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European Union

EU redirects here. For other uses, see EU (disam- relations and defence. The union maintains permanent
biguation). diplomatic missions throughout the world and represents
itself at the United Nations, the World Trade Organiza-
The European Union (EU) is a politico-economic union tion, the G8, and the G-20. Because of its global inu-
ence, the European Union has been described as a current
of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. [24]
It has an area of 4,324,782 km (1,669,808 sq mi), and or as a potential superpower.
2

an estimated population of over 510 million. The EU


has developed an internal single market through a stan-
dardised system of laws that apply in all member states.
EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, 1 History
goods, services, and capital within the internal market,[13]
enact legislation in justice and home aairs, and maintain
Main articles: History of the European Union and
common policies on trade,[14] agriculture,[15] sheries,
History of Europe
and regional development.[16] Within the Schengen Area,
passport controls have been abolished.[17] A monetary
union was established in 1999 and came into full force
in 2002, and is composed of 19 EU member states which
use the euro currency. 1.1 Preliminary (194557)
The EU operates through a hybrid system of
supranational and intergovernmental decision-
making.[18][19] The seven principal decision-making
bodiesknown as the institutions of the European
Unionare the European Council, the Council of
the European Union, the European Parliament, the
European Commission, the Court of Justice of the
European Union, the European Central Bank, and the
European Court of Auditors.
The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and
Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic
Community (EEC), formed by the Inner Six countries in
1951 and 1958, respectively. The community and its suc-
cessors have grown in size by the accession of new mem-
ber states and in power by the addition of policy areas
to its remit. The Maastricht Treaty established the Eu-
ropean Union in 1993 and introduced European citizen- Robert Schuman proposing the Coal and Steel Community on 9
ship.[20] The latest major amendment to the constitutional May 1950.
basis of the EU, the Treaty of Lisbon, came into force in
2009. After World War II, European integration was seen as
Covering 7.3% of the world population,[21] the EU in an antidote to the extreme nationalism which had devas-
[25]
2016 generated a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) tated the continent. The 1948 Hague Congress was a
of 16.477 trillion US dollars, constituting approximately pivotal moment in European federal history, as it led to
22.2% of global nominal GDP and 16.9% when mea- the creation of the European Movement International and
sured in terms of purchasing power parity.[22] Addition- of the College of Europe, where Europes future leaders
[26]
ally, 26 out of 28 EU countries have a very high Human would live and study together. 1952 saw the creation of
Development Index, according to the United Nations De- the European Coal and Steel Community, which was de-
[27]
velopment Programme. In 2012, the EU was awarded the clared to be a rst step in the federation of Europe.
Nobel Peace Prize. Through the Common Foreign and The supporters of the Community included Alcide De
[23]

Security Policy, the EU has developed a role in external Gasperi, Jean Monnet, Robert Schuman, and Paul-Henri
Spaak.[28]

1
2 1 HISTORY

The continental territories of the member states of the European In 1989, the Iron Curtain fell, enabling the union to expand fur-
Union (European Communities pre-1993), coloured in order of ther (Berlin Wall pictured).
accession.

Act was signed.


1.2 Treaty of Rome (195792) In 1990, after the fall of the Eastern Bloc, the former
East Germany became part of the Community as part of a
In 1957, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the reunied Germany.[39] With further enlargement planned
Netherlands and West Germany signed the Treaty of to include the former communist states, as well as Cyprus
Rome, which created the European Economic Commu- and Malta, the Copenhagen criteria for candidate mem-
nity (EEC) and established a customs union. They also bers to join the EU were agreed upon in June 1993.
signed another pact creating the European Atomic En-
ergy Community (Euratom) for co-operation in devel-
oping nuclear energy. Both treaties came into force in 1.3 Maastricht Treaty (19922007)
1958.[28]
The EEC and Euratom were created separately from
the ECSC, although they shared the same courts and
the Common Assembly. The EEC was headed by
Walter Hallstein (Hallstein Commission) and Euratom
was headed by Louis Armand (Armand Commission) and
then tienne Hirsch. Euratom was to integrate sectors in
nuclear energy while the EEC would develop a customs
union among members.[29][30]
During the 1960s, tensions began to show, with France
seeking to limit supranational power. Nevertheless, in
1965 an agreement was reached and on 1 July 1967 the
Merger Treaty created a single set of institutions for the
three communities, which were collectively referred to as
the European Communities.[31][32] Jean Rey presided over
The euro was introduced in 2002, replacing 12 national curren-
the rst merged Commission (Rey Commission).[33]
cies. Seven countries have since joined.
In 1973, the Communities enlarged to include Denmark
(including Greenland, which later left the Community inThe European Union was formally established when the
1985, following a dispute over shing rights), Ireland, and
Maastricht Treatywhose main architects were Helmut
the United Kingdom.[34] Norway had negotiated to join at
Kohl and Franois Mitterrandcame into force on 1
the same time, but Norwegian voters rejected member- November 1993.[20][40] The treaty also gave the name
ship in a referendum. In 1979, the rst direct elections to
European Community to the EEC, even if it was referred
the European Parliament were held.[35] as such before the treaty. In 1995, Austria, Finland, and
Greece joined in 1981, Portugal and Spain following in Sweden joined the EU.
1986.[36] In 1985, the Schengen Agreement paved the In 2002, euro banknotes and coins replaced national cur-
way for the creation of open borders without passport rencies in 12 of the member states. Since then, the
controls between most member states and some non- eurozone has increased to encompass 19 countries. The
member states.[37] In 1986, the European ag began to euro currency became the second largest reserve currency
be used by the Community[38] and the Single European in the world. In 2004, the EU saw its biggest enlarge-
1.5 Structural evolution 3

ment to date when Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, a debt crisis in some of the Eurozone countries, increasing
Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and migration from the Middle East and the United King-
Slovenia joined the Union.[41] doms withdrawal from the EU.[47] A referendum in the
UK on its membership of the European Union was held
on 23 June 2016, with a majority of participants voting
1.4 Lisbon Treaty (2007present) to leave.[48] As of December 2016, the UK has not yet
initiated the formal withdrawal procedure, and will not
leave the EU until two years after it noties the European
Council of its decision to withdraw, or until a withdrawal
agreement comes into force.[49]

1.5 Structural evolution

Main article: Treaties of the European Union

The following timeline illustrates the integration that has


led to the formation of the present union, in terms of
In 2009, the Lisbon Treaty entered into force.
structural development driven by international treaties:

In 2007, Romania and Bulgaria became EU members.


The same year, Slovenia adopted the euro,[41] followed 2 Geography
in 2008 by Cyprus and Malta, by Slovakia in 2009, by
Estonia in 2011, by Latvia in 2014 and by Lithuania in Main article: Geography of the European Union
2015.

The 65,993 km
(41,006 mi) coastline dominates the European climate
(Cyprus).

EU representatives receive the Nobel Peace Prize in 2012

On 1 December 2009, the Lisbon Treaty entered into Mont Blanc in the Alps
force and reformed many aspects of the EU. In particu- is the highest peak in the EU.
lar, it changed the legal structure of the European Union,
merging the EU three pillars system into a single legal The EUs member states cover an area of 4,423,147
entity provisioned with a legal personality, created a per-square kilometres (1,707,787 sq mi).[lower-alpha 2] The
manent President of the European Council, the rst of EUs highest peak is Mont Blanc in the Graian Alps,
which was Herman Van Rompuy, and strengthened the 4,810.45 metres (15,782 ft) above sea level.[50] The low-
position of the High Representative of the Union for For- est points in the EU are Lammefjorden, Denmark and
eign Aairs and Security Policy.[42][43] Zuidplaspolder, Netherlands, at 7 m (23 ft) below sea
In 2012, the EU received the Nobel Peace Prize for hav- level.[51] The landscape, climate, and economy of the EU
ing contributed to the advancement of peace and recon- are inuenced by its coastline, which is 65,993 kilometres
ciliation, democracy, and human rights in Europe.[44][45] (41,006 mi) long.
In 2013, Croatia became the 28th EU member.[46] Including the overseas territories of France which are
From the beginning of the 2010s, the cohesion of the Eu- located outside the continent of Europe, but which are
ropean Union has been tested by several issues, including members of the union, the EU experiences most types
4 2 GEOGRAPHY

