Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
EU redirects here. For other uses, see EU (disam- relations and defence. The union maintains permanent
biguation). diplomatic missions throughout the world and represents
itself at the United Nations, the World Trade Organiza-
The European Union (EU) is a politico-economic union tion, the G8, and the G-20. Because of its global inu-
ence, the European Union has been described as a current
of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. [24]
It has an area of 4,324,782 km (1,669,808 sq mi), and or as a potential superpower.
2
Security Policy, the EU has developed a role in external Gasperi, Jean Monnet, Robert Schuman, and Paul-Henri
Spaak.[28]
1
2 1 HISTORY
The continental territories of the member states of the European In 1989, the Iron Curtain fell, enabling the union to expand fur-
Union (European Communities pre-1993), coloured in order of ther (Berlin Wall pictured).
accession.
ment to date when Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, a debt crisis in some of the Eurozone countries, increasing
Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and migration from the Middle East and the United King-
Slovenia joined the Union.[41] doms withdrawal from the EU.[47] A referendum in the
UK on its membership of the European Union was held
on 23 June 2016, with a majority of participants voting
1.4 Lisbon Treaty (2007present) to leave.[48] As of December 2016, the UK has not yet
initiated the formal withdrawal procedure, and will not
leave the EU until two years after it noties the European
Council of its decision to withdraw, or until a withdrawal
agreement comes into force.[49]
The 65,993 km
(41,006 mi) coastline dominates the European climate
(Cyprus).
On 1 December 2009, the Lisbon Treaty entered into Mont Blanc in the Alps
force and reformed many aspects of the EU. In particu- is the highest peak in the EU.
lar, it changed the legal structure of the European Union,
merging the EU three pillars system into a single legal The EUs member states cover an area of 4,423,147
entity provisioned with a legal personality, created a per-square kilometres (1,707,787 sq mi).[lower-alpha 2] The
manent President of the European Council, the rst of EUs highest peak is Mont Blanc in the Graian Alps,
which was Herman Van Rompuy, and strengthened the 4,810.45 metres (15,782 ft) above sea level.[50] The low-
position of the High Representative of the Union for For- est points in the EU are Lammefjorden, Denmark and
eign Aairs and Security Policy.[42][43] Zuidplaspolder, Netherlands, at 7 m (23 ft) below sea
In 2012, the EU received the Nobel Peace Prize for hav- level.[51] The landscape, climate, and economy of the EU
ing contributed to the advancement of peace and recon- are inuenced by its coastline, which is 65,993 kilometres
ciliation, democracy, and human rights in Europe.[44][45] (41,006 mi) long.
In 2013, Croatia became the 28th EU member.[46] Including the overseas territories of France which are
From the beginning of the 2010s, the cohesion of the Eu- located outside the continent of Europe, but which are
ropean Union has been tested by several issues, including members of the union, the EU experiences most types
4 2 GEOGRAPHY
of climate from Arctic (North-East Europe) to tropi- Turkey,[59] though Iceland suspended negotiations in
cal (French Guiana), rendering meteorological averages 2013.[60] Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo are
for the EU as a whole meaningless. The majority of ocially recognised as potential candidates,[59] with
the population lives in areas with a temperate maritime Bosnia and Herzegovina having submitted a membership
climate (North-Western Europe and Central Europe), a application.
