso)=0.20
100.000
Phi(Meso)=0.125

Wethenmentallyrealizethatnwillbe

Resistivity Index
Resistivity Index

10.000 MacroPores MesoPores 10.000 MacroPores MesoPores n~1.3

Vb 0.125 Vb 0.125

relatedtowettability.Shouldtherock n~0.33 Vb
Pd
0.05
10
Vb
Pd
0.2
100
Pd 10 Pd 100
Constant 0.1 Constant 0.1 Constant 0.1 Constant 0.1
1.000 1.000 Rw 0.05 Rw 0.05
takeonanoilwetcharacter,the Rw
m
n
0.05
2
2
Rw
m
n
0.05
2
2
Macro
Meso
Total
m
n
2
2
m
n
2
2
Macro
Meso
Total
Ro 20 Ro 1.25 Ro 3.2 Ro 3.2

conductivebrinephasewillbegintobe Sw ~ 0.84
0.100
0.01 0.1
Sw
1
0.100
0.01 0.1
Sw
Sw ~ 0.60
1

chokedoffsomewhatanalogoustothe
cementedbeadpackeffectsonm,investigatedbyWyllieandGregory.
Whatmaybelessimmediatelyobviousistherolethatthebasicporesystemcanplayinn.
Inmanycases,theessenceofcarbonatepetrophysicsrelativetoclasticpetrophysicsisthatof
poresystemheterogeneityversusclayconductivity.Andshouldtherebeamultimodepore
system,theremaywellbeaneffectonbothmandn:Figure1.
Inthecaseofasinglemodeporesystem,weoftenfindalinearrelation(onaLogLogdisplay)
Double Porosity Hydrocarbon Saturated Rock betweentheResistivityIndex
Routine Semi-Log Format Pc Display

We have constructed a live-linked Excel [R(Sw<100%)/R(Sw=100%)]andSw

10000

spreadsheet which allows the User to specify acrossalargerangeofsaturations,with

1000

locally specific pore size distributions in

asingleslopethatisrelatedtoArchies
Hg Pressure

terms of the Thomeer Pc protocol 100

Then, assuming a parallel electrical circuit

exponentn.Multimodepore
10 Macro
between the two systems, we are able to systemscanresultinanonlinear
Meso
Total
calculate the corresponding n exponent
across a range of Pcs (height in the
relation(multiple&differentslopes)
1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Sw
reservoir) betweentheRIandSw,independentof
Figure 2
R(T)/R(0) vs Sw for Archie's "n" thewettability,givingrisetowhatis
1000.000
The User must assign values to m & n for
each elementary circuit. The spreadsheet will then
termednonArchiebehavior:Figure2.
100.000 n~2.3 calculate the corresponding effective n across a
range of Pcs EmmanuelToumelin&CarlosTorres
Resistivity Index

10.000
MacroPores MesoPores The resulting n will often exhibit an inflection Verdin,BernardMontaron,MarcFleury
Vb 0.2 Vb 0.05
point at the juncture of the two pore systems
1.000
Pd
Constant
10
0.1
Pd
Constant
100
0.1 Macro
andothershaveinvestigatedthisissue
Rw 0.05 Rw 0.05 In the illustrative case of n = 2 for both large and
0.100
m
n
2
2
m
n
2
2
Meso
Total
small pores, the effective n at the inflection insomedetail.Ourobjectivehereinis
0.01 0.1 1
point can be significantly different than 2.0 toillustratetheissuewithbasiccircuit
Sw

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 Double Porosity Hydrocarbon Saturated Rock Figure 3
The predicted n behavior for a dual porosity theoryandtodevelopadynamicPc
system response can bend over similar to early
observations by Diederix, Swanson and others referencedspreadsheetthatallowsoneto
The advantage of the live-linked spreadsheet is performwhatifcalculationsforlocally
that in addition to quantifying the net circuit
response, it facilitates locally specific what if specificconditions.
scenarios in which Pc and RI-Sw are inter-
related ThebendingoveroftheRISwcrossplot,
atthesaturationcorrespondingtothe
capillarydisplacementpressureofthe
secondporesystemhasbeenobservedin
bothbeadpackandreservoirrockstudies:
The Technical Review : Volume 36 Number 4
K M Diederix: Anomalous Relationships Between
Resistivity Index and Water Saturations in the Figure3.
Rotliegend Sandstone (The Netherlands),
The Technical Review : Volume 36 Number 4. Transactions of the SPWLA 23rd Annual Logging

Asifonenonintuitiveresponsewerenot
B F Swanson: Microporosity in Reservoir Rocks - Its Measurement and Symposium, Corpus Christi, Texas, July 6-9,
Influence on Electrical Resistivity, Transactions of the SPWLA 26th Annual 1982, Paper X
Logging Symposium, Dallas, June 17-20, 1985, paper H

enough,wefindthattheRISwtrendof
dualporosityrockcanalsobendupwards
andagaintheinflectionpointisrelatedtotheporositypartition:Figure4.
Itisimportanttorealizethatwhilethe Double Porosity Hydrocarbon Saturated Figure 4
parallelcircuitmodelusedhereinis Rock