of climate from Arctic (North-East Europe) to tropi- Turkey,[59] though Iceland suspended negotiations in
cal (French Guiana), rendering meteorological averages 2013.[60] Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo are
for the EU as a whole meaningless. The majority of ocially recognised as potential candidates,[59] with
the population lives in areas with a temperate maritime Bosnia and Herzegovina having submitted a membership
climate (North-Western Europe and Central Europe), a application.
Mediterranean climate (Southern Europe), or a warm The four countries forming the European Free Trade
summer continental or hemiboreal climate (Northern Association (EFTA) are not EU members, but have
Balkans and Central Europe).[52] partly committed to the EUs economy and regulations:
The EUs population is highly urbanised, with some 75% Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway, which are a part
of inhabitants living in urban areas as of 2006. Cities are of the single market through the European Economic
largely spread out across the EU, although with a large Area, and Switzerland, which has similar ties through
grouping in and around the Benelux.[53] bilateral treaties.[61][62] The relationships of the European
microstates, Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, and the
Vatican include the use of the euro and other areas of co-
2.1 Member states operation.[63] The following 28 sovereign states (of which
the map only shows territories situated in and around Eu-
Main article: Member states of the European Union rope) constitute the European Union:[64]
Through successive enlargements, the European Union

2.2 Environment
Further information: European Commissioner for the
Environment and European Climate Change Programme
In 1957, when the EEC was founded, it had no environ-

Map of the European Union in the world with overseas countries


and territories and outermost regions

has grown from the six founding statesBelgium,


France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the
Netherlandsto the current 28. Countries accede to the
union by becoming party to the founding treaties, thereby
subjecting themselves to the privileges and obligations
of EU membership. This entails a partial delegation of
sovereignty to the institutions in return for representation Viru Bog in Lahemaa National Park in Estonia, a protected habi-
tat under the Habitats Directive
within those institutions, a practice often referred to as
pooling of sovereignty.[54][55] mental policy.[65] Over the past 50 years, an increasingly
To become a member, a country must meet the dense network of legislation has been created, extending
Copenhagen criteria, dened at the 1993 meeting of the to all areas of environmental protection, including air pol-
European Council in Copenhagen. These require a stable lution, water quality, waste management, nature conser-
democracy that respects human rights and the rule of law; vation, and the control of chemicals, industrial hazards
a functioning market economy; and the acceptance of the and biotechnology.[66] According to the Institute for Eu-
obligations of membership, including EU law. Evalua- ropean Environmental Policy, environmental law com-
tion of a countrys fullment of the criteria is the respon- prises over 500 Directives, Regulations and Decisions,
sibility of the European Council.[56] No member state has making environmental policy a core area of European
yet left the Union, although Greenland (an autonomous politics.[67]
province of Denmark) withdrew in 1985.[57] The Lisbon European policy-makers originally increased the EUs ca-
Treaty now contains a clause under Article 50, providing pacity to act on environmental issues by dening it as a
for a member to leave the EU.[58] trade problem.[68] Trade barriers and competitive distor-
There are six countries that are recognised as tions in the Common Market could emerge due to the dif-
candidates for membership: Albania, Iceland, ferent environmental standards in each member state.[69]
[lower-alpha 3]
Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and In subsequent years, the environment became a formal
3.1 Constitutional nature 5

policy area, with its own policy actors, principles and pro- treaties) and of subsidiarity (which says that it should act
cedures. The legal basis for EU environmental policy was only where an objective cannot be suciently achieved
established with the introduction of the Single European by the member states acting alone). Laws made by the
Act in 1987.[67] EU institutions are passed in a variety of forms. Gen-
erally speaking, they can be classied into two groups:
those which come into force without the necessity for na-
tional implementation measures (regulations) and those
which specically require national implementation mea-
sures (directives).[74]

3.1 Constitutional nature


Further information: Treaties of the European Union
The classication of the EU in terms of international or

National Parliaments National Governments Heads of


state / government

European European Court


4 3
Central Bank of Auditors
President

A black stork, a protected species under Regulation (EC) No. European Court
3
Council
2
European
of Justice of Ministers Council3
338/97
President President

Initially, EU environmental policy focused on Europe. European


1 Legislation
European
3
Parliament Commission
More recently, the EU has demonstrated leadership in
global environmental governance, e.g. the role of the EU
Enfranchised people (according to the electoral laws of each country)
in securing the ratication and coming into force of the Legislative branch elects / appoints / decides on 1: Elections are every 5 years. The right to vote may be dierent depending on the country

Kyoto Protocol despite opposition from the United States. Executive branch membership
proposes
2: State chamber. Convenes in varying composition depending on the policy area.
Each country is represented by one member per department
3: Each country is represented by one member
Judicial branch 4: The European Central Bank is composed of representatives of the national central banks.

This international dimension is reected in the EUs Sixth Its Board is elected by the European Council on the proposal of the Council of Ministers

Environmental Action Programme,[70] which recognises


that its objectives can only be achieved if key interna- Political system of the European Union
tional agreements are actively supported and properly im-
plemented both at EU level and worldwide. The Lisbon constitutional law has been much debated. It began life
Treaty further strengthened the leadership ambitions.[71] as an international organisation and gradually developed
EU law has played a signicant role in improving habitat into a confederation of states. However, since the mid-
and species protection in Europe, as well as contribut- 1960s it has also added several of the key attributes of a
ing to improvements in air and water quality and waste federation, such as the direct eect of the law of the gen-
management.[67] eral level of government upon the individual[75] and ma-
Mitigating climate change is one of the top priorities jority voting in the decision-making process of the gen-
of EU environmental policy. In 2007, member states eral level of government,[76] without becoming a federa-
agreed that, in future, 20% of the energy used across tion per se. Scholars thus today see it as an intermediate
the EU must be renewable, and carbon dioxide emis- form lying between a confederation and a federation, be-
sions have to be lower in 2020 by at least 20% com- ing an instance of neither political structure.[77] For this
pared to 1990 levels.[72] The EU has adopted an emissions reason, the organisation is termed sui generis (incompa-
trading system to incorporate carbon emissions into the rable, one of a kind),[78] although some argue that this
economy.[73] The European Green Capital is an annual designation is no longer valid.[79][80]
award given to cities that focuses on the environment, en- The organisation has traditionally used the terms Com-
ergy eciency and quality of life in urban areas to create munity and later Union to describe itself. The dicul-
smart city. ties of classication involve the dierence between na-
tional law (where the subjects of the law include natural
persons and corporations) and international law (where
3 Politics the subjects include sovereign states and international or-
ganisations). They can also be seen in the light of dier-
ing European and American constitutional traditions.[79]
Main article: Politics of the European Union Especially in terms of the European tradition, the term
federation is equated with a sovereign federal state in
The European Union operates according to the principles international law; so the EU cannot be called a federa-
of conferral (which says that it should act only within tion at least, not without qualication. It is, however,
the limits of the competences conferred on it by the described as being based on a federal model or federal
6 3 POLITICS

in nature; and so it may be appropriate to consider it a


federal union of states, a conceptual structure lying be-
tween the confederation of states and the federal state.[81]
The German Constitutional Court refers to the EU as
a Staatenverbund, an intermediate structure between the
Staatenbund (confederation of states) and the Bundesstaat
(federal state), consistent with this concept.[82] This may
be a long-lived political form. Professor Andrew Moravc-
sik claims that the EU is unlikely to develop further into
a federal state, but instead has reached maturity as a con-
stitutional system.[83]

3.2 Governance

Main articles: Institutions of the European Union and


Legislature of the European Union

The European Union has seven institutions: the European


Council, the Council of the European Union, the
European Parliament, the European Commission, the
Court of Justice of the European Union, the European
Central Bank and the European Court of Auditors. Com-
petence in scrutinising and amending legislation is shared President of the European Council, Donald Tusk
between the Council of the European Union and the Eu-
ropean Parliament, while executive tasks are performed
by the European Commission and in a limited capacity gotiation of treaty changes and denes the EUs policy
by the European Council (not to be confused with the agenda and strategies.
aforementioned Council of the European Union). The The European Council uses its leadership role to sort
monetary policy of the eurozone is determined by the Eu- out disputes between member states and the institu-
ropean Central Bank. The interpretation and the applica- tions, and to resolve political crises and disagreements
tion of EU law and the treaties are ensured by the Court of over controversial issues and policies. It acts exter-
Justice of the European Union. The EU budget is scruti- nally as a "collective head of state" and raties impor-
nised by the European Court of Auditors. There are also tant documents (for example, international agreements
a number of ancillary bodies which advise the EU or op- and treaties).[86]
erate in a specic area.
Tasks for the President of the European Council are en-
Institutions of the European Union[84] suring the external representation of the EU,[87] driv-
ing consensus and resolving divergences among member
states, both during meetings of the European Council and
v over the periods between them.

t The European Council should not be mistaken for the


Council of Europe, an international organisation inde-
e pendent of the EU based in Strasbourg.

