English (mostly) and if its a valid command, it is pass to kernel. a user program or it's environment provided for user interaction command language interpreter that executes commands read from the standard input device (keyboard) or from a file
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BASH ( Bourne-Again SHell )
Most common shell in Linux. It's Freeware shell.
CSH (C Shell) The C shell's syntax and usage are very similar to the C programming language.
TCSH TCSH is an enhanced but completely compatible version of the Berkeley UNIX C shell (CSH).
"terminal emulators.“
programs that put a window up and let you
interact with the shell.
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CLI Because of the memorization and familiarity needed to operate a command line interface new users find it much more difficult to successfully navigate and operate a command line interface. GUI Although new users may have a difficult at time learning to use the mouse to operate and use a GUI most users pick up this interface much easier when compared to a command line interface.
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CLI Users have much more control of their file system and operating system in a command line interface. For example, users can easily copy a specific type of file from one location to another with a one-line command. GUI Although a GUI offers plenty of control of a file system and operating system often advance users or users who need to do specific task may need to resort to a command line to complete that task.
CLI Because command line users only need to use their keyboards to navigate a command line interface and often only need to execute a few lines to perform a task an advanced command line interface user would be able to get something done faster then an advance GUI user. GUI A GUI may be easier to use because of the mouse. However, using a mouse and/or keyboard to navigate and control your operating system for many things is going to be much slower than someone who is working in a command line environment.
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CLI A computer that is only using the command line takes a lot less of the computers resources. GUI A GUI will require a lot more system resources because of each of the elements that need to be loaded such as icons, fonts, etc. In addition video drivers, mouse drivers, and other drivers that need to be loaded will also take additional resources.
CLI Although many command line environments are capable of multitasking they do not offer the same ease and ability to view multiple things at once on one screen. GUI GUI users have windows that enable a user to easily view, control, and manipulate multiple things at once and is commonly much faster to do when compared to a command line.
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CLI A command line interface enables a user to easily script a sequence of commands to perform a task or execute a program. GUI Although A GUI enables a user to create shortcuts, tasks, or other similar actions to complete a task or run a program it doesn't even come close in comparison to what is available through a command line.
CLI Often when accessing another computer or networking device over a network a user will only be able to manipulate the device and/or its files using a command line, CLI, or other text only manipulation. GUI Although remote graphical access is becoming popular and is possible. Not all computers and especially not all network equipment will have this ability.
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features a file system order that is:
thorough hierarchical 1 specific to the function of a file and not to its program context (no program directories) 2
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centralized file system hierarchy is easy to
administer assures a seamless integration into the system, regardless if the mount is a local partition or one on the network server. Linux caches a lot of disk accesses using system memory while it us running to accelerate these accesses
Notes: 1Directories follow a designed order starting
from the root directory ( / ) instead of having
so-called “drives”.
2Linux sorts directories ascending from the
root directory ( / ) according to their importance for the boot process. And it is the operating system that determines into which directories programs have to put their files into.
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Confusion about into which directory certain
files should be put into.
Inconsistencies
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The Linux filesystem hierarchy starts with the
root ( / ), all other directories are “children” of this directory.
Contains essential system programs that must
be available even if only the partition ( / ) is mounted. Contains programs which the boot scripts relies on.
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Home of the kernel, the System.map, GRUB's
configuration files and other important boot files
contains device files
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all important system-wide configuration files
are here or in one of its sub-directories
user's home directory
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essential libs needed for basic system
functionality
if a file system check discovers any loose file
fragments, it puts them in here
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contains the directories external media and
non-extfs2 are mounted to
a bogus filesystem
doesn't contain real files but runtime system
information i.e. system memory, devices, mounted hardware used, etc
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home directory of the system administrator,
root
Linux discriminates between normal
executables and those used for system maintenance or administrative tasks. The latter resides here and the less important ones in /usr/sbin
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contains temporary files
usually the largest chunk of data on the system
it contains all the files that might be shared by the users of the system during normal operation like executables, documentation, libraries, or the X system.
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contains variable data files like:
logging files mail and printer spool directories
Some of the directories can be put on a separate
partitions or systems for easier backups, due to network topology or security concerns. Other directories have to be on the root partition, because they are vital for the boot process. Mountable directories are /home, /mnt, /tmp, /usr, /var Essential for booting are /bin, /boot, /dev, /etc, /lib, /proc, and /sbin
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pwd The directory you are standing in is called the working directory To find the name of the working directory, use the pwd command.
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ls list all the files in the working directory Commonly used options are: -l : Shows you huge amounts of information (permissions, owners, size, and when last modified.) -a: Shows you all files, even files that are hidden (these files begin with a dot.)
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cd To change your working directory (where you are standing in the maze) you use the cd command. To do this, type cd followed by the pathname of the desired working directory Pathnames can be specified in one of two different ways; absolute pathnames or relative pathnames.
An absolute pathname begins with the root directory
and follows the tree branch by branch until the path to the desired directory or file is completed Where an absolute pathname starts from the root directory and leads to its destination, a relative pathname starts from the working directory To do this, it uses a couple of special symbols to represent relative positions in the file system tree. These special symbols are "." (dot) and ".." (dot dot). The "." symbol refers to the working directory and the ".." symbol refers to the working directory's parent directory
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file As you wander around your Linux system, it is helpful to determine what a file contains before you try to view it. examine a file and tell you what kind of file it is. To use the file program, just type: file name_of_file