Mediterranean climate (Southern Europe), or a warm The four countries forming the European Free Trade
summer continental or hemiboreal climate (Northern Association (EFTA) are not EU members, but have
Balkans and Central Europe).[52] partly committed to the EUs economy and regulations:
The EUs population is highly urbanised, with some 75% Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway, which are a part
of inhabitants living in urban areas as of 2006. Cities are of the single market through the European Economic
largely spread out across the EU, although with a large Area, and Switzerland, which has similar ties through
grouping in and around the Benelux.[53] bilateral treaties.[61][62] The relationships of the European
microstates, Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, and the
Vatican include the use of the euro and other areas of co-
2.1 Member states operation.[63] The following 28 sovereign states (of which
the map only shows territories situated in and around Eu-
Main article: Member states of the European Union rope) constitute the European Union:[64]
Through successive enlargements, the European Union
2.2 Environment
Further information: European Commissioner for the
Environment and European Climate Change Programme
In 1957, when the EEC was founded, it had no environ-
policy area, with its own policy actors, principles and pro- treaties) and of subsidiarity (which says that it should act
cedures. The legal basis for EU environmental policy was only where an objective cannot be suciently achieved
established with the introduction of the Single European by the member states acting alone). Laws made by the
Act in 1987.[67] EU institutions are passed in a variety of forms. Gen-
erally speaking, they can be classied into two groups:
those which come into force without the necessity for na-
tional implementation measures (regulations) and those
which specically require national implementation mea-
sures (directives).[74]
A black stork, a protected species under Regulation (EC) No. European Court
3
Council
2
European
of Justice of Ministers Council3
338/97
President President
Kyoto Protocol despite opposition from the United States. Executive branch membership
proposes
2: State chamber. Convenes in varying composition depending on the policy area.
Each country is represented by one member per department
3: Each country is represented by one member
Judicial branch 4: The European Central Bank is composed of representatives of the national central banks.
This international dimension is reected in the EUs Sixth Its Board is elected by the European Council on the proposal of the Council of Ministers
3.2 Governance
The European Council gives political direction to the The Council of the European Union (also called the
EU. It convenes at least four times a year and comprises Council[88] and the Council of Ministers, its former
the President of the European Council (currently Donald title)[89] forms one half of the EUs legislature. It consists
Tusk), the President of the European Commission and of a government minister from each member state and
one representative per member state (either its head of meets in dierent compositions depending on the policy
state or head of government). The High Representative area being addressed. Notwithstanding its dierent con-
of the Union for Foreign Aairs and Security Policy (cur- gurations, it is considered to be one single body.[90] In
rently Federica Mogherini) also takes part in its meetings. addition to its legislative functions, the Council also ex-
It has been described by some as the Unions supreme ercises executive functions in relations to the Common
political authority.[85] It is actively involved in the ne- Foreign and Security Policy.
3.3 Budget 7
4.3 Acts
5 Foreign relations
Main articles: Foreign relations of the European Union,
Common Foreign and Security Policy, and European Ex-
ternal Action Service
Foreign policy co-operation between member states
High Representative of the Union for Foreign Aairs and Security
Policy, Federica Mogherini
the budget went to Africa and 20% to Asia, Latin Amer- within individual EU states. The dierence between
ica, the Caribbean and Pacic, and 20% to the Middle the richest and poorest regions (276 NUTS-2 regions
East and Mediterranean.[145] of the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics)
Humanitarian aid is nanced directly by the budget (70%) ranged, in 2014, from 30% of the EU28 average to
as part of the nancial instruments for external action 539%, or from 8,200
[158]
to 148,000 (about US$9,000
and also by the European Development Fund (30%). [146] to US$162,000).
The EUs external action nancing is divided into 'ge- Structural Funds and Cohesion Funds are supporting the
ographic' instruments and 'thematic' instruments.[146] development of underdeveloped regions of the EU. Such
The 'geographic' instruments provide aid through the regions are primarily located in the states of central and
Development Cooperation Instrument (DCI, 16.9 bil- southern Europe.[159][160] Several funds provide emer-
lion, 20072013), which must spend 95% of its bud- gency aid, support for candidate members to transform
get on overseas development assistance (ODA), and from their country to conform to the EUs standard (Phare,
the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument ISPA, and SAPARD), and support to the Commonwealth
(ENPI), which contains some relevant programmes.[146] of Independent States (TACIS). TACIS has now be-
The European Development Fund (EDF, 22.7 bn, come part of the worldwide EuropeAid programme.