3.2.1 European Council 3.2.2 Council of the European Union

The European Council gives political direction to the The Council of the European Union (also called the
EU. It convenes at least four times a year and comprises Council[88] and the Council of Ministers, its former
the President of the European Council (currently Donald title)[89] forms one half of the EUs legislature. It consists
Tusk), the President of the European Commission and of a government minister from each member state and
one representative per member state (either its head of meets in dierent compositions depending on the policy
state or head of government). The High Representative area being addressed. Notwithstanding its dierent con-
of the Union for Foreign Aairs and Security Policy (cur- gurations, it is considered to be one single body.[90] In
rently Federica Mogherini) also takes part in its meetings. addition to its legislative functions, the Council also ex-
It has been described by some as the Unions supreme ercises executive functions in relations to the Common
political authority.[85] It is actively involved in the ne- Foreign and Security Policy.
3.3 Budget 7

3.2.3 European Parliament

The hemicycle of the European Parliament in Strasbourg

The European Parliament forms the other half of the EUs


legislature. The 751 Members of the European Parlia-
ment (MEPs) are directly elected by EU citizens every
ve years on the basis of proportional representation. Al-
though MEPs are elected on a national basis, they sit ac-
cording to political groups rather than their nationality.
Each country has a set number of seats and is divided into
sub-national constituencies where this does not aect the
proportional nature of the voting system.[91]
The European Parliament and the Council of the Euro-
Commission President, Jean-Claude Juncker
pean Union pass legislation jointly in nearly all areas un-
der the ordinary legislative procedure. This also applies
to the EU budget. The European Commission is account-
able to Parliament, requiring its approval to take oce, 3.3 Budget
having to report back to it and subject to motions of cen-
sure from it. The President of the European Parliament Main article: Budget of the European Union
(currently Antonio Tajani) carries out the role of speaker
in Parliament and represents it externally. The President
and Vice-Presidents are elected by MEPs every two and
a half years.[92]

3.2.4 European Commission

The European Commission acts as the EUs executive


arm and is responsible for initiating legislation and the
day-to-day running of the EU. The Commission is also
seen as the motor of European integration. It operates as
a cabinet government, with 28 Commissioners for dier-
ent areas of policy, one from each member state, though [94]
Commissioners are bound to represent the interests of the The 2011 EU budget (141.9 bn)
EU as a whole rather than their home state. Cohesion and competitiveness for growth and employ-
One of the 28 is the President of the European Com- ment (45%)
mission (currently Jean-Claude Juncker) appointed by the Direct aids and market related expenditures (31%)
European Council. After the President, the most promi- Rural development (11%)
nent Commissioner is the High Representative of the EU as a global partner (6%)
Union for Foreign Aairs and Security Policy, who is ex- Administration (6%)
ocio a Vice-President of the Commission and is also Citizenship, freedom, security and justice (1%)
chosen by the European Council.[93] The other 26 Com-
missioners are subsequently appointed by the Council of The EU had an agreed budget of 120.7 billion for
the European Union in agreement with the nominated the year 2007 and 864.3 billion for the period 2007
President. The 28 Commissioners as a single body are 2013,[95] representing 1.10% and 1.05% of the EU-27s
subject to a vote of approval by the European Parliament. GNI forecast for the respective periods. In 1960, the
8 4 LEGAL SYSTEM

budget of the then European Economic Community was 4 Legal system


0.03% of GDP.[96]
In the 2010 budget of 141.5 billion, the largest sin- Further information: European Union law, Treaties of the
gle expenditure item is "cohesion & competitiveness" European Union, and Charter of Fundamental Rights of
with around 45% of the total budget.[97] Next comes the European Union
"agriculture" with approximately 31% of the total.[97] The EU is based on a series of treaties. These rst es-
"Rural development, environment and sheries" takes up
around 11%.[97] "Administration" accounts for around
6%.[97] The "EU as a global partner" and "citizenship,
freedom, security and justice" bring up the rear with ap-
proximately 6% and 1% respectively.[97]
The Court of Auditors is legally obliged to provide the
Parliament and the Council with a statement of assur-
ance as to the reliability of the accounts and the legal-
ity and regularity of the underlying transactions.[98] The
Court also gives opinions and proposals on nancial legis-
lation and anti-fraud actions.[99] The Parliament uses this
to decide whether to approve the Commissions handling
of the budget. The Court of Justice, seated in Luxembourg.
The European Court of Auditors has signed o the Eu-
ropean Union accounts every year since 2007 and, while
making it clear that the European Commission has more tablished the European Community and the EU, and then
work to do, has highlighted that most of the errors take made amendments to those founding treaties.[105] These
place at national level.[100][101] In their report on 2009 are power-giving treaties which set broad policy goals and
the auditors found that ve areas of Union expenditure, establish institutions with the necessary legal powers to
agriculture and the cohesion fund, were materially af- implement those goals. These legal powers include the
fected by error.[102] The European Commission estimated ability to enact legislation[lower-alpha 5] which can directly
in 2009 that the nancial eect of irregularities was aect all member states and their inhabitants.[lower-alpha 6]
1,863 million.[103] The EU has legal personality, with the right to sign agree-
ments and international treaties.[106]
Under the principle of supremacy, national courts are re-
quired to enforce the treaties that their member states
have ratied, and thus the laws enacted under them,
even if doing so requires them to ignore conicting
3.4 Competences national law, and (within limits) even constitutional
provisions.[lower-alpha 7]
EU member states retain all powers not explicitly handed
to the European Union. In some areas the EU enjoys
exclusive competence. These are areas in which mem-
ber states have renounced any capacity to enact legisla-
tion. In other areas the EU and its member states share 4.1 Courts of Justice
the competence to legislate. While both can legislate,
member states can only legislate to the extent to which The judicial branch of the EUformally called the Court
the EU has not. In other policy areas the EU can only of Justice of the European Unionconsists of three
co-ordinate, support and supplement member state action courts: the Court of Justice, the General Court, and the
but cannot enact legislation with the aim of harmonising European Union Civil Service Tribunal. Together they
national laws.[104] interpret and apply the treaties and the law of the EU.[107]
That a particular policy area falls into a certain cat- The Court of Justice primarily deals with cases taken by
egory of competence is not necessarily indicative of member states, the institutions, and cases referred to it
what legislative procedure is used for enacting legislation
by the courts of member states.[108] The General Court
within that policy area. Dierent legislative proceduresmainly deals with cases taken by individuals and compa-
are used within the same category of competence, and nies directly before the EUs courts,[109] and the European
even with the same policy area. Union Civil Service Tribunal adjudicates in disputes be-
The distribution of competences in various policy areas tween the European Union and its civil service.[110] De-
between Member States and the Union is divided in the cisions from the General Court can be appealed to the
following three categories: Court of Justice but only on a point of law.[111]
4.3 Acts 9

