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Al2O3-water Nanofluid
) + (
E.A.M. Elshafei, E.A. Elnegiry, M.M. Awad, Moataz.M.A. Elsayed
:
.
.
. ) + (
. 0.02 0.14 40 nm
20.7% ()
73% =0.14
.
Abstract
Solar energy is a natural and economical source available to meet energy requirement for various
purposes, especially for domestic ones where water heaters consume the maximum electric power.
Solar collectors are therefore drawing the attention of all people to saving energy. Since
nanotechnology exhibits novel and significantly improved physical and chemical properties of
nanofluids, workforce development is therefore very essential to reap the benefits of this
nanotechnology in solar collector applications. This work investigates experimentally the performance
of a flat plate solar collector using de-ionized water as well as AL2O3-water based nanofluid as a
working media. The test rig was developed at New Damietta higher institute of engineering &
technology to carry out experiments. Heat transfer rates were calculated using existing relationships in
the literature for conventional fluids and nanofluids. The effect of nanoparticle concentration by
volume ( 0.02 0.14 ) on thermal conductivity of nanofluid and on the collector efficiency under
operational conditions was investigated. Solar collector efficiency on daily basis increased with the
increase of nanoparticle concentration, . At =0.14, the increase in thermal conductivity of
nanofluid was about 73% and in collector efficiency of about 20.7% compared with those when pure
water was used, respectively.
1
Nomenclature
A area, m2 Subscripts
Cp heat capacity, J/kg.K
D tube diameter, m a ambient
E Voltage, V bf base fluid
h heat transfer coefficient, W/m2.K d daily
I Intensity of solar radiation, W/m2 eff effective
L length of the collector, m G glass
m mass, kg i inlet
Nu Nusselt number, dimensionless in instantaneous
Q rate of absorbed heat, J L loss
T temperature, K L,c loss due to convection
V volume, m3 L,r loss due to radiation
W width of the collector, m m mean
nf nanofluid
Greek symbols o outlet
emissivity, dimensionless p particle
difference t tank
Stefan Boltzmann constant, 5.67x10-8 tot utilized in daily bases
efficiency u utilized in half an hour (instantaneous)
volume fraction of nanoparticles, m3/m3 1,2 initial & final, respectively
density, kg/m3
2
system. The essential initiative is to coefficient 60% higher than when pure
seek the solid particles having thermal water was used [8].
conductivity of several hundred times Some researchers have found moderate
higher than those of conventional enhancements in thermal conductivity,
fluids. An innovative idea is to suspend but many have observed large
ultrafine solid particles in the fluid for enhancements with increasing volume
improving its thermal conductivity. fraction of nanoprticle in the base
The ideal thermal collector should fluid. Murshed et al., [9]
efficiently absorb solar radiation in the experimentally and theoretically
wavelength range 0.25<<2.5m, studied the effective thermal
minimize heat loss by convection and conductivity and viscosity of
radiation and keep system fouling / nanofluids. The thermal conductivity
clogging and pumping costs to a and viscosity of nanofluids were
minimum. measured and found to be substantially
National Science Foundation [1] was higher than the values of the base
the first to define nanotechnology. It is fluids. The thermal conductivity of
the creation and utilization of nanofluids was also observed to be
functional materials, systems with strongly dependent on temperature.
novel properties and functions that are The basic concept of using particles to
achieved through the control of matter, collect solar energy was studied in the
atom-by-atom, and molecule by 1970s by Hunt [10] and Masuda et al.,
molecule or at the macro molecular [11] who mixed particles into a
level. A unique challenge exists to gaseous working fluid. In the past 10
include nanoscale science and years or so, particles receivers have
engineering concepts. The advances in been extensively modeled and several
nanotechnology have resulted in the prototype collectors have been built
development of a category of fluids and tested. However, most of this work
termed nanofluids, first used by a was devoted to find reversible
group at the Argonne National chemical reactions to generate
Laboratory in 1995 [2]. Nanofluids are hydrogen or some other chemical fuel.
suspensions containing particles that
are significantly smaller than 100 nm The volume fraction of nanoparticles
[3], and have a bulk solids thermal in the base fluid must be chosen
conductivity of orders of magnitudes carefully to get the most out of
higher than the base fluids. nanofluid. If the concentration of
nanoparticle is too high, all the
Experimental studies conducted have sunlight will be absorbed in a thin
shown [4-5-6] that the effective layer near the surface of the receiver. If
thermal conductivity increases under the concentration is too low, a
macroscopically stationary conditions. significant portion of the light will be
Under laminar flow conditions, transmitted out of the fluid. Ideally, the
nanofluids in microchannels have least amount of particles needed to
shown a two fold reduction in thermal effectively absorb light will be used to
resistance [7] and dissipate heat power minimize cost. These suspended
three times more than that of pure nanoparticles change the transport
water. Studies conducted using Cu- properties and heat transfer
water nanofluids of concentrations characteristics of the base fluid.
approximately 2% by volume was
shown to have a heat transfer In solar power plants nanoparticles
provide too many benefits such as:
2
allowing them to pass through pumps 2. Test Rig
and plumbing without adverse effects,
2.1 Description of the test loop
can absorb energy directly, can be
optically selective, more uniform A schematics diagram of the test loop
receiver temperature can be achieved is shown in Fig.1. It consists of a Flat
inside the collector, enhanced heat plate solar collector, circulating pump,
transfer via greater convection and insulating hot water tank, glass cover
thermal conductivity which improve and pipes connecting in between these
receiver performance, and enhance the components. A photograph of loop is
absorption efficiency by tuning the shown in Fig. 2.
nanoparticle size and shape to the
application.