commonintheliteratureanddoesillustrate The predicted n behavior for a dual

porosity system can also bend upwards
howthenexponentisaffectedbythe as has been observed by Fleury Schematic of the different
types of RI curves observed
poresystem,notallreservoirrockwillbe I III are due to the pore structure, IV experimentally: Fleury.
is typical of wettability effects and is not
configuredassuch.Complicationsbeyond specific to carbonates
whatthesecalculationsassumeincludean A detailed explanation of the non-Archie behavior of the RI-Sw curves in carbonates
is proposed. The model is based on resistivity index curves measured at ambient and
electricalcircuitthatisnotstrictlyparallel reservoir conditions, in double or triple porosity micritic and oolitic carbonates.
andvariationsinwettability(certainly We used the Fast Resistivity Index Measurement (FRIM) method to obtain accurate
possiblewhenthereisarangeofporesizes). and continuous RI curves down to very low water saturation (5%). In general, the
measured RI curves cannot be described by an Archies law and the measurements at
very low saturation are often a key observation to confirm a non-Archie behavior
ArchiesExponents
A large variety of shapes is observed and local n exponents can vary from 1 up to 3
Asweallknow,Archieperformedaseriesof M. Fleury. Institut Franais du Ptrole. RESISTIVITY IN CARBONATES: NEW INSIGHTS. SCA2002-28
groundbreakingmeasurementsthat,when
combinedwiththefollowupworkofothers,nowformsthebasisofourusualformation
evaluationalgorithms:Figure5.
Archies Equation
Wet formation described by
SchlumbergersTechnicalReview,Volume36
Ro = Rw / m
Number3andVolume36Number4providea
Formation Factor = R(Formation) / R(Brine) ~ 1 / m
nicechronologicallyorderedtechnical
Hydrocarbon formation described by
discussionoftheFormationFactor(m
exponent)andResistivityIndex(nexponent).
Rt (Sw) = Ro (Sw=100%) / Sw n
Wehavediscussedthemexponentinan
Resistivity Index = Rt (Sw) / Ro (Sw=100%) ~ 1 / Sw n
earliernote,andherefocusonn.
(Sw) n = [Rw / ( m Rdeep )]
m and n represent the efficiency of current flow Giventhatnrepresentstheefficiencyof
The pore system in a brine saturated sample currentflowthroughaconductivebrinephase
Conductive brine in the presence of non-conductive hydrocarbon inthepresenceofanonconductive
hydrocarbonphase,thefirstissuethatcomes
Figure 5

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 Archies n Exponent : Wettability
Wettability will have an obvious influence on n
tomindiswettability:Figure6.
Current flow in an oil wet rock is less efficient, more tortuous
Shouldthereservoirrocktakeonanoil n will be higher Figure 6
wetcharacter,theelectricalefficiency
willbereduced,requiringamathematical
increaseinnforproperrepresentation.
Althoughtheconceptissimpletovisualize,
practicalimplementationcanbe
challenging,sincethewettabilitymaybea
functionofHeight(AnotherLookatEkofisk
WettabilitybyG.Hamon.). The Technical Review : Volume 36 Number 4

Furthermore,shouldtherebeadualporositysystemthelargerporethroatswillhavethe
opportunitytobecomeoilwetata
Archies n Exponent : Multiple Pore Systems
Diederix investigated Grain Surface Effects
deeperdepththanwillthesmallpore
He observed inflection points in some (but not all) of his resistivity index throats(MiddleEastWellEvaluation
measurements
Review:No17,1996).
SEM revealed the inflection point correlated with the presence of a rough
grain surface Perhapslessobviousashavingan
Samples with smooth grain surfaces had no knee influenceonnisthepresenceofa
Diederix theorized that the rough surface roughgrainsurface.WhenDiederix
would hold water more efficiently (as
compared to a smooth surface) reviewedhisRISwmeasurements,he
Offer a more conductive current path : noticedthatwhilemanywerelinear(as
lower n expected),someexhibitedaninflection
This is a surface effect, not a clay point:Figure7.
conductivity, issue
Figure 7
The Technical Review : Volume 36 Number 4 Whenthesampleswereexaminedby
K M Diederix: Anomalous Relationships Between Resistivity Index and Water Saturations in the Rotliegend Sandstone (The
Netherlands), Transactions of the SPWLA 23rd Annual Logging Symposium, Corpus Christi, Texas, July 6-9, 1982, Paper X SEM,hefurtherobservedthatthose
exhibitinganinflectionpointhadrough
Archies n Exponent : Multiple Pore Systems
surfaceswhereasthe(expected)linear
responsecorrespondedtosmooth Diederix simulated grain roughness
effects in the lab
surfacegrains,andthiscausedhimto
Smooth and rough glass beads
speculatethattheroughsurfacesmight
beprovidingasecondelectricalcircuit. Both bead packs water wet
No inflection point observed in
Diederixfollowedupwithabeadpack smooth surface beads
studyinwhichRISwwasmeasured Rough surface bead packs exhibited
ontwowaterwetpacks:onesetof inflection point just as the rough
beadshadsmoothsurfaceswhilethe reservoir rock did
secondsethadroughsurfaces. Rough grain surface leads to lower
saturation exponent
Theroughsurfacebeadsexhibiteda
nonlinearRISwrelationwhilethe The Technical Review : Volume 36 Number 4
K M Diederix: Anomalous Relationships Between Resistivity Index and Figure 8
Water Saturations in the Rotliegend Sandstone (The Netherlands),
smoothsurfacebeadsremainedlinear Transactions of the SPWLA 23rd Annual Logging Symposium, Corpus
Christi, Texas, July 6-9, 1982, Paper X
(buteventuallybentover,asevena