4.3 Acts

The main legal acts of the EU come in three forms:


regulations, directives, and decisions. Regulations be-
come law in all member states the moment they come
into force, without the requirement for any implementing
measures,[lower-alpha 11] and automatically override con-
icting domestic provisions.[lower-alpha 5] Directives require
member states to achieve a certain result while leaving
them discretion as to how to achieve the result. The de-
tails of how they are to be implemented are left to mem-
ber states.[lower-alpha 12] When the time limit for imple-
menting directives passes, they may, under certain con-
The ceremony of the 1990 Sakharov Prize awarded to Aung
ditions, have direct eect in national law against member
San Suu Kyi by Martin Schulz, inside the Parliaments Strasbourg
hemicycle, in 2013.
states.
Decisions oer an alternative to the two above modes of
legislation. They are legal acts which only apply to speci-
ed individuals, companies or a particular member state.
4.2 Fundamental rights They are most often used in competition law, or on rulings
on State Aid, but are also frequently used for procedural
or administrative matters within the institutions. Regu-
The treaties declare that the EU itself is founded on the lations, directives, and decisions are of equal legal value
values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, and apply without any formal hierarchy.[116]
equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, in-
cluding the rights of persons belonging to minorities ...
in a society in which pluralism, non-discrimination, tol- 4.4 Area of freedom, security and justice
erance, justice, solidarity and equality between women
and men prevail.[112] Further information: Area of freedom, security and jus-
In 2009 the Lisbon Treaty gave legal eect to the Charter tice
of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. The char- Since the creation of the EU in 1993, it has developed
ter is a codied catalogue of fundamental rights against
which the EUs legal acts can be judged. It consoli-
dates many rights which were previously recognised by
the Court of Justice and derived from the constitutional
traditions common to the member states.[113] The Court
of Justice has long recognised fundamental rights and has,
on occasion, invalidated EU legislation based on its fail-
ure to adhere to those fundamental rights.[114]
Although signing the European Convention on
Human Rights (ECHR) is a condition for EU
membership,[lower-alpha 8] previously, the EU itself
could not accede to the Convention as it is nei-
ther a state[lower-alpha 9] nor had the competence to
accede.[lower-alpha 10] The Lisbon Treaty and Protocol 14
to the ECHR have changed this: the former binds the
The borders inside the Schengen Area between Germany and
EU to accede to the Convention while the latter formally
Austria
permits it.
Although, the EU is independent from Council of Eu- its competencies in the area of freedom, security and
rope, they share purpose and ideas especially on rule of justice, initially at an intergovernmental level and later
law, human rights and democracy. Further European by supranationalism. To this end, agencies have been
Convention on Human Rights and European Social Char- established that co-ordinate associated actions: Europol
ter, the source of law of Charter of Fundamental Rights for co-operation of police forces,[117] Eurojust for co-
are created by Council of Europe. The EU also promoted operation between prosecutors,[118] and Frontex for co-
human rights issues in the wider world. The EU opposes operation between border control authorities.[119] The EU
the death penalty and has proposed its worldwide aboli- also operates the Schengen Information System[17] which
tion. Abolition of the death penalty is a condition for EU provides a common database for police and immigra-
membership.[115] tion authorities. This co-operation had to particularly
10 5 FOREIGN RELATIONS

be developed with the advent of open borders through


the Schengen Agreement and the associated cross border
crime.
Furthermore, the Union has legislated in areas such
as extradition,[120] family law,[121] asylum law,[122] and
criminal justice.[123] Prohibitions against sexual and na-
tionality discrimination have a long standing in the
treaties.[lower-alpha 13] In more recent years, these have been
supplemented by powers to legislate against discrimina-
tion based on race, religion, disability, age, and sexual
orientation.[lower-alpha 14] By virtue of these powers, the
EU has enacted legislation on sexual discrimination in
the work-place, age discrimination, and racial discrimi-
nation.[lower-alpha 15]

5 Foreign relations
Main articles: Foreign relations of the European Union,
Common Foreign and Security Policy, and European Ex-
ternal Action Service
Foreign policy co-operation between member states
High Representative of the Union for Foreign Aairs and Security
Policy, Federica Mogherini

treated under the CFSP sometimes lead to disagreements,


such as those which occurred over the war in Iraq.[127]
The coordinator and representative of the CFSP within
the EU is the High Representative of the Union for For-
eign Aairs and Security Policy who speaks on behalf
of the EU in foreign policy and defence matters, and
has the task of articulating the positions expressed by
the member states on these elds of policy into a com-
mon alignment. The High Representative heads up the
The EU participates in all G8 and G20 summits. (G20 summit in European External Action Service (EEAS), a unique EU
Seoul) department[128] that has been ocially implemented and
operational since 1 December 2010 on the occasion of
dates from the establishment of the Community in 1957, the rst anniversary of the entry into force of the Treaty
when member states negotiated as a bloc in international of Lisbon.[129] The EEAS will serve as a foreign ministry
trade negotiations under the common commercial pol- and diplomatic corps for the European Union.[130]
icy.[124] Steps for a more wide-ranging co-ordination in
Besides the emerging international policy of the Euro-
foreign relations began in 1970 with the establishment
pean Union, the international inuence of the EU is also
of European Political Cooperation which created an in-
felt through enlargement. The perceived benets of be-
formal consultation process between member states with
coming a member of the EU act as an incentive for both
the aim of forming common foreign policies. It was not,
political and economic reform in states wishing to full
however, until 1987 when European Political Coopera-
the EUs accession criteria, and are considered an impor-
tion was introduced on a formal basis by the Single Eu-
tant factor contributing to the reform of European for-
ropean Act. EPC was renamed as the Common Foreign
[125] merly Communist countries.[131]:762 This inuence on the
and Security Policy (CFSP) by the Maastricht Treaty.
internal aairs of other countries is generally referred to
The aims of the CFSP are to promote both the EUs as "soft power", as opposed to military hard power.[132]
own interests and those of the international community
as a whole, including the furtherance of international co-
operation, respect for human rights, democracy, and the 5.1 Military
rule of law.[126] The CFSP requires unanimity among
the member states on the appropriate policy to follow on Main article: Military of the European Union
any particular issue. The unanimity and dicult issues The predecessors of the European Union were not
5.2 Humanitarian aid 11

per cent of EU countries combined defence budget and


50 per cent of their military capacity.[138] Both are of-
cially recognised nuclear weapon states holding perma-
nent seats on the United Nations Security Council.
Following the Kosovo War in 1999, the European Coun-
cil agreed that the Union must have the capacity for au-
tonomous action, backed by credible military forces, the
means to decide to use them, and the readiness to do so, in
order to respond to international crises without prejudice
to actions by NATO. To that end, a number of eorts
were made to increase the EUs military capability, no-
tably the Helsinki Headline Goal process. After much
discussion, the most concrete result was the EU Battle-
groups initiative, each of which is planned to be able to
deploy quickly about 1500 personnel.[139]
EU forces have been deployed on peacekeeping missions
from middle and northern Africa to the western Balkans
and western Asia.[140] EU military operations are sup-
ported by a number of bodies, including the European
Defence Agency, European Union Satellite Centre and
the European Union Military Sta.[141] Frontex is an
agency of the EU established to manage the coopera-
tion between national border guards securing its exter-
Seat of Frontex in Warsaw nal borders. It aims to detect and stop illegal immigra-
tion, human tracking and terrorist inltration. In 2015
the European Commission presented its proposal for a
devised as a military alliance because NATO was new European Border and Coast Guard Agency having
largely seen as appropriate and sucient for de- a stronger role and mandate along with national authori-
fence purposes.[133] 22 EU members are members of ties for border management. In an EU consisting of 28
NATO[134] while the remaining member states follow members, substantial security and defence co-operation
policies of neutrality.[135] The Western European Union, is increasingly relying on collaboration among all mem-
a military alliance with a mutual defence clause, was dis- ber states.[142]
banded in 2010 as its role had been transferred to the
EU.[136]
5.2 Humanitarian aid

Further information: ECHO (European Commission)