20082013) is made up of voluntary contributions by EU research and technological framework programmes
member states, but there is pressure to merge the EDF sponsor research conducted by consortia from all EU
into the budget-nanced instruments to encourage in- members to work towards a single European Research
creased contributions to match the 0.7% target and allow Area.[161]
the European Parliament greater oversight.[146]
However, ve countries have reached the 0.7% target: 6.1 Internal market
Sweden, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Denmark and
the United Kingdom.[147][148] Main article: European Single Market
Two of the original core objectives of the European
6 Economy
Main articles: Economy of the European Union and
Regional policy of the European Union
The ve largest economies in the world according to the
IMF by Nominal GDP in 2015[149]
The euro, and the monetary policies of those who have co-operation with Russia while improving relations with
adopted it in agreement with the EU, are under the control energy-rich states in Central Asia[174] and North Africa;
of the European Central Bank (ECB).[167] The ECB is the use existing energy supplies more eciently while in-
central bank for the eurozone, and thus controls monetary creasing renewable energy commercialisation; and nally
policy in that area with an agenda to maintain price stabil- increase funding for new energy technologies.[173]
ity. It is at the centre of the European System of Central In 2007, EU countries as a whole imported 82% of their
Banks, which comprehends all EU national central banks oil, 57% of their natural gas[175] and 97.48% of their
and is controlled by its General Council, consisting of the uranium[172] demands. There is a strong dependence
President of the ECB, who is appointed by the European
on Russian energy that the EU has been attempting to
Council, the Vice-President of the ECB, and the gover- reduce.[176]
nors of the national central banks of all 28 EU member
states.[168]
The European System of Financial Supervision is an 6.4 Infrastructure
institutional architecture of the EUs framework of -
nancial supervision composed by three authorities: the Further information: European Commissioner for Trans-
European Banking Authority, the European Insurance port, European Commissioner for Industry and En-
and Occupational Pensions Authority and the European trepreneurship, and European Investment Bank
Securities and Markets Authority. To complement this The EU is working to improve cross-border infras-
framework, there is also a European Systemic Risk Board
under the responsibility of the ECB. The aim of this -
nancial control system is to ensure the economic stability
of the EU.[169]
To prevent the joining states from getting into nancial
trouble or crisis after entering the monetary union, they
were obliged in the Maastricht treaty to full important
nancial obligations and procedures, especially to show
budgetary discipline and a high degree of sustainable eco-
nomic convergence, as well as to avoid excessive govern-
ment decits and limit the government debt to a sustain-
able level.
network was upgraded such as the A4 autostrada.[180][181] included the introduction of set-aside in 1988, where
The Galileo positioning system is another EU infras- a proportion of farm land was deliberately withdrawn
tructure project. Galileo is a proposed Satellite naviga- from production, milk quotas and, more recently, the
tion system, to be built by the EU and launched by the 'de-coupling' (or disassociation) of the money farmers
European Space Agency (ESA). The Galileo project was receive from the EU and the amount they produce (by
launched partly to reduce the EUs dependency on the the Fischler reforms in 2004). Agriculture expenditure
US-operated Global Positioning System, but also to give will move away from subsidy payments linked to spe-
more complete global coverage and allow for greater ac- cic produce, toward direct payments based on farm size.
This is intended to allow the market to dictate production
curacy, given the aged nature of the GPS system.[182]
levels.[183] One of these reforms entailed the modication
of the EUs sugar regime, which previously divided the
6.5 Agriculture sugar market between member states and certain African-
Caribbean nations with a privileged relationship with the
Main article: Common Agricultural Policy EU.[186]
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is one of the
6.6 Competition
Further information: European Union competition law
and European Commissioner for Competition
7.2 Languages
sured in the denition and implementation of all Union part of the Football 4 Peace project.[233]
policies and activities. The European Commission's
Directorate-General for Health and Consumers seeks to
align national laws on the protection of peoples health, 8.2 Symbols
on the consumers rights, on the safety of food and other
products.[219][220][221] Main article: Symbols of Europe
The ag of the Union consists of a circle of 12 golden
All EU and many other European countries oer their cit-
izens a free European Health Insurance Card which, on a
reciprocal basis, provides insurance for emergency med-
ical treatment insurance when visiting other participat-
ing European countries.[222] A directive on cross-border
healthcare aims at promoting co-operation on health care
between member states and facilitating access to safe
and high-quality cross-border healthcare for European
patients.[223][224][225]
8 Culture
Further information: Culture of Europe, Western cul-
ture, and Cultural policies of the European Union
8.1 Sport stars on a blue background. The blue represents the West,
while the number and position of the stars represent com-
Main articles: Sport policies of the European Union and pleteness and unity, respectively.[234] Originally designed
Sport in Europe in 1955 for the Council of Europe, the ag was adopted
by the European Communities, the predecessors of the
Sport is mainly the responsibility of the member states or present Union, in 1986.