Since there are no commercial
nanofluid solar collectors yet, this
section will outline our assumptions,
reasoning, and choices made in
designing one. As mentioned above,
nanofluids are a mixture of very small
sized particles and the conventional
liquids used in a given application.
Therefore, the first design choices to
be made are in selecting those two
components. Common base liquids in
solar collector are water, heat transfer
oil, or molten salt. The choice between
these liquids is usually determined by
the required operating temperatures.
Water is commonly used for low
temperature ranges (40-100 C). For Figure 1 Schematic illustration of the
efficient solar collection, the particles experimental test loop
need to be highly absorptive, which
limits our study to metallic particles.
In this paper, experiments are
performed using de-ionized water as
well as Al2O3-water based nanofluid as
a working fluids. The performance of
the flat plate solar collector is
investigated. Water is first used as an
absorption medium. The effect of
Al2O3 nanoprticle concentration
( 0.02 0.14 by volume) on thermal
conductivity as well as its effect on the
instantaneous and daily efficiency of
the flat plate solar collector is also
investigated.
Figure 2 Photograph of the apparatus
3
in New Damietta, Egypt (latitude 31.5 the ambient, the glass cover, inlet and
N). The experiments were performed exit temperature of the working
using de-ionized water first and then medium and the temperature of the flat
AL2O3-water based nanofluid as a plate. Ten thermocouples type T are
working media. The working medium used to measure the temperature at the
is flowing by the 20 W pump at a rate critical positions which are needed for
of 0.05 L/s into the lower header of the heat transfer calculations, absorbed
flat plate collector. The absorber plate heat, heat loss by radiation and that
has 7 red copper tubes of 28 mm due to convection. Two are used to
diameter welded to the lower and measure inlet/exit temperature of water
upper header of that collector which from collector, one for ambient, one
has a surface area of 0.9 m2 as shown for glass cover, one for hot water
in Fig 3. The absorption surface of the inside the tank and the rest 5 are
collector is coated with selective distributed among the flat plate to
coating of high absorptive and low measures the average temperature of
radiation coefficient and its back the plate surface. All thermocouples
casing is made of galvanized steel. are connected to a multi-temperature
The flowing water receives solar recorder via a selector switch. To
energy and gets hotter, then flew into ensure the accuracy of the temperature
the hot water tank via the upper header readings, all thermocouples are
of the collector. The tank of 60 liters calibrated with mercury thermometer.
capacity is made from galvanized steel
of two layers filled with Polyurethane 2.3 Solar radiation intensity
as insulation. The total amount of measurement
water in the tank was 25 liters. The
solar collector can be tilted at different Solar radiation intensity was measured
angles. It was installed with an angle by photovoltaic cell, which is initially
of 19 to receive the maximum calibrated with perheliometer. It gives
radiation. The working medium is an output voltage reading which is
continuously re-circulated through the directly proportional to the intensity of
collector to the hot water tank so that solar radiation. The relation between
the temperature in the tank gradually the output voltage, E and solar
builds up as can be shown in Fig. 1 intensity, I of the calibrated cell
formulated as follow,
3. Data Reduction
To carry out the necessary heat transfer
calculations, the experimental data
Figure 3 Cross section of absorber related to the solar collector and the
plate working fluid flowing inside the tested
loop were measured. These
2.2 Temperature measurement measurements include the temperatures
of collector plate, inlet/outlet of the
To investigate the performance of the
working fluid, and the ambient one.
solar collector, heat transfer
The intensity of solar radiation was
calculations must be achieved through
also measured. The existing thermo
the measurements of temperatures of
physical properties in the literature for
4
conventional fluids and nanofluids are different temperatures are available in
then used to do calculations. [16].
3.1 Nanofluid thermo-physical 3.2 Heat absorbed from solar
properties radiation
Thermo and physical properties of Mass of the fluid in the whole system
nanofluids are calculated using the can be calculated from the following
formulas summarized by Buongiorno equation
[12]. The following relation can be
used for calculating nanofluid density m V (6)
as Where: , V are the density and the
nf 1 bf p
volume of fluid, respectively.