The European Commissions Humanitarian Aid and

An A400M military transport aircraft built by Airbus Group SE


(Societas Europaea; Latin: European company)
Collectively, the EU is the largest contributor of foreign aid in the
According to the Stockholm International Peace Re- world.[143][144]
search Institute (SIPRI), the United Kingdom spent $61
billion on defence in 2014, placing it fth in the world, Civil Protection department, or ECHO, provides
while France spent $53 billion, the sixth largest.[137] To- humanitarian aid from the EU to developing countries.
gether, the UK and France account for approximately 40 In 2012, its budget amounted to 874 million, 51% of
12 6 ECONOMY

the budget went to Africa and 20% to Asia, Latin Amer- within individual EU states. The dierence between
ica, the Caribbean and Pacic, and 20% to the Middle the richest and poorest regions (276 NUTS-2 regions
East and Mediterranean.[145] of the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics)
Humanitarian aid is nanced directly by the budget (70%) ranged, in 2014, from 30% of the EU28 average to
as part of the nancial instruments for external action 539%, or from 8,200
[158]
to 148,000 (about US$9,000
and also by the European Development Fund (30%). [146] to US$162,000).
The EUs external action nancing is divided into 'ge- Structural Funds and Cohesion Funds are supporting the
ographic' instruments and 'thematic' instruments.[146] development of underdeveloped regions of the EU. Such
The 'geographic' instruments provide aid through the regions are primarily located in the states of central and
Development Cooperation Instrument (DCI, 16.9 bil- southern Europe.[159][160] Several funds provide emer-
lion, 20072013), which must spend 95% of its bud- gency aid, support for candidate members to transform
get on overseas development assistance (ODA), and from their country to conform to the EUs standard (Phare,
the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument ISPA, and SAPARD), and support to the Commonwealth
(ENPI), which contains some relevant programmes.[146] of Independent States (TACIS). TACIS has now be-
The European Development Fund (EDF, 22.7 bn, come part of the worldwide EuropeAid programme.
20082013) is made up of voluntary contributions by EU research and technological framework programmes
member states, but there is pressure to merge the EDF sponsor research conducted by consortia from all EU
into the budget-nanced instruments to encourage in- members to work towards a single European Research
creased contributions to match the 0.7% target and allow Area.[161]
the European Parliament greater oversight.[146]
However, ve countries have reached the 0.7% target: 6.1 Internal market
Sweden, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Denmark and
the United Kingdom.[147][148] Main article: European Single Market
Two of the original core objectives of the European

6 Economy
Main articles: Economy of the European Union and
Regional policy of the European Union
The ve largest economies in the world according to the
IMF by Nominal GDP in 2015[149]

The European Union has established a single market


across the territory of all its members representing 508
million citizens. In 2014, the EU had a combined GDP
of 18.640 trillion international dollars, a 20% share of
global gross domestic product by purchasing power par-
ity (PPP).[150] As a political entity the European Union is
represented in the World Trade Organization (WTO). EU
member states own the estimated largest net wealth in the
world, equal to 30% of the $223 trillion global wealth.
19 member states have joined a monetary union known
as the eurozone, which uses the Euro as a single cur-
rency. The currency union represents 338 million EU
citizens.[151] The euro is the second largest reserve cur-
rency as well as the second most traded currency in the
world after the United States dollar.[152][153][154]
Of the top 500 largest corporations in the world mea-
sured by revenue in 2010, 161 have their headquarters in
A standardised passport design, displaying the name of the mem-
the EU.[155] In 2016, unemployment in the EU stood at
ber state, the national arms and the words European Union
8.9%[156] while ination was at 2.2%, and the current ac-
given in their ocial language(s). (Irish model)
count balance at 0.9% of GDP. The average annual net
wage in the European Union was around $20,000 in 2015, Economic Community were the development of a com-
which was about half of that in the United States.[157] mon market, subsequently becoming a single market, and
There is a signicant variance for GDP (PPP) per capita a customs union between its member states. The sin-
6.2 Monetary union 13

gle market involves the free circulation of goods, capital,


people, and services within the EU,[151] and the customs
union involves the application of a common external tar-
i on all goods entering the market. Once goods have
been admitted into the market they cannot be subjected
to customs duties, discriminatory taxes or import quotas,
as they travel internally. The non-EU member states of
Iceland, Norway, Liechtenstein and Switzerland partici-
pate in the single market but not in the customs union.[61]
Half the trade in the EU is covered by legislation har-
monised by the EU.[162]
Free movement of capital is intended to permit move-
ment of investments such as property purchases and buy-
ing of shares between countries.[163] Until the drive to-
wards economic and monetary union the development of
the capital provisions had been slow. Post-Maastricht
there has been a rapidly developing corpus of ECJ judge-
ments regarding this initially neglected freedom. The free
movement of capital is unique insofar as it is granted
equally to non-member states.
The free movement of persons means that EU citizens can
move freely between member states to live, work, study
or retire in another country. This required the lowering of
administrative formalities and recognition of professional
qualications of other states.[164]
The free movement of services and of establishment al-
lows self-employed persons to move between member
states to provide services on a temporary or permanent
basis. While services account for 6070% of GDP, leg-
islation in the area is not as developed as in other areas. The seat of the European Central Bank in Frankfurt. 19 of the
This lacuna has been addressed by the recently passed 28 EU member states have adopted the euro as their legal tender.
Directive on services in the internal market which aims to
liberalise the cross border provision of services.[165] Ac-
states which have adopted the euro) has since grown to
cording to the Treaty the provision of services is a resid-
19 countries.[166][lower-alpha 16]
ual freedom that only applies if no other freedom is being
exercised.

6.2 Monetary union


Main articles: Eurozone and Economic and Monetary
Union of the European Union
The creation of a European single currency became an
ocial objective of the European Economic Community
in 1969. In 1992, having negotiated the structure and
procedures of a currency union, the member states signed
the Maastricht Treaty and were legally bound to full the
agreed-on rules including the convergence criteria if they
wanted to join the monetary union. The states wanting to
participate had rst to join the European Exchange Rate
Mechanism.
In 1999 the currency union started, rst as an accounting
currency with eleven member states joining. In 2002, the
currency was fully put into place, when euro notes and
coins were issued and national currencies began to phase
out in the eurozone, which by then consisted of 12 mem- The Eurozone (dark blue) represents 340 million people. The
ber states. The eurozone (constituted by the EU member euro is the second-largest reserve currency in the world.
14 6 ECONOMY

The euro, and the monetary policies of those who have co-operation with Russia while improving relations with
adopted it in agreement with the EU, are under the control energy-rich states in Central Asia[174] and North Africa;
of the European Central Bank (ECB).[167] The ECB is the use existing energy supplies more eciently while in-
central bank for the eurozone, and thus controls monetary creasing renewable energy commercialisation; and nally
policy in that area with an agenda to maintain price stabil- increase funding for new energy technologies.[173]
ity. It is at the centre of the European System of Central In 2007, EU countries as a whole imported 82% of their
Banks, which comprehends all EU national central banks oil, 57% of their natural gas[175] and 97.48% of their
and is controlled by its General Council, consisting of the uranium[172] demands. There is a strong dependence
President of the ECB, who is appointed by the European
on Russian energy that the EU has been attempting to
Council, the Vice-President of the ECB, and the gover- reduce.[176]
nors of the national central banks of all 28 EU member
states.[168]
The European System of Financial Supervision is an 6.4 Infrastructure
institutional architecture of the EUs framework of -
nancial supervision composed by three authorities: the Further information: European Commissioner for Trans-
European Banking Authority, the European Insurance port, European Commissioner for Industry and En-
and Occupational Pensions Authority and the European trepreneurship, and European Investment Bank
Securities and Markets Authority. To complement this The EU is working to improve cross-border infras-
framework, there is also a European Systemic Risk Board
under the responsibility of the ECB. The aim of this -
nancial control system is to ensure the economic stability
of the EU.[169]
To prevent the joining states from getting into nancial
trouble or crisis after entering the monetary union, they
were obliged in the Maastricht treaty to full important
nancial obligations and procedures, especially to show
budgetary discipline and a high degree of sustainable eco-
nomic convergence, as well as to avoid excessive govern-
ment decits and limit the government debt to a sustain-
able level.