other international organisations, rather than of the EU. United in Diversity was adopted as the motto of the Union
However, there are some EU policies that have aected in the year 2000, having been selected from proposals
sport, such as the free movement of workers, which was submitted by school pupils.[235] Since 1985, the ag day
at the core of the Bosman ruling that prohibited national of the Union has been Europe Day, on 9 May (the date
football leagues from imposing quotas on foreign players of the 1950 Schuman declaration). The anthem of the
with European citizenship.[230] Union is an instrumental version of the prelude to the
The Treaty of Lisbon requires any application of eco- Ode to Joy, the 4th movement of Ludwig van Beethoven's
nomic rules to take into account the specic nature of ninth symphony. The anthem was adopted by European
sport and its structures based on voluntary activity.[231] Community leaders in 1985 and has since been played on
[236]
This followed lobbying by governing organisations such ocial occasions.
as the International Olympic Committee and FIFA, due Besides naming the continent, the Greek mythological
to objections over the application of free market princi- gure of Europa has frequently been employed as a
ples to sport, which led to an increasing gap between rich personication of Europe. Known from the myth in
and poor clubs.[232] The EU does fund a programme for which Zeus seduces her in the guise of a white bull, Eu-
Israeli, Jordanian, Irish, and British football coaches, as ropa has also been referred to in relation to the present
19
9 See also
Outline of the European Union
Eurasian Union
10 Notes
[1] .eu is representative of the whole of the EU; member states
also have their own TLDs.
Europa and the bull, depicted in a 1700 map [2] This gure includes the extra-European territories of
member states which are part of the European Union and
excludes the European territories of member states which
are not part of the Union. For more information see
Union. Statues of Europa and the bull decorate several Special member state territories and the European Union.
of the Unions institutions and a portrait of her is seen on
the 2013 series of Euro banknotes. The bull is, for its [3] Referred to by the EU as the former Yugoslav Republic
part, depicted on all residence permit cards.[237] of Macedonia.
Charles the Great, also known as Charlemagne (Latin: [4] On 3 October 1990, the constituent states of the former
Carolus Magnus) and later recognised as Pater Eu- German Democratic Republic acceded to the Federal Re-
ropae (Father of Europe),[238][239][240][241][242] has a public of Germany, automatically becoming part of the
symbolic relevance to Europe. The Commission has EU.
named one of its central buildings in Brussels after
[5] See Article 288 (ex Article 249 TEC) of the Treaty on the
Charlemagne and the city of Aachen has since 1949
Functioning of the European Union, on eur-lex.europa.eu
awarded the Charlemagne Prize to champions of Euro-
pean unication.[243] Since 2008, the organisers of this [6] According to the principle of Direct Eect rst invoked
prize, in conjunction with the European Parliament, have in the Court of Justices decision in Van Gend en Loos v
awarded the Charlemagne Youth Prize in recognition of Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen, Eur-Lex (Eu-
similar eorts by young people.[244] ropean Court of Justice 1963). See: Craig and de Brca,
ch. 5.
[12] To do otherwise would require the drafting of legislation [6] Current Article 1 of the Treaty on European Union
which would have to cope with the frequently divergent reads:"The Union shall be founded on the present Treaty
legal systems and administrative systems of all of the now and on the Treaty on the Functioning of the European
28 member states. See Craig and de Brca, p. 115 Union. Those two Treaties shall have the same legal value.
The Union shall replace and succeed the European Com-
[13] See Articles 157 (ex Article 141) of the Treaty on the munity".
Functioning of the European Union, on eur-lex.europa.eu
[7] Eurostat Population on 1 January 2016. European
[14] See Article 2(7) of the Amsterdam Treaty on eur- Commission. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
lex.europa.eu Archived 17 February 2008 at the Wayback
Machine. [8] IMF World Economic Outlook Database, October
2016. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 22 De-
[15] Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000 imple- cember 2016.
menting the principle of equal treatment between per-
sons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin (OJ L 180, 19 [9] IMF World Economic Outlook Database, April 2016.