(2)
The amount of useful heat absorbed by
Where; is the nanoparticle volume solar collector can be calculated as:
fraction of AL2O3-water nanofluid.
mc p T2 T1
It should be noted that for calculating Qu (7)
time int erval
the specific heat of nanofluid some of
prior researchers have used the Where, T1, T2 are the initial and final
following correlation [12] temperature of the water in the tank at
a period of half an hour. The heat flux,
c pnf 1 c p c p p (3) q can then be calculated as
bf
1 2.5
3.3 Solar collector efficiency
nf bf
(4) The instant efficiency of the solar
The most commonly used thermal collector, in is given by
conductivity equation was proposed by
Qu
Hamilton and Crosser [14] for the
in 100 (9)
mixtures containing micrometer size IA
particles. They assumed that the
following equation is applicable for the Where: I is the intensity of solar
nanofluids as well radiation (W/m2)
. The daily efficiency of solar collector,
knf k p n 1kbf n 1 kbf k p d can be obtained from the following
(5)
kbf k p n 1kbf kbf k p relation
5
3.4 Convective heat transfer light goes up until its maximum value
coefficient at noon when the sun is almost
perpendicular to the earth's surface.
The convective heat transfer The light intensity is then dramatically
coefficient, h can be calculated as: decreases as the time proceed until it
q gets its lower value near the time of
h (12) sun set.
T p Tm
Where: q is the heat flux and (Tp-Tm) is
the temperature difference between the
average temperatures of the plate, Tp
and that of the working fluid, Tm,
respectively. The Nusselt number is
then given by
Nu h D (13)
k
Where, K and D are thermal
conductivity of the working fluid and
tube collector diameter, respectively.
3.5 Total Heat Loss
Heat loss from collector is due to both Figure 4 Sun shine intensity versus
convection and radiation. It can be day time (2.Jan.2014)
calculated from the following
equations. Figure 5 shows the plot of plate and
fluid tank temperatures versus day
QL QL,r QL,c (14) time. It is seen that all temperature
increase with increasing day-time due
Where
to the increase of radiation intensity.
QL,r A TG Ts
4 4
(15)
..
QL,c hA TG Ta (16)
Where, Ts and h are the sky
temperature and convective heat
transfer coefficient of the surrounding
atmosphere, respectively.
6
Figure 6 shows the plot of the 4.2 Using AL2O3-water bases
temperature difference, (To-Ti) between nanofluid
outlet and inlet fluid temperature from
the collector against day time when Figures 8 and 9 show the effect of
using pure water as a working medium. using nanofluid with different
It can be noticed that with increasing concentrations ( 0.02 0.14 ) on
day time the temperature difference, outlet fluid temperature from collector
starts to increase gradually until mid and that for its plate, respectively, It is
day, where it gets maximum value. noticed that as the value of increases,
This is due to the high intensity of both the outlet temperature of the
solar radiation at that time. working fluid and that for collector
plate increases. This means that the
presence of nanoparticles in the base
fluid increases the rate of absorbed
heat from solar radiation.
7
Figure 10 shows the effect of using 12 shows the effect of volume fraction,
nanofluid with different concentrations on daily efficiency, of the collector.
( 0.02 0.14 ) on (To-Ti). It is seen It is seen that the efficiency of the
that the variation of T with time have collector greatly increased with the
the same trend as that for pure water. increase of .
In the meantime the temperature
difference, T increases with the
increase of nanoparticle concentration.
This is due to the increase of extracted
heat from solar radiation with
increasing nanoparticle concentration.
8
as the concentrations of nanoparticles,
increases, the efficiency increases.
With = 0.14 the percentage increase
in solar collector daily efficiency of
about 20.7 % higher than that for pure
water.
9
the accuracy of the measuring devices. J.Thermophys. Heat Transfer, 13,
The data collected are analyzed and 1999, pp. 474-480.
calculations proceeded taking into 5. S. Lee, S.U.S Choi, et.al., Measuring
consideration both instrumentation and thermal conductivity of fluids
personal errors. containing oxide nanoparticles, J. Heat
Transfer, Trans. ASME, 121, 1999,
pp.280-289.
5. Conclusions
6. P. Keblinski, S.R., Philpot, et.al,
The performance of a flat plate solar `Mechanisms of heat flow in
collector has been investigated using suspensions of nano-sized particles
pure water and Al2O3-water nanfofluid (nanofluids), Int. J. Heat Mass
as working fluids. The performance Transfer, 45, 2002, pp. 855-863.
was measured along the day time in
New Damietta (31.5 latitude). The 7 S. Lee, S.U.S Choi, Applications of
following may be concluded: metallic nanoparticle suspensions in
advanced cooling systems,
1-The collector efficiency on daily International Mechanical Engineering
bases enhanced by about 20.7% due to Congress and Exposition, Atlanta,
the presence of nanoparticles in the USA, 1996.
base fluid of = 0.14
8. Y.M. Xuan, Q. Li, Investigation on
2-The presence of nanoparticles convective heat transfer and flow
improves the absopitivity of the features of nanofluids, ASME J. Heat
working media to the solar radiation. Transfer, 125, 2003, p.p. 151-155.
3-Thermal conductivity of nanofluid 9. S.M.S Murshed, K.C.Leong,
(Al2O3-water) with = 0.14 enhanced C.Yang, A combined model for the
by about 73% compared to that of the effective thermal conductivity of
base fluid (water). nanofluids. Appl Therm Eng.; 29(11
12), 2009:24 772483.
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