The resund Bridge between Denmark and Sweden is part of the


Trans-European Networks.
6.3 Energy
tructure within the EU, for example through the Trans-
Main article: Energy policy of the European Union European Networks (TEN). Projects under TEN include
the Channel Tunnel, LGV Est, the Frjus Rail Tunnel, the
In 2006, the EU-27 had a gross inland energy consump- resund Bridge, the Brenner Base Tunnel and the Strait
tion of 1,825 million tonnes of oil equivalent (toe).[171] of Messina Bridge. In 2010 the estimated network cov-
Around 46% of the energy consumed was produced ers: 75,200 kilometres (46,700 mi) of roads; 78,000 kilo-
within the member states while 54% was imported.[171] metres (48,000 mi) of railways; 330 airports; 270 mar-
In these statistics, nuclear energy is treated as primary itime harbours; and 210 internal harbours.[177][178]
energy produced in the EU, regardless of the source of
Rail transport in Europe is being synchronised with the
the uranium, of which less than 3% is produced in the European Rail Trac Management System (ERTMS),
EU.[172] an initiative to greatly enhance safety, increase eciency
The EU has had legislative power in the area of energy of trains and enhance cross-border interoperability of rail
policy for most of its existence; this has its roots in the transport in Europe by replacing signalling equipment
original European Coal and Steel Community. The in- with digitised mostly wireless versions and by creating a
troduction of a mandatory and comprehensive European single Europe-wide standard for train control and com-
energy policy was approved at the meeting of the Euro- mand systems.
pean Council in October 2005, and the rst draft policy The developing European transport policies will increase
was published in January 2007.[173] the pressure on the environment in many regions by the
The EU has ve key points in its energy policy: increase increased transport network. In the pre-2004 EU mem-
competition in the internal market, encourage investment bers, the major problem in transport deals with conges-
and boost interconnections between electricity grids; di- tion and pollution. After the recent enlargement, the new
versify energy resources with better systems to respond states that joined since 2004 added the problem of solving
to a crisis; establish a new treaty framework for energy accessibility to the transport agenda.[179] The Polish road
6.6 Competition 15

network was upgraded such as the A4 autostrada.[180][181] included the introduction of set-aside in 1988, where
The Galileo positioning system is another EU infras- a proportion of farm land was deliberately withdrawn
tructure project. Galileo is a proposed Satellite naviga- from production, milk quotas and, more recently, the
tion system, to be built by the EU and launched by the 'de-coupling' (or disassociation) of the money farmers
European Space Agency (ESA). The Galileo project was receive from the EU and the amount they produce (by
launched partly to reduce the EUs dependency on the the Fischler reforms in 2004). Agriculture expenditure
US-operated Global Positioning System, but also to give will move away from subsidy payments linked to spe-
more complete global coverage and allow for greater ac- cic produce, toward direct payments based on farm size.
This is intended to allow the market to dictate production
curacy, given the aged nature of the GPS system.[182]
levels.[183] One of these reforms entailed the modication
of the EUs sugar regime, which previously divided the
6.5 Agriculture sugar market between member states and certain African-
Caribbean nations with a privileged relationship with the
Main article: Common Agricultural Policy EU.[186]
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is one of the
6.6 Competition
Further information: European Union competition law
and European Commissioner for Competition

The EU operates a competition policy intended to


ensure undistorted competition within the single
market.[lower-alpha 19] The Commission as the competition
regulator for the single market is responsible for antitrust
issues, approving mergers, breaking up cartels, working
for economic liberalisation and preventing state aid.[187]
The Competition Commissioner, currently Margrethe
Vineyards in Romania; EU farms are supported by the Common Vestager, is one of the most powerful positions in the
Agricultural Policy, the largest budgetary expenditure. Commission, notable for the ability to aect the com-
mercial interests of trans-national corporations.[188] For
long lasting policies of the European Community.[183] example, in 2001 the Commission for the rst time pre-
The policy has the objectives of increasing agricultural vented a merger between two companies based in the
production, providing certainty in food supplies, ensuring United States (GE and Honeywell) which had already
a high quality of life for farmers, stabilising markets, and been approved by their national authority.[189] Another
ensuring reasonable prices for consumers.[lower-alpha 18] It high-prole case against Microsoft, resulted in the Com-
was, until recently, operated by a system of subsidies mission ning Microsoft over 777 million following
and market intervention. Until the 1990s, the policy ac- nine years of legal action.[190]
counted for over 60% of the then European Commu-
nity's annual budget, and as of 2013 accounts for around
34%.[184] 7 Demographics
The policys price controls and market interventions led
to considerable overproduction. These were intervention Main article: Demographics of the European Union
stores of products bought up by the Community to main-
tain minimum price levels. To dispose of surplus stores, As of 1 January 2016, the population of the Euro-
they were often sold on the world market at prices consid-
pean Union is about 510.1 million people.[7] In 2013,
erably below Community guaranteed prices, or farmers 5,075,000 live births were registered and 4,999,200
were oered subsidies (amounting to the dierence be- deaths. The net migration to the EU was +653,100. In
tween the Community and world prices) to export their 2010, 47.3 million people who lived in the EU were born
products outside the Community. This system has been outside their resident country. This corresponds to 9.4%
criticised for under-cutting farmers outside Europe, es- of the total EU population. Of these, 31.4 million (6.3%)
pecially those in the developing world.[185] Supporters were born outside the EU and 16.0 million (3.2%) were
of CAP argue that the economic support which it gives born in another EU member state. The largest absolute
to farmers provides them with a reasonable standard of numbers of people born outside the EU were in Germany
living.[185] (6.4 million), France (5.1 million), the United Kingdom
Since the beginning of the 1990s, the CAP has been (4.7 million), Spain (4.1 million), Italy (3.2 million), and
subject to a series of reforms. Initially, these reforms the Netherlands (1.4 million).[191]
16 7 DEMOGRAPHICS

7.1 Urbanisation three ocial scripts of the European Union.[205]


Besides the 24 ocial languages, there are about 150
The EU contains about 40 urban areas with populations regional and minority languages, spoken by up to 50
of over one million. In addition to large agglomerations, million people.[204] Although EU programmes can sup-
the EU also includes several densely populated poly- port regional and minority languages, the protection of
centric urbanised regions that have no single core but linguistic rights is a matter for the individual member
have emerged from the connection of several cities and states. The European Charter for Regional or Minority
now encompass a large metropolis. The largest of these Languages ratied by most EU states provides general
polycentric metropolis include Rhine-Ruhr with approx- guidelines that states can follow to protect their linguis-
imately 11.5 million inhabitants (Cologne, Dortmund, tic heritage.
Dsseldorf et al.), Randstad with approx. 7 mil-
lion (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, Utrecht et The European Day of Languages is held annually on 26
al.), Frankfurt Rhine-Main with approx. 5.8 million September and is aimed at encouraging language learning
(Frankfurt, Wiesbaden et al.), the Flemish Diamond across Europe.
with approx. 5.5 million (Antwerp, Brussels, Leuven,
Ghent et al.), Upper Silesia with approx. 5.3 million
(Katowice, Ostrava) and resund with approx. 3.7 mil- 7.3 Religion
lion (Copenhagen, Malm).[192]
Main article: Religion in the European Union