July 2000, p. 2226); Council Directive 2000/78/EC of International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
27 November 2000 establishing a general framework for
[10] Gini coecient of equivalised disposable income
equal treatment in employment and occupation (OJ L 303,
(source: SILC)". Eurostat Data Explorer. Retrieved 6
2 December 2000, p. 1622).
June 2016.
[16] ERM II. Danish Finance Ministry. 20 March 2009.
[11] Calculated using UNDP data for the member states with
Archived from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 26
weighted population.
December 2009.
[12] UN DESA 2015 urban population: London: 10,313,307;
[17] Note that although almost all Uranium is imported,
Paris: 10,843,285.
Nuclear Power is considered primary energy produced in
the EU [13] European Commission. The EU Single Market: Fewer
barriers, more opportunities. Europa web portal. Re-
[18] Article 39 (ex Article 33) of the Treaty on the Functioning trieved 27 September 2007.
of the European Union, on eur-lex.europa.eu Activities of the European Union: Internal Market. Eu-
ropa web portal. Retrieved 29 June 2007.
[19] Article 3(1)(g) of the Treaty of Rome
[14] Common commercial policy. Europa Glossary. Europa
[20] See Articles 165 and 166 (ex Articles 149 and 150) of
web portal. Archived from the original on 16 January
the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, on
2009. Retrieved 6 September 2008.
eur-lex.europa.eu
[15] Agriculture and Fisheries Council. The Council of the
European Union. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
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[17] Schengen area. Europa web portal. Retrieved 8
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[19] European Union. The World Factbook. Central Intelli-
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28 12 FURTHER READING
Craig, Paul; De Burca, Grainne (2011). EU Law: International Publishing. ISBN 978-3-319-17780-
Text, Cases and Materials (5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford 9.
University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0199576999.
Jones, Erik; Anand, Menon; Weatherill, Stephen
Demey, Thierry (2007). Brussels, capital of Europe. (2012). The Oxford Handbook of the European
S. Strange (trans.). Brussels: Badeaux. p. 387. Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN
ISBN 978-2960041460. 978-0199546282.
Piris, Jean-Claude (2010). The Lisbon Treaty: A
Legal and Political Analysis (Cambridge Studies in Jordan, A.J.; Adelle, Camilla, eds. (2012). Envi-
European Law and Policy). Cambridge: Cambridge ronmental Policy in the European Union: Contexts,
University Press. p. 448. ISBN 978-0521197922. Actors and Policy Dynamics (3rd ed.). Abingdon-
on-Thames: Routledge. ISBN 978-1849714693.
Simons, George F., ed. (2002). EuroDiversity
(Managing Cultural Dierences). Abingdon-on- Kaiser, Wolfram (2009). Christian Democracy and
Thames: Routledge. p. 110. ISBN 978- the Origins of European Union (New Studies in Eu-
0877193814. ropean History). Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press. ISBN 978-0511497056.
Wilkinson, Paul (2007). International Relations: A
Very Short Introduction (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Le Gales, Patrick; King, Desmond (2017). Recon-
University Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0192801579. guring European States in Crisis. Corby: Oxford
The EU states have never felt the need to make the University Press. ISBN 9780198793373.
organisation into a powerful military alliance. They
already have NATO to undertake that task. McCormick, John (2007). The European Union:
Politics and Policies (5th ed.). Boulder, Colorado:
Westview Press. ISBN 978-0813342023.