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 Archies n Exponent : Multiple Pore Systems
Swanson investigated dual porosity in the lab smoothsurfacebecomesroughat
He found the RI - Sw trend consistently changed slope at the saturation where Pc somedimension):Figure8.
curve indicated a transition from (large) inter-granular to (small) micro-porosity
Bearinginmindthatbothbeadpacks
Figure 9
werewaterwet,theseresults
Left: Micropores begin indicatedthatanattributein
to contribute to rock
response at ~ 2000 psi, at additiontowettabilitywas
which point the water influencingn.
saturation is ~ 25 %
Right: Resistivity Index DiederixwasfollowedbySwanson
bends over as the whobothmathematicallymodeled,
micropores come into
play at ~ 25 su andexperimentallymeasured,thePc
andRISwpropertiesofdualporosity
The Technical Review : Volume 36 Number 4
B F Swanson: Microporosity in Reservoir Rocks - Its Measurement and Influence on Electrical Resistivity, Transactions of samples:Figure9.
the SPWLA 26th Annual Logging Symposium, Dallas, June 17-20, 1985, paper H
SwansonfoundthattheRISwplot
bentoverattheSwcorrespondingtoentryofhydrocarbonintothesmallerpores.
InthetimesinceSwanson,anumberofadditionalinvestigationshavebeenperformed,with
increasinglysophisticatedmathematicalmodels.Ourobjectivehereinistoestablishthebasic
concept,andtofurtherconstructalivelinkedPcRISwspreadsheetwhichwill(simply)
illustratetheeffectofadualporositysystemonthenexponentforlocallyspecified
conditions.
BasicCircuitTheory
ThePccurve,asspecifiedbytheUser, Ohms Law and Circuit Models
willdefinethebrinesaturationinthe
Ohms Law for DC current flow is V = I * R
twoporesystems,asafunctionof
V voltage, I Current, R Resistance
pressure(heightinthereservoir).At
In a parallel circuit, the various elements each
thesimplestlevel,thetwopore experience the same voltage drop, V
systemsmayexistinaparallelor The net current through the circuit is
seriesarrangement,withtheparallel I = I(1) + I(2) + I(n), where the ith element satisfies I(i) = V(i) / R(i)
configurationbeingtheanalogueofa I = V*[1/R(1) + 1/R(2) + + 1/R(n)]
dispersedshalysandmodel(Waxman C = 1 / R
Smits,forexample). I = V*C = V*[1/R(1) + 1/R(2) + + 1/R(n)] = V*[C(1) + C(2) + + C(n)]
WeallrealizethatMotherNatureis Ohms Law for the entire circuit is then
notlikelytotakeonthemost V = I / C = I / [1/R(1) + 1/R(2) + + 1/R(n)] = I / [C(1) + C(2) + + C(n)]
mathematicallyconvenient The effective parallel circuit conductivity is the sum of the separate conductivities.
configuration,butwemustwalk In the case of a two component circuit, C(eff) = C(1) + C(2)
Figure 10
beforewecanrunandfurthermore http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuit

thecurrentobjectiveisonlyto
achieveafirstpassillustrationandcalculation.
ThecurrentflowisdescribedwithanOhmsLawparallelcircuit:Figure10.
Inthecaseofaparallelcircuit,thevoltagedropacrossthevariouselementsisidentical,and
equaltoI*R.Thetotalcurrentthroughthecircuitisthesumofthatpassingthroughthe

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 Ohms Law and Circuit Models

In a series circuit, the various elements each

variouselements,whichwithabitof experience the same current flow, I
algebra,bringsustotheobservationthat
The net voltage across the circuit is
theeffectiveconductivity(inverseof V = V(1) + V(2) + V(n), where the ith element satisfies V(i) = I * R(i)
resistivity)isthesumoftheindividual Ohms Law for the entire circuit is then
conductivities. V = I*R(1) + I*R(2) + + I*R(n) = I*[R(1) + R(2) + + R(n)]
Althoughourfocusisonaparallelcircuit, The effective series circuit resistivity is the sum of the separate resistivities.

thisisaconvenientpointatwhichto If the equation is written in terms of conductivity, we have

determinetheresponsecharacteristicof V = I / C = I * [1/C(1) + 1/C(2) + + 1/C(n)]

aseriescircuit,incasethatconfiguration 1 / C = 1/C(1) + 1/C(2) + + 1/C(n)

shouldbereferencedatalatertime.Now The effective series circuit conductivity is inversely related to the sum of the
individual inverse conductivities.
thetotalvoltagedropacrosstheentire In the case of a two component circuit, 1/C(eff) = 1/C(1) + 1/C(2)
circuitisthesumoftheindividualvoltage http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuit
Figure 11

drops,whilethecurrentflowthrough
eachelementisidentical:Figure11.
Inthecaseofaseriesarrangement,wethenfindthattheeffectiveresistivityisthesumofthe
individualresistivities.
TheThomeerCapillaryPressureModel
Hyperbolicmodelsappearinavarietyof
The Thomeer Capillary Pressure Model ThomeerPcModel

The Thomeer capillary pressure model is a 1.00 petrophysicaldiscussions,withone

C=.05
hyperbolic relation between Mercury Injection 0.80 C=0.1 commonapplicationbeingBulkVolume
Pressure (Pc) and Bulk Volume (Vb) Occupied (by C=0.2

Water:BVW=Phi*Sw.Abovethe
Log(Pc_Rat)

the non-wetting mercury), expressed as follows 0.60

[Log(Vb / Vb)] [Log(Pc / Pd)] = Constant 0.40 transitionzone,BVWtakesonarelatively

Vb is the fractional bulk volume occupied by 0.20 constantvalueforaspecificrockquality,
mercury extrapolated to infinite mercury pressure
0.20
0.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
androckofaspecificcategory(BVW)can
Pd is the extrapolated mercury displacement
pressure
Log(Vol_Rat)
Non-Wetting
beoftenbesafely(minimalriskof
ThomeerPcModel
Constant is related to the pore geometric factor
1000 producingwater)perforatedinthe
C=0.05

and reflects the distribution of pore throats and their C=0.1 presenceofhighSw,solongitfallsalong
associated volumes: the curvature of the relation C=0.2

theappropriateBVWtrend(RossCrain,
In general we desire a direct Pc Vb relation,
Pc

which is achieved by raising each side of the

100
2009).
equation to the power 10,
Vb/Vb = 10^[Constant/(Log(Pc/Pd)]
Vb
Pd TheThomeermodelofcapillarypressure
0.2
20

George Hirasaki. Hydrostatic Fluid Distribution. 1

isahyperbolicrelationbetween
10
0.1 0.01 0.001
Figure 12
www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ceng671/CHAP3.pdf Vb(NonWetting)
MercuryInjectionPressure(Pc)andBulk
Volume(Vb)Occupied[bythenonwettingmercury,orviceversa(1Satwetting)],expressedas
follows:Figure12.
[Log(Vb/Vb)][Log(Pc/Pd)]=Constant
Vbistheverticalasymptote:thetotalinterconnectedvolumeaccessiblebythe
mercury(Hirasaki)
Pdisthehorizontalasymptote:theextrapolatedmercurydisplacementpressureinpsi,
thepressurerequiredtoenterthelargestporethroat.

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 Constantistheporegeometryfactor,relatedtothedistributionofporethroatsand
theirassociatedvolumes:thecurvatureoftherelation.

The Thomeer Capillary Pressure Model

Thomeersprotocolisusefulforboth
constructingphysicallyrealistic,
The 10^x term is often converted to e^y so that
Thomeers final expression involves both Base 10 genericPccurves,andforcurvefitting
and Base e logarithms measureddata.Inthecaseof
performingacurvefittoindependently
measureddata,weexpectVbtobe
aboutequaltothesampleporosityfor
(Vb)P is the fractional bulk volume occupied by
highpermeabilityrock,butpossibly
mercury extrapolated to infinite mercury pressure somewhatdifferentinlowerquality
Pd is the extrapolated mercury displacement rock:Figure13.
pressure in psi
G is the pore geometric factor, reflecting the Log-Log plot for fitting Hg/air Theformulationissufficientlygeneral
distribution of pore throats and their associated Pc data with Thomeer model thatPdmayvarybyapoweroften,
volumes and related to the Hyperbolic Constant as
Figure 13 whiletheporegeometryconstant
G = - 0.4343 * Hyperbolic Constant
George Hirasaki. Hydrostatic Fluid Distribution. www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ceng671/CHAP3.pdf
remainsnearlyunchanged(i.e.thesize
ofthegrainsspansarangeofvaluesbut
thecurvatureofthePccurveremainssimilar):Figure14.
Inpractice,wetypicallyexpressonevariableasafunctionoftheother(ratherthantheproduct
beingaconstant),andsotherelationiswrittenasbelow.
[Log(Vb/Vb)]=Constant/[Log(Pc/Pd)]
Oneproceedstoadirect(non The Thomeer Capillary Pressure Model
logarithmic)expressionforVb/Vbby Thomeers model is surprisingly robust. Consider
raisingeachsideoftheequationtothe the case of relatively well sorted samples with
similar porosities but different grain sizes.
power10,Figure13perGeorgeHirasaki,
As grain size drops we anticipate a decrease in
andthenintroducingtheNatural perm and an increase in displacement pressure.
Logarithm/Exponential. It is an underlying relation between
displacement pressure and permeability/grain-
Vb/Vb=10^{Constant/[Log(Pc/Pd)]} crystal size that forms the basis for Lucias
classification protocol.
Although Pd varies by an order of magnitude there
is little change in the pore geometrical parameter.
Notice that Vb is close to the porosity, , for the
highest perm sample but can be significantly less
for lower perm samples. Mercury/air capillary pressure curves (Jorden
George Hirasaki. Hydrostatic Fluid Distribution.
Figure 14 and Campbell, 1984), from Hirasaki.
www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ceng671/CHAP3.pdf

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SeeAppendix1fordetailsoffollowingconversiontoexponentialform.
Vb/Vb=10^{Constant/[Log(Pc/Pd)]}exp[G/Log(Pc/Pd)]
G=0.4343*Constant
Bothcommonandnaturallogarithmsarebeingreferenced,Base10andBasee.Whendrawing
uponsomeoneelsescurvefitparameters,orperformingourown,wemustfollowa
consistentuseofthetwologarithmicbases.
AlthoughtheThomeerprotocolwas The Thomeer Capillary Pressure Model 227.27

%
Bimodal Sample # 1

Hg Sat.
22.73 100000

widelyusedwithinShell(where In practice, one would typically fit the

Height above Free Water Level feet

Thomeer formulation to measured results
Thomeerworked),itwaslesscommonly 10000

Illustrative Thomeer curve fit to bimodal

seenoutsideShell.Nevertheless,ithas sample with corresponding pore throat size

Pc
anumberofconceptualandpractical distribution, per Ed Clerkes shareware 1000

Large Pores Small Pores

%BVocc

attractionsrelativetotheSquareRoot
%BVoccCORR
THOMEER BV1
THOMEER BV2
BV1+BV2
Ht. above FWL

Vb = 0.030 Vb = 0.014
Hg. Saturation%
BV1+BV2+BV3
Closure Corr. =
%BV occ

(Perm/Porosity)andFlowZone
Swanson Point

100
10.00 1.00 0.10

Pd = 270 Pd = 5000
Indicator(FQI)alternatives:Appendix2. G = 0.060 G = 0.005
Figure 15
Bimodal Sample # 1

0.5

Inthecaseofmultipleporesize Eds Thomeer curve fit also yields graphic of

pore throat size distribution based upon 0.4

Incremental Pore Volume

distributions,forexample,the
rc=2 cos() /Pc(psi) 107.7 um/Pc(psi) 0.3

individualThomeerrepresentationscan 100 psi ~ 1 um 0.2

besuperimposedtomathematically 1000 psi ~ 0.1 um 0.1

representthecompositeresponse: 10000 psi ~ 0.01 um 0

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Figure15. Ballay, Gene. Split Personality. www.GeoNeurale.com. Dec. 2009. Pore Throat Diameter (Microns)

AlthoughthelaboratorymeasurementsreportPressure,amorephysicallymeaningful
attributeistheradius(ordiameter)oftheporethroatsizethatisbeingpenetratedatthat
particularpressure.Inthecaseofmercuryinjectiondatathetwoarerelatedasfollows.
Pc=2cos()/rc
rc(microns)=107.7um/Pc(psi)
Thinkingoftheresponseintermsofporethroatsizeisakintothinkingintermsofporebody
sizeand/orgrain/crystalsize,whichisanunderlyingbasisfortheLuciacarbonate
classificationprotocol.
Fromasomewhatdifferentperspective,DaleWinlandandEdPittmanexaminedcorrelations
ofporosity,permeabilityandcapillarypressurecurvestorecognizeanoptimalrelation
againstr35,theporethroatradiusbeingtouchedbythenonwettingmercuryat35%
saturation.
AsdiscussedindetailbyHartmann,r35breaksthePhiPermcrossplotintodomainssimilarto
(theperhapsmorecommon)Permeability/Porosityratio,buthastheattractionofbeinga
physicallymeaningfulattribute;theporethroatradiusbeingtouchedwhenthenonwetting
phasesaturationis35%.
r35isdirectlyrelatedtothecorrespondingmercuryinjectionpressure,andcanalsobeusedasa
genericrockqualityindicator.

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 Itsworthexplicitlypointingoutthat,particularlyinthecaseoflegacydata,thePc
measurementsmaynothavebeenmadeatreservoirconditions(Mitchell,2003)andone
shouldbealertfortheimplications.
DualPorosityintheWaterLeg
Weshallfocusonthesimplest Double Porosity Circuit Model
configuration,adoubleporosity At the simplest level, one can envision a double
systemwiththetwobaseelements porosity situation, consisting of large pores and
small pores, in parallel
arrangedinparallel:Figure16.This
Analogue of Diederix,
istheconceptualequivalentof Swanson and Fleurys work
Diederix,Swanson,Fleuryandothers Also analogous to dispersed
shaly sand model (Waxman-
andwillservetoillustratetheissue. Smits)

Thespreadsheetisdesignedto We have set up a live-linked spreadsheet in

which individually specific (dual porosity)
constructtheThomeerPccurvefora attributes can be specified, after which the
various downstream properties (including
doubleporositysystem,witheach Archies n) are calculated
elementspecified(displacement
pressure,porosity,poregeometry The Technical Review : Volume 36 Number 4
K M Diederix: Anomalous Relationships Between Resistivity Index and Figure 16
Water Saturations in the Rotliegend Sandstone (The Netherlands),
factor)bytheUser,therebyallowing Transactions of the SPWLA 23rd Annual Logging Symposium, Corpus
Christi, Texas, July 6-9, 1982, Paper X
locallyspecificapplications.

Figure17isanillustrativeexample,inwhichthetotalporosityconsistsof20puoflargepores
and5puofsmallpores.Each
Illustrative Double Porosity Pc Model Thomeer Pc Formulation & Display
MacroPores
Vb
MesoPores
Vb
systemhasitsuniquecapillary 100000

Within the Thomeer framework, the net 0.2 0.05

Pc curve is the superposition of the two

Pd
Constant 0.1
Pd 10
Constant 0.1
response,andthecomposite
100
10000

porosity systems responsefallsbetweenthesetwo

Hg Pressure

Within the (perhaps more) conventional

1000

display (Pc vs Sw) format, the net Pc

boundariesaccordingtothe
Macro
100
curve falls between the two individual Meso porositypartition(relative
components, according to the relative size Total

of the two porosity partitions 1

populationsoflargeandsmall
0.1 0.01
10

Fractional BV(NonWet)
With 20 pu of large pores and only 5 pu Routine Semi-Log Format Pc Display
pores).
of smaller pores, it is clear how Low Res 10000
pay can develop in dual porosity systems
Withonly20%oftheporesystem
At Pc ~100 psi the net Sw is ~.36 1000

even though Sw in the large pores is beingsmall(i.e.5puofatotal25

Hg Pressure

~.21 100
pu),itbecomesimmediatelyclear
The effect will be more pronounced as
the small pore fraction increases
10 Macro
Meso
howLowRespaycandevelopina
Total
1 doubleporosityporesystem.
Figure 17 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Sw

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 Double Porosity Brine Saturated Rock (the water leg)

Taking the m exponent to be MacroPores MesoPores

2.0 in the two individual pore Vb 0.2 Vb 0.05 Asdiscussedinourearliernote

Pd 10 Pd 100
systems, we calculate the
individual Ro resistivities to be
Constant
Rw
0.1
0.05
Constant
Rw
0.1
0.05
(ArchiesmExponent)thepore
as follows m
n
2
2
m
n
2
2
systemandcementationexponent
Ro 1.25 Ro 20
Ro=Rw/Phi^m haveanintuitivelyobviousrelation.
m(Macro)=2.0=m(Meso) is entirely
Ro(Macro)=Rw/Phi(Macro)^m =1.25 possible. Recall that m(IG/IX)~2 and
m(Chalk)~2 Perhapslessintuitiveisthefactthat
Ro(Meso)=Rw/Phi(Meso)^m = 20.0
Ro(Parallel)=1/(1/Ro(Macro) + 1/Ro(Meso) = 1.176
Other m values may be input in the ifbothelements(largeandsmall
spreadsheet and the impact quantified
pores)inaparallelcircuithavean
With the above individual circuit responses, m of the composite system is given by
m(Dual Porosity)=[Log(Rw/Ro)]/Log(Phi)=[Log(0.05/1.176)]/Log(0.25)=2.278
mof2.0(IG/IXandchalkmayboth
Even though the two individual circuit elements (large and small pores) each have havem~2.0),thenetmofthe
an m exponent of 2.0, the parallel dual porosity circuit has an effective m of 2.278 reservoirrockisnot2.0,butrather
Figure 18 relatedtotherelativeproportionsof
thetwocomponents:Figure18.
Double Porosity Brine Saturated Rock (the water leg)
With 20 pu of large pores having m(Macro)=2.0, and 5 pu of small pores with
Thisobservationisnotnew,andhasbeen m(Meso)=2.0, m(Dual Porosity)=2.278 (not the possibly expected value of 2.0)
reportedbyWang&Lucia,Cluff,and Even though the individual circuit elements (large and small pores) each have
others:Figure19. an m exponent of 2.0, the parallel dual porosity circuit has an effective m of
2.278
This (perhaps unexpected) result is consistent with various dual porosity exponent
Lookingaheadtoournobjective,we models, such as Wang and Lucias formulation for a mix of IG/IX and vuggy pores
mayrecognizethemdependenceby
eithercalculatingitaccordingtothe
elementarycircuitresponses(whichis
Fred P. Wang and F. Jerry Lucia. Comparison of Empirical Models for Calculating the Vuggy Porosity and Cementation
whatwehavedone),orwithadouble Exponent of Carbonates from Log Responses. BEG, University of Texas, Geological Circular 93-4.
Robert Cluff, et al. Evidence for a variable Archie porosity exponent m and impact on saturation calculations for
porositymodelsuchasWang&Lucia: Mesaverde tight gas sandstones: Piceance, Uinta, Green River, Wind River, and Powder River basins. AAPG Rocky
Mountain Section meeting, Denver, Colorado. July 2008.

Figure20.
m(Dual Porosity)=[Log(0.20 2 + 0.05 2)]/Log(0.25) = 2.278 Figure 19

Double Porosity Brine Saturated Rock (the water leg)
Looking ahead to the ultimate objective of this calculation (double porosity n
exponent), we immediately wonder what the impact of the difference in individual
versus composite m values will be on the n exponent
m(Macro) = 2.0 = m(Meso) versus m(Dual Porosity Composite)=2.278
n = [Log(RI)]/Log(Sw) = [Log(R(T)/R(0)]/Log(Sw)
Where R(0) = Rw/Phi^m
From the preceding we realize that the composite m will be a function of the
porosity partition. Even though both the Macro & Meso pore systems have m = 2,
the composite m may differ from 2.0
Phi(Macro) Phi(Meso) m
0.20 0.05 2.28
Figure 20
0.15 0.10 2.47
0.10 0.15 2.47
0.05 0.20 2.28
The calculation of R(0) and R(T), when properly done, will take into account the
difference between individual and composite m exponents

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 DualPorosityintheHydrocarbonColumn
Withanunderstandingofthebasic
Illustrative Double Porosity Hydrocarbon Saturated Rock
circuittheory,thecapillary
As Pc exceeds 100 psi, the small pore system just begins to contribute. At this point
pressurecurveandthewaterleg Sw(Macro) ~ 0.206 and R(Macro) ~ R(0)/(Sw^n) ~ [0.05/(0.20^2)]/(0.206^2) ~ 29.5
response,wearereadyto(simply) Sw(Meso) ~ 1.00 and R(Meso) ~ R(0) ~ [0.05/(0.05^2)]/1.00 ~ 20.0

simulatetheeffectofadual Sw(Net) ~ [0.20*Sw(Macro) + 0.05 * Sw(Meso)]/0.25 ~ 0.365

The resistivity of the charged parallel network is 1/R(Net)=1/R(Macro)+1/R(Meso) R(Net) ~ 11.9
porositysystemonthen
The resistivity of the water filled parallel network is 1/R(0)=1/R(Macro)+1/R(Meso) R(Net) ~ 1.18
exponent:Figure21.
The effective n exponent is n ~ [Log(R(0)/R(T))]/Log(Sw) ~ 2.3, NOT 2.0, even though both
porosity partitions are described by n = 2.0.
Withtheillustrativeparameters, Routine Semi-Log Format Pc Display Figure 211000.00 R(T)/R(0) vs Sw for Archie's "n"

hydrocarbondoesnotenterthe 10000
Phi(Macro)=0.20
smallporesatmercurypressures 1000
Phi(Meso)=0.05 100.00

n~2.3
lowerthan100psi.Asthe
Hg Pressure

Resistivity Index
100 10.00 MacroPores MesoPores
Vb 0.2 Vb 0.05
hydrocarbonbeginstoenterthe Pd
Constant
10
0.1
Pd
Constant
100
0.1
10 Macro 1.00
Rw 0.05 Rw 0.05
smallporesthereisalreadya Meso
Total
m
n
2
2
m
n
2
2
Macro
Meso
Total
Ro 1.25 Ro 20
significantpenetrationintothe 1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0.10
0.01 0.1 1

Sw ~ 0.206 Sw Sw Sw(Net) ~ 0.365

largepores,withtherelativeand
netsaturationsasseeninFigure21.

Thetwovolumetricdistributions(ateachandeverypressure)andtheassumptionofaparallel
network,allowcalculationofthenexponent.Whatwefind,perhapsunexpectedlybut
somewhatanalogoustotheearlier
R(T)/R(0) vs Sw for Archie's "n" Illustrative Double Porosity Hydrocarbon
1000.00
Saturated Rock discussionofdualporositym
100.00
The simulated net reservoir n
exponents,isthateventhough
bends over at the saturation thetwoindividualsystemshave
Resistivity Index

10.00
MacroPores
Vb 0.2
MesoPores
Vb 0.05 corresponding to hydrocarbon entry annof2.0(quitepossible,with
Pd Pd
into the small pore system, as has
10 100
1.00 Constant 0.1 Constant 0.1
Rw
m
0.05
2
Rw
m
0.05
2
Macro
Meso forexampleamixofIG/IXand
n
Ro
2
1.25
n
Ro
2
20
been reported by Diederix, Swanson,
Total
0.10
0.01 0.1 Fleury and others 1 Chalk),theeffectivenofthe
Sw
systemisnot2.0butrather
Figure 22 somethinghigher,anditbends
overatthebulksaturation
correspondingtoentryofthenon
wettingphaseintothesmaller
The Technical Review : Volume 36 Number 4. B F Swanson: Micro-
pores:Figure22.
The Technical Review : Volume 36 Number 4
porosity in Reservoir Rocks . K M Diederix: Anomalous Relationships Between
Resistivity Index and Water Saturations.

www.GeoNeurale.com July2012 GeneBallay&NelsonSuarez

 Illustrative Double Porosity Hydrocarbon Saturated Rock
As Pc exceeds 100 psi, the small pore system just begins to contribute. At this point
Sw(Macro) ~ 0.206 and R(Macro) ~ R(0)/(Sw^n) ~ [0.05/(0.125^2)]/(0.206^2) ~ 75.4
Sw(Meso) ~ 1.00 and R(Meso) ~ R(0) ~ [0.05/(0.125^2)]/1.00 ~ 3.2
Ifthetwoporesystems,largeandsmall,
Sw(Net) ~ [0.125*Sw(Macro) + 0.125 * Sw(Meso)]/0.25 ~ 0.60 weretobepresentinequal
The resistivity of the charged parallel network is 1/R(Net)=1/R(Macro)+1/R(Meso) R(Net) ~ 3.1
concentrations,themodelpredictsavery
The resistivity of the water filled parallel network is 1/R(0)=1/R(Macro)+1/R(Meso) R(Net) ~ 1.6
The effective n exponent is n ~ [Log(R(0)/R(T))]/Log(Sw) ~ 1.3, NOT 2.0, even though both differentbehavior:Figure23.Nowthereis
porosity partitions are described by n = 2.0.
asignificantvolumeoftherockthat
Routine Semi-Log Format Pc Display Figure 23 R(T)/R(0) vs Sw for Archie's "n"

10000
Phi(Macro)=0.125
1000.000
remainswatercharged(andrelatively
Phi(Meso)=0.125
1000
100.000
conductive)asthenonconducting
Hg Pressure

100 Resistivity Index

10.000 MacroPores MesoPores n~1.3 hydrocarbonentersthelargepores.Asa
Vb 0.125 Vb 0.125
Pd 10 Pd 100

10 Macro
Meso
1.000
Constant
Rw
m
0.1
0.05
2
Constant
Rw
m
0.1
0.05
2
Macro resultoftheincreasedconductivity,n
Meso
n 2 n 2

takesonalowvalueandthenetrock
Total
Ro 3.2 Ro 3.2 Total
1 0.100
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.01 0.1 1
Sw Sw
Sw ~ 0.60
Sw ~ 0.206

RISwcrossplotbendsupwardswhen Illustrative Double Porosity Hydrocarbon Saturated Rock

hydrocarbonpenetratesthesmallpore As Pc exceeds 100 psi, the small pore system just begins to contribute. At this point
Sw(Macro) ~ 0.206 and R(Macro) ~ R(0)/(Sw^n) ~ [0.05/(0.05^2)]/(0.206^2) ~ 471.
system. Sw(Meso) ~ 1.00 and R(Meso) ~ R(0) ~ [0.05/(0.20^2)]/1.00 ~ 1.25
Sw(Net) ~ [0.05*Sw(Macro) + 0.20 * Sw(Meso)]/0.25 ~ 0.84
Forcompleteness,wehavetakenthe The resistivity of the charged parallel network is 1/R(Net)=1/R(Macro)+1/R(Meso) R(Net) ~ 1.25

calculationtothesmallporedominated The resistivity of the water filled parallel network is 1/R(0)=1/R(Macro)+1/R(Meso) R(Net) ~ 1.18
The effective n exponent is n ~ [Log(R(0)/R(T))]/Log(Sw) ~ 0.33, NOT 2.0, even though both
configuration,Figure24.Thehydrocarbon porosity partitions are described by n = 2.0.

easilyentersthelargepores,buttheyare Routine Semi-Log Format Pc Display Figure 24

1000.000
R(T)/R(0) vs Sw for Archie's "n"

10000
Phi(Macro)=0.05
onlyasmallportionofthetotalporesystem, Phi(Meso)=0.20 100.000
1000

andtheeffectnotedinFigure23iseven
Hg Pressure

Resistivity Index
10.000
100 MacroPores MesoPores
n~0.33
morepronounced. 1.000
Vb
Pd
Constant
0.05
10
0.1
Vb
Pd
Constant
0.2
100
0.1
10 Macro
Rw 0.05 Rw 0.05 Macro
Meso m 2 m 2 Meso
Total n 2 n 2
Total

1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0.100
Ro
0.01
20 Ro
0.1
1.25

Sw ~ 0.84
1

Sw ~ 0.206 Sw Sw

RI-Sw Viewed From T2(NMR) Perspective
The relation between the slope of RI-Sw and the multi- Thecalculationshereinarebasedupona
mode pore system can also be visualized in terms of the
NMR T2 distribution PcdrivenRISwsimulation.Fleuryoffers
We measured the electrical responses on different anotherperspective,thatofT2(NMR)and
water wet sands and carbonates and present a
numerical approach based on the "Random Walk" Figure 25 RISw:Figure25.
technique
The carbonate sample at right exhibits a bimodal pore
size distribution: well connected intergranular macro-
Again,onefindsthatinadoubleporosity
pores, and intragranular micro-pores system,notonlycanthemexponentbe
The drainage RI-Sw curve exhibits a non-Archie bend
upwards at Sw ~ 40%. The T2 distribution was also affected,butsotoocanArchiesn.
measured (at each centrifuge step) and shows that the
macro-pores are drained progressively, with brine
persisting in the micro-pores.

Han, M and V, Tariel, S. Youssef , E. Rosenberg, M. Fleury & P. Levitz. THE
EFFECT OF THE POROUS STRUCTURE ON RESISTIVITY INDEX CURVES.
AN EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY. SPWLA 49th Annual
Logging Symposium, May 25-28, 2008

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 Summary
WhilethereisanintuitiveconnectionbetweenArchiescementationexponentandpore
geometry,itislessobvioustoexpectthebasicporesystemtoalsoaffectn.

Giventhatnrepresentstherelativeconductiveefficiencyofthehydrocarbonsaturatedrock
andbrinesaturatedrock,wettabilityisimmediatelyrecognizedasaffectingn.

Wehavesetthewettabilityissueasideforthemoment(assignedn=2.0tobothpore
systems,whichisoneofseveralpossibilities)andusedcapillarypressurevolumetricsto
populatetwocircuitelements(largeandsmallpores,assumedtobeinaparallelconfiguration),
whichthenallowsonetocalculatetheeffectivenofthedoubleporositysystem.

Theparallelcircuitassumptioniscommonintheliteratureandanalogoustohowdispersed
shalysandsareevaluated.Onemustbearinmind,however,thatNaturedoesnotalways
assumeamathematicallyconvenientconfiguration.

ThecalculationisaccomplishedwithadynamicspreadsheetthatcoordinatesthePcandRISw
responses,andallowsUserspecified(locallyappropriate)poredistributionattributes.

Inpractice,wereonetohaveanactualPcdatabaseofinterest,ExcelsSolverfeaturecouldbe
usedtodeterminethecorrespondingThomeerPcparametersandasimulationofnthen
performed.

Whileadmittedlysimple,theresultisfoundtoreproducethebehaviorobservedbyDiederix,
Swanson,Fleuryandothers,andofferstheattractionof:

1)explicitlylinksPcandRISwinbothdigitalandgraphicalformat,

2)canaccommodatelocallyspecificattributesforfirstpasswhatifdeterminations.

Acknowledgements
WeappreciateMarcFleurygenerouslytakingthetimetocompareourspreadsheetresultsto
hisMatLabmodel,toensureconsistency.
MohamedEfnik,MiguelExposito,MichelKriefandMartinStoreygraciouslyprovideduswith
detailedreviewandcommentary.
Appendix1:Logarithms
Intodayscomputerizedworld,theutilityoflogarithmsmaynotbeimmediatelyobvious,butin
theirtimetheyconstitutedagiantstepforwardinamannersomewhatsimilartothehand
calculatorsandlaptopcomputersinusetoday.
Logarithmscanbedefinedwithrespecttoanypositivebase,andwilldifferonebasetothenext
byonlyaconstantmultiplier.SinceourcalculationsareusuallyinaBase10numbersystem(we

www.GeoNeurale.com July2012 GeneBallay&NelsonSuarez

havetenfingersandtentoes,andthehumanmindbuiltuponthat),thatreferenceisone
obviouschoice.
Log10(x)isdefinedasisthepowertowhich10mustberaised,inordertoyieldthevaluex.
Log10(1)=0,since10^(0)=1
Log10(10)=1,since10^(1)=10
Log10(100)=2,since10^(2)=100
Anothernaturalbaseariseswithinthecontextofcalculus,astheareaunderthecurvef(x)=
1/x,from1x.Nowthebase(reference)istheirrationalnumbere~=~2.718281828.
Theutilityoflogarithmsliesinthefactthatmultiplicationofactualnumbersisaccomplishedby
additionoflogarithms,anddivisionofactualnumberscorrespondstosubtractionoftheir
logarithms.Oneisthenabletoperformcalculationsmuchquicker,andwithlesschanceof
error.
Next,recognizingthatmultiplicationisachievedwithaddition,werealizethatbyscalingtwo
linearobjectsinanappropriatemanner,multiplicationmaybedonebyaddingtherespective,
appropriatelengthsofthetwonumbersinquestion:thesliderule.Theslideruleofyesterdayis
theanalogueofthehandcalculatoroftoday.
Inadditiontosimplifyingmultiplicationandsubtraction,logarithmsarealsoattractivewhen
dealingwithequationsthatinvolveanexponentialterm,suchasradioactivedecay,etcanditis
inthiscontext(andothers)thatnatural(Basee)logarithmsbecomeattractive:hencethe
characterizationofthisbaseasnatural.
Base10andBaseelogarithmsdifferonlybyaconstantmultiplier.
Number Log10(x) Ln(x) Ratio
1 0 0 Log(x)/Ln(x)
10 1 2.302585 0.43429448
100 2 4.60517 0.43429448
1000 3 6.907755 0.43429448
Inthecaseathand,therelationofinterestis
Vb/Vb=10^{Constant/[Log(Pc/Pd)]}exp[G/Log(Pc/Pd)]
TheconversiontoBaseefollows
[Log(Vb/Vb)]=Constant/[Log(Pc/Pd)]
Log(Vb/Vb)=(1/0.4343)[Ln(Vb/Vb)]
Ln(Vb/Vb)=0.4343{Constant/[Log(Pc/Pd)]}
(Vb/Vb)=exp{0.4343{Constant/[Log(Pc/Pd)]}}=exp[G/Log(Pc/Pd)]
G=0.4343*Constant

www.GeoNeurale.com July2012 GeneBallay&NelsonSuarez

 Appendix2:PropertiesofThomeerHyperbolae
CourtesyEdClerke
AsingleporesystemcanberepresentedbyoneThomeerhyperbolaeandiscompletely
characterizedbyjustthreenumbers;Pd,Bv, ,G.
TheThomeerhyperbolaerelyuponnootherattributes(withassociatederrorsand
uncertainties);itisselfcontained.
APetrophysicalRockType(PRT)canbedefinedasaclusterinThomeerparameter
space;Pd,Bv, ,G.
Airpermeabilitycanbecomputedandpredictedfromtheporenetworkparameters,Pd,
Bv, ,G,towithinamultiplicativeuncertaintyof1.8x,andthiscanbecomparedtoa
measuredpermeability(asaQualityControldevice).
TheThomeerhyperbolaeobeythelawofsuperpositionandcanthenbecombined
(superposed)toquantifycomplexporesystems.
AThomeerforwardmodeledcapillarypressurecurvecanbegeneratedfrominsightinto
theattributeswhichmaycomefromavarietyofsourcesofrockdata;corestocuttings
toaRockCatalog.

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www.GeoNeurale.com July2012 GeneBallay&NelsonSuarez

 Biography
R. E. (Gene) Ballays 35 years (18 homes, 14 countries) in petrophysics includes both research
and operations assignments with carbonate experience ranging from individual Niagaran reefs in
Michigan to the Lisburne in Alaska through Ghawar, Saudi Arabia (the largest oilfield in the
world).
He holds a PhD in Theoretical Physics with double minors in Electrical Engineering &
Mathematics, has taught physics in two universities, mentored Nationals in Indonesia and Saudi
Arabia, published numerous technical articles and been designated co-inventor on both American
and European patents.

Mississippian limestone
At retirement from the Saudi Arabian Oil Company he
was the senior technical petrophysicist in the Reservoir
Description Division and had represented petrophysics
in three multi-discipline teams, each bringing on-line
multi-billion barrel increments.

Subsequent to retirement from Saudi Aramco he
established Robert E Ballay LLC, which provided
physics - petrophysics consulting services.
He served in the US Army as a Microwave Repairman
and in the US Navy as an Electronics Technician: he is
a USPA Parachutist, a PADI nitrox certified Dive
Master and a Life Member of Disabled American Chattanooga shale
Veterans.
This article brings to a close his career, and he bids a fond farewell to the many colleagues with
whom he has worked.

Nelson Suarez Arcano is a Petrophysicist with 7 years of experience in operations and
asset studies, presently working carbonates for Dubai Petroleum Establishment.
He began his career in the always
interesting unconsolidated extra-
heavy / heavy oil sands of the
Orinoco Belt in Venezuela (SINCOR
C.A), where he also mentored newly
graduated Engineers and Geologists.
Following Venezuela, he worked for
Paradigm in United Arab Emirates,
Oman, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia
and India.

He holds a BS (Cum Laude) in Petroleum Engineering from Universidad De Oriente

Nucleo Anzoategui (Venezuela) where he taught Petrophysical Logs as Associate
Professor, and is presently enrolled in an MS (Petroleum Engineering) program with
Heriot-Watt University.

www.GeoNeurale.com July2012 GeneBallay&NelsonSuarez