7.2 Languages

Main article: Languages of the European Union

Among the many languages and dialects used in


the EU, it has 24 ocial and working languages:
Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English,
Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian,
Italian, Irish, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish,
Portuguese, Romanian, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish, and
Swedish.[197][198] Important documents, such as legisla-
tion, are translated into every ocial language. Self described religion in the European Union (2012)[206]
The European Parliament provides translation into all Catholic (48%)
languages for documents and its plenary sessions.[199] Protestant (12%)
Some institutions use only a handful of languages as in- Orthodox (8%)
ternal working languages.[200] Catalan, Galician, Basque, Other Christian (4%)
Scottish Gaelic and Welsh are not ocial languages of Non believer/Agnostic (16%)
the EU but have semi-ocial status in that ocial trans- Atheist (7%)
lations of the treaties are made into them and citizens of Muslim (2%)
the EU have the right to correspond with the institutions Other religion/None stated (3%)
using them.
Language policy is the responsibility of member states, The EU is a secular body with no formal connection to
but EU institutions promote the learning of other any religion. The Article 17 of the Treaty on the Func-
languages.[lower-alpha 20][201] English is the most widely spo- tioning of the European Union recognises the status un-
ken language in the EU, being spoken by 51% of the der national law of churches and religious associations
EU population when counting both native and non-native as well as that of philosophical and non-confessional
speakers.[202] German is the most widely spoken mother organisations.[207]
tongue, being spoken by 16% of the EU population. 56%
of EU citizens are able to engage in a conversation in a The preamble to the Treaty on European Union men-
language other than their mother tongue.[203] Most of- tions the cultural, religious and humanist inheritance of
cial languages of the EU belong to the Indo-European Europe.[207] Discussion over the draft texts of the Euro-
language family, except Estonian, Finnish, and Hungar- pean Constitution and later the Treaty of Lisbon included
ian, which belong to the Uralic language family, and Mal- proposals to mention Christianity or God, or both, in the
tese, which is a Semitic language. Most EU ocial lan- preamble of the text, but the idea faced opposition and
guages are written in the Latin alphabet except Bulgar- was dropped.[208]
ian, which is written in the Cyrillic alphabet, and Greek, Christians in the EU are divided among members of
which is written in the Greek alphabet.[204] These are the Catholicism (both Roman and Eastern Rite), numer-
7.5 Health care 17

ous Protestant denominations (Anglicans, Lutherans and


Reformed forming the bulk of this category), and the
Eastern Orthodox Church. In 2009, the EU had an esti-
mated Muslim population of 13 million,[209] and an esti-
mated Jewish population of over a million.[210] The other
world religions of Buddhism, Hinduism and Sikhism are
also represented in the EU population.
According to new polls about religiosity in the Euro-
pean Union in 2012 by Eurobarometer, Christianity is
the largest religion in the European Union, accounting for
72% of the EU population.[206] Catholics are the largest
Christian group, accounting for 48% of the EU popula-
tion, while Protestants make up 12%, Eastern Orthodox
make up 8% and other Christians make up 4%.[211]
Eurostat's Eurobarometer opinion polls showed in 2005
that 52% of EU citizens believed in a God, 27% in
some sort of spirit or life force, and 18% had no form
of belief.[212] Many countries have experienced falling
church attendance and membership in recent years.[213]
The countries where the fewest people reported a reli-
gious belief were Estonia (16%) and the Czech Repub-
lic (19%).[212] The most religious countries were Malta Erasmus Programme logo, representing the European student ex-
(95%, predominantly Roman Catholic) as well as Cyprus change
and Romania (both predominantly Orthodox) each with
about 90% of citizens professing a belief in God. Across
the EU, belief was higher among women, older people, 1984. The aims of EU policy in this area are to
those with religious upbringing, those who left school at co-ordinate and stimulate research. The independent
15 or 16 and those positioning themselves on the right European Research Council allocates EU funds to Euro-
of the political scale.[212] pean or national research projects.[217] EU research and
technological framework programmes deal in a number
of areas, for example energy where the aim is to develop
7.4 Education and science a diverse mix of renewable energy to help the environ-
ment and to reduce dependence on imported fuels.[218]
Main articles: Educational policies and initiatives of the
European Union and Framework Programmes for Re-
search and Technological Development 7.5 Health care
Basic education is an area where the EUs role is lim-
ited to supporting national governments. In higher ed- Further information: Healthcare in Europe
ucation, the policy was developed in the 1980s in pro- Although the EU has no major competences in the
grammes supporting exchanges and mobility. The most
visible of these has been the Erasmus Programme, a uni-
versity exchange programme which began in 1987. In its
rst 20 years, it has supported international exchange op-
portunities for well over 1.5 million university and college
students and has become a symbol of European student
life.[214]
There are now similar programmes for school pupils and
teachers, for trainees in vocational education and train-
ing, and for adult learners in the Lifelong Learning Pro-
gramme 20072013. These programmes are designed
to encourage a wider knowledge of other countries and
to spread good practices in the education and training
European Health Insurance Card
elds across the EU.[215][216] Through its support of the (French version pictured)
Bologna Process, the EU is supporting comparable stan-
dards and compatible degrees across Europe. eld of health care, Article 35 of the Charter of Fun-
Scientic development is facilitated through the EUs damental Rights of the European Union arms that
Framework Programmes, the rst of which started in A high level of human health protection shall be en-
18 8 CULTURE

sured in the denition and implementation of all Union part of the Football 4 Peace project.[233]
policies and activities. The European Commission's
Directorate-General for Health and Consumers seeks to
align national laws on the protection of peoples health, 8.2 Symbols
on the consumers rights, on the safety of food and other
products.[219][220][221] Main article: Symbols of Europe
The ag of the Union consists of a circle of 12 golden
All EU and many other European countries oer their cit-
izens a free European Health Insurance Card which, on a
reciprocal basis, provides insurance for emergency med-
ical treatment insurance when visiting other participat-
ing European countries.[222] A directive on cross-border
healthcare aims at promoting co-operation on health care
between member states and facilitating access to safe
and high-quality cross-border healthcare for European
patients.[223][224][225]

8 Culture
Further information: Culture of Europe, Western cul-
ture, and Cultural policies of the European Union

Cultural co-operation between member states has been


a concern of the EU since its inclusion as a commu-
nity competency in the Maastricht Treaty.[226] Actions
taken in the cultural area by the EU include the Culture
2000 seven-year programme,[226] the European Cultural
Month event,[227] and orchestras such as the European
Union Youth Orchestra.[228]
The European Capital of Culture programme selects one
or more cities in every year to assist the cultural develop-
ment of that city.[229] 53 EU cities have been part of this
initiative up to 2016.
The European ag at the 2004 enlargement celebrations

8.1 Sport stars on a blue background. The blue represents the West,
while the number and position of the stars represent com-
Main articles: Sport policies of the European Union and pleteness and unity, respectively.[234] Originally designed
Sport in Europe in 1955 for the Council of Europe, the ag was adopted
by the European Communities, the predecessors of the
Sport is mainly the responsibility of the member states or present Union, in 1986.
other international organisations, rather than of the EU. United in Diversity was adopted as the motto of the Union
However, there are some EU policies that have aected in the year 2000, having been selected from proposals
sport, such as the free movement of workers, which was submitted by school pupils.[235] Since 1985, the ag day
at the core of the Bosman ruling that prohibited national of the Union has been Europe Day, on 9 May (the date
football leagues from imposing quotas on foreign players of the 1950 Schuman declaration). The anthem of the
with European citizenship.[230] Union is an instrumental version of the prelude to the
The Treaty of Lisbon requires any application of eco- Ode to Joy, the 4th movement of Ludwig van Beethoven's
nomic rules to take into account the specic nature of ninth symphony. The anthem was adopted by European
sport and its structures based on voluntary activity.[231] Community leaders in 1985 and has since been played on
[236]
This followed lobbying by governing organisations such ocial occasions.
as the International Olympic Committee and FIFA, due Besides naming the continent, the Greek mythological
to objections over the application of free market princi- gure of Europa has frequently been employed as a
ples to sport, which led to an increasing gap between rich personication of Europe. Known from the myth in
and poor clubs.[232] The EU does fund a programme for which Zeus seduces her in the guise of a white bull, Eu-
Israeli, Jordanian, Irish, and British football coaches, as ropa has also been referred to in relation to the present
19

9 See also
Outline of the European Union

Eurasian Union

10 Notes
[1] .eu is representative of the whole of the EU; member states
also have their own TLDs.

Europa and the bull, depicted in a 1700 map [2] This gure includes the extra-European territories of
member states which are part of the European Union and
excludes the European territories of member states which
are not part of the Union. For more information see
Union. Statues of Europa and the bull decorate several Special member state territories and the European Union.
of the Unions institutions and a portrait of her is seen on
the 2013 series of Euro banknotes. The bull is, for its [3] Referred to by the EU as the former Yugoslav Republic
part, depicted on all residence permit cards.[237] of Macedonia.
Charles the Great, also known as Charlemagne (Latin: [4] On 3 October 1990, the constituent states of the former
Carolus Magnus) and later recognised as Pater Eu- German Democratic Republic acceded to the Federal Re-
ropae (Father of Europe),[238][239][240][241][242] has a public of Germany, automatically becoming part of the
symbolic relevance to Europe. The Commission has EU.
named one of its central buildings in Brussels after
[5] See Article 288 (ex Article 249 TEC) of the Treaty on the
Charlemagne and the city of Aachen has since 1949
Functioning of the European Union, on eur-lex.europa.eu
awarded the Charlemagne Prize to champions of Euro-
pean unication.[243] Since 2008, the organisers of this [6] According to the principle of Direct Eect rst invoked
prize, in conjunction with the European Parliament, have in the Court of Justices decision in Van Gend en Loos v
awarded the Charlemagne Youth Prize in recognition of Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen, Eur-Lex (Eu-
similar eorts by young people.[244] ropean Court of Justice 1963). See: Craig and de Brca,
ch. 5.

[7] According to the principle of Supremacy as established


8.3 Media by the ECJ in Case 6/64, Falminio Costa v. ENEL [1964]
ECR 585. See Craig and de Brca, ch. 7. See also:
Factortame litigation: Factortame Ltd. v. Secretary of
Main articles: Media freedom in the European Union and State for Transport (No. 2) [1991] 1 AC 603, Solange
Cinema of Europe II (Re Wuensche Handelsgesellschaft, BVerfG decision of
Media freedom is a fundamental right that applies to all 22 October 1986 [1987] 3 CMLR 225,265) and Frontini
v. Ministero delle Finanze [1974] 2 CMLR 372; Raoul
George Nicolo [1990] 1 CMLR 173.

[8] It is eectively treated as one of the Copenhagen criteria,


Assembly.coe.int. It should be noted that this is a political
and not a legal requirement for membership. Archived 26
June 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
Logo of the EU MEDIA Programme [9] The European Convention on Human Rights was previ-
ously only open to members of the Council of Europe
member states of the European Union and its citizens, (Article 59.1 of the Convention), and even now only states
as dened in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights as may become member of the Council of Europe (Article 4
well as the European Convention on Human Rights.[245]:1 of the Statute of the Council of Europe).
Within the EU enlargement process, guaranteeing media [10] Opinion (2/92) of the European Court of Justice on Ac-
freedom is named a key indicator of a countrys readi- cession by the Community to the European Convention
ness to become part of the EU.[246] for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental
The MEDIA Programme of the European Union intends Freedoms 1996 E.C.R. I-1759 (in French), ruled that the
European Community did not have the competence to ac-
to support the European popular lm and audiovisual in-
cede to the ECHR.
dustries since 1991. It provides support for the devel-
opment, promotion and distribution of European works [11] See: Case 34/73, Variola v. Amministrazione delle Fi-
within Europe and beyond.[247] nanze [1973] ECR 981.
20 11 REFERENCES

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28 12 FURTHER READING

Craig, Paul; De Burca, Grainne (2011). EU Law: International Publishing. ISBN 978-3-319-17780-
Text, Cases and Materials (5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford 9.
University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0199576999.
Jones, Erik; Anand, Menon; Weatherill, Stephen
Demey, Thierry (2007). Brussels, capital of Europe. (2012). The Oxford Handbook of the European
S. Strange (trans.). Brussels: Badeaux. p. 387. Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN
ISBN 978-2960041460. 978-0199546282.
Piris, Jean-Claude (2010). The Lisbon Treaty: A
Legal and Political Analysis (Cambridge Studies in Jordan, A.J.; Adelle, Camilla, eds. (2012). Envi-
European Law and Policy). Cambridge: Cambridge ronmental Policy in the European Union: Contexts,
University Press. p. 448. ISBN 978-0521197922. Actors and Policy Dynamics (3rd ed.). Abingdon-
on-Thames: Routledge. ISBN 978-1849714693.
Simons, George F., ed. (2002). EuroDiversity
(Managing Cultural Dierences). Abingdon-on- Kaiser, Wolfram (2009). Christian Democracy and
Thames: Routledge. p. 110. ISBN 978- the Origins of European Union (New Studies in Eu-
0877193814. ropean History). Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press. ISBN 978-0511497056.
Wilkinson, Paul (2007). International Relations: A
Very Short Introduction (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Le Gales, Patrick; King, Desmond (2017). Recon-
University Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0192801579. guring European States in Crisis. Corby: Oxford
The EU states have never felt the need to make the University Press. ISBN 9780198793373.
organisation into a powerful military alliance. They
already have NATO to undertake that task. McCormick, John (2007). The European Union:
Politics and Policies (5th ed.). Boulder, Colorado:
Westview Press. ISBN 978-0813342023.
12 Further reading
Pinder, John; Usherwood, Simon (2013). The
Berend, Ivan T. (2017). The Contemporary Crisis of European Union: A Very Short Introduction (3rd
the European Union: Prospects for the Future. New ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-
York: Routledge. ISBN 9781138244191. 0199681693. excerpt and text search

Bomberg, Elizabeth; Peterson, John; Corbett, Rifkin, Jeremy (2005). The European Dream: How
Richard, eds. (2012). The European Union: How Europes Vision of the Future Is Quietly Eclipsing the
Does it Work? (New European Union) (3rd ed.). American Dream. City of Westminster, London:
Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978- TarcherPerigee. ISBN 978-1585424351.
0199570805.
Corbett, Richard; Jacobs, Francis; Shackleton, Smith, Charles (2007). International Trade and
Michael (2011). The European Parliament (8th Globalisation (3rd ed.). Stockseld: Anforme Ltd.
ed.). London: John Harper Publishing. ISBN 978- ISBN 978-1905504107.
0956450852.
Staab, Andreas (2011). The European Union
Craig, Paul; de Brca, Grinne (2007). EU Law, Explained: Institutions, Actors, Global Impact.
Text, Cases and Materials (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.
University Press. ISBN 978-0199273898. ISBN 978-0253223036. excerpt and text search
Federiga, Bindi, ed. (2010). The Foreign Policy of Steiner, Josephine; Woods, Lorna; Twigg-Flesner,
the European Union: Assessing Europes Role in the Christian (2006). EU Law (9th ed.). Oxford:
World (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Brookings In- Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199279593.
stitution Press. ISBN 978-0815722526. The E.U.'s
foreign-policy mechanisms and foreign relations, in- Tausch, Arno (2012). Globalization, the Hu-
cluding with its neighbours. man Condition, and Sustainable Development in the
Gareis, Sven; Hauser, Gunther; Kernic, Franz, eds. Twenty-rst Century: Cross-national Perspectives
(2013). The European Union A Global Ac- and European Implications. With Almas Heshmati
tor?. Leverkusen, FRG: Barbara Budrich Publish- and a Foreword by Ulrich Brand (1st ed.). Anthem
ers. ISBN 978-3-8474-0040-0. Press, London. ISBN 9780857284105.

Grinin, L.; Korotayev, A.; Tausch, A. (2016). Eco- Yesilada, Birol A.; Wood, David M. (2009). The
nomic Cycles, Crises, and the Global Periphery. Hei- Emerging European Union (5th ed.). Abingdon-on-
delberg, New York, Dordrecht, London: Springer Thames: Routledge. ISBN 978-0205723805.
29

13 External links
Ocial:

EUROPAocial web portal


Institutions
European Council
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European Parliament
European Central Bank
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Court of Auditors
Agencies
EUR-LexEU Laws
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Overviews and data:

EurostatEuropean Union Statistics Explained


Datasets related to the EU on CKAN
CIA World Factbook: European Union. The
World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
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Works by European Union at Project Gutenberg
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Educational resources:

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and resources to help students and researchers bet-
ter understand and engage with the European Union
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Tupy, Marian L. (2008). European Union. In
David R. Henderson. Concise Encyclopedia of Eco-
nomics (2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Library of Eco-
nomics and Liberty. ISBN 978-0-86597-665-8.
OCLC 237794267. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
30 14 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

14 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses


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Stuart, Trampled, Max Naylor, Oghmoir, Sciurin, Vuo, H2g2bob, Woodstone, Kusma, Hoserjoe, Sleigh, Lecar, Redvers, Kirev