12 Further reading
Pinder, John; Usherwood, Simon (2013). The
Berend, Ivan T. (2017). The Contemporary Crisis of European Union: A Very Short Introduction (3rd
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Trappist the monk, ArchiveCarrickfergus, DriveMySol, Zanhe, Lotje, Maisun ibn monowar, Fox Wilson, James9777, Phukoph, Teddycom,
Georgewright chelt, RoadTrain, Vrenator, LilyKitty, Natashalight, Bigup88, Nemesis of Reason, Jailender, Robertiki, Antipastor, Gazpr,
Nikosgr123, Ballsnweener, EUvin, Tomi566, The Spoorne, Diannaa, Samah10, Skakkle, Underlying lk, Angloengland, OrangeCorner, Tb-
hotch, Spursnik, Minimac, Thegreengrym, Sideways713, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Holdnview, HughMAC.7891, Mean as custard, Delevero,
Mr.Adion, RjwilmsiBot, Chipmunkdavis, TjBot, Generalboss3, IANVS, Ripchip Bot, Likemonkeys, Helmoony, Givenchy de Paris, Fe-
liz.rhf, Seniorfox, Jfp2006, Hajatvrc, MAXXX-309, Sk8terzeck, NerdyScienceDude, Jimtaip, DenatelyNotTrolling55, Elium2, Space-
14.2 Images 33
jam2, Rctycoplay, Pconleynms, Slon02, Polylepsis, Marigaux, Chaziken5, Kaiserble, EmausBot, John of Reading, Orphan Wiki, Wiki-
tanvirBot, JayCoop, Filipdr, Snow storm in Eastern Asia, Dewritech, Muslim mujahid, Racerx11, Blizzardstep0, YELKENN, NotAnony-
mous0, KHamsun, Tokyo68, Tokyo70, Tommy2010, MrGRA, Two Of Three, Yattum, JanvonBismarck, Number10a, Hoygan!!, Mr
julian~enwiki, Theurgist, Thecheesykid, Philippe277, T0812, HiW-Bot, ZroBot, Epizentrum, Illegitimate Barrister, Liquidmetalrob,
Yosidunkki, Dolovis, Traxs7, Chrishopgood, Aronlee90, ObscureReality, The Nut, Thecontinentalwisdom, Subtropical-man, Nunya34,
Stocklinger123, H3llBot, EPICWHALE, Glimmer721, Unreal7, Pl2241, VLADIMIR Skokan, Immunmotbluescreen, Spartapolo, Peter-
ravn, Snoopy18, Brocach, Begemotsshots, Wayne Slam, Rcsprinter123, Andattaca2010, Zuydbieb, Tiiliskivi, WikiEditor8481, Brand-
meister, Foreverman123, L Kensington, 111Alpha, Vater-96, Superluminary, Gsarwa, Quite vivid blur, Dnls, Tarian.liber, Marthainky,
Fanyavizuri, Wasatexan, Parrisian, JeremyMcClean, BernardaAlba, ChuispastonBot, Italiano111, HandsomeFella, Horways, Counny, Peter
Karlsen, Kookiethebird, Mocctur, Hdeplaen, 97, Jasonli42, 28bot, Babciakorekta, Mjbmrbot, DDragonNk-Visual, ResearchRave,
Petrb, ClueBot NG, Andrewing123, Keith5201, Gareth Grith-Jones, Akuindo, Catmandestroyer, BaboneCar, CocuBot, Ypnypn, Ecad93,
Koolx, Gilderien, Jenova20, Kspenc24, Stephan.brubaker, BrekekekexKoaxKoax, Slayer4x4, Millermk, ANGELUS, Bright Darkness,
Omnisome, SilentResident, The Master of Mayhem, Geomant, Frietjes, Delusion23, Magicoast, Kage1234, 08OceanBeach SD, Hazhk,
Aight 2009, O.Koslowski, Pensionero, MannyXX, Turu96, PRUNIT, Widr, TheLotCarmen, CostaDax, WikiPuppies, Kamrat, Savan-
tas83, PaoloNapolitano, , Delasoto, Pofka, NuclearEnergy, Mightymights, Onen hag oll, Helpful Pixie Bot, Alexandru M.,
Eleventh1, Insert90, Mghomann, Annihilation00, Toth2000, Emir abrashi, Plarem, REJS H, Lowercase sigmabot, Gluonman, BG19bot,
Murry1975, WryNomad, Krenair, W2kurs-test, M0rphzone, Edoardo Cavaleri, Luis Molnar, Brian mcauslan, Steveyt0, Tolea93, Gra-
ham11, HIDECCHI001, AvocatoBot, Metricopolus, Middgeaugh-Botteaugh, Monica Santa, Marcofran, Himan1238569, Trueeuropeanist,
Mark Arsten, Cheveri, FutureTrillionaire, Mrlachlan2001, Arzino, Albatalab, Altar, Cobulator, LoopersdeBruges, Ksspencer, IleMaurice,
Alvin Lee, Atoine85, Blacksh, Qataq, Snow Blizzard, Moliere2001, Ronanmurphy98, Surtalnar, Argonauth, Ernio48, Calculon79, Mayast,
JZCL, Germanpost, Skycloud86, Bharvey87, ElleAlawi, Improver99, Achowat, HTML2011, PyrrhusEP, Dmbackviper, Staglit, Wer900,
Praline97, Lord Bumble, Europeanisbetter, ACELEGEND, BattyBot, Justincheng12345-bot, Intelligible, Ehr1Ros2, Surfer.taylor, Sma-
songarrison, Cyberbot II, Ushau97, ChrisGualtieri, Nick.mon, SD5bot, MSUGRA, Euenvpolicy, JYBot, Lefteris20, Tahc, Maximuscruz,
Dylanvt, Youaretheoneinmymind, Ibicdlcod, E4024, Dexbot, Longmaster, Aerosmithfan507, Travelpleb, SZERVC Attila, Profpremra-
jpushpakaran, Robert Laymont, Dolphinsrockmiami, Andreas Parker, LightandDark2000, Hmainsbot1, LikeTheLadies, Bilingual2000,
, Mymis, 11raccoon1, fonyakutya, Maca152, Datu Dong, SiBr4, Cerabot~enwiki, Pingu4593, GregorBungensheim, PercPlus5,
FonsScientiae, The Vintage Feminist, Michael Anon, Saul Grant, TwoTwoHello, Darkesthours, Purplematty, Thechewymajor,
, Lugia2453, Wgmlwgml98, Franek K., BeautyPageant, Johnxsmith, Envpol2, Sadeer11, Sowlos, Brough87, ComfyKem, IanPerry,
Iskender Iskender, Turkeyboy3000, Pietro500, TsaristRussia, DavidPKendal, Rgtesler, Mataone, Copulative, 900mill, Podeepodee, Klak
of Klak, Zachary1031, Xwoodsterchinx, Whoops521, Radarm, Tuvixer, GUtt01, Tomfutru, WareMiekal, Epicgenius, Chessrat, Capscap,
Dux Ducis Hodiernus, Oriol20, Bumbaswag123, Blunter Mercury 6, Rob984, De wafelenbak, Yakikaki, EddieHugh, AmericanLemming,
Moneycashmoney, EIB Communication, Inglok, Madehub, QuantoAltoPossoVolare, Msundqvist, WyeatesODI, Alex Khan93, Sss1111,
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toyou, Snowycats, Formuse, Praveench1888, RuthArchivio, Brookdub, Shahanshah26, Dannis243, Jayman4426, Kjerish, 8Sirlo6, Warner
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TDMfan23!, JJMC89 bot, Mountebank1, Aa372798, XMalia, Wikiarules1, Vidatafazoli, Davor xx, GreenC bot, Tannlos, ThiefOfBag-
dad, Opacitatic, Ruben Emblem, Federalunion, Jujutsuan, Fmadd, Clawraich (Dalek), LuizLSNeto, Fan4Life, Ionize Me, Ale Gandon,
Bender the Bot, Concus Cretus, Acopyeditor, Kyle223cat, I2padams, Ufufcguc, Saiph121, Visualhistory, Mlencron, TheFreeWorld and
Anonymous: 3923
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9d/Anthem_of_Europe_%28US_Navy_instrumental_long_version%29.ogg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.navyband.
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SA 3.0 Contributors:
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src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/ISO_639_Icon_es.svg/30px-ISO_639_Icon_es.svg.png'
width='30' height='14' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/ISO_639_Icon_es.svg/45px-ISO_
639_Icon_es.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/ISO_639_Icon_es.svg/60px-ISO_
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wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Emblem_of_Napoleon_Bonaparte.svg/17px-Emblem_of_Napoleon_Bonaparte.svg.png
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Zeche-Zollverein_-_Eingangstor_-_2013.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Avda
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domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Aegean Boy
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36 14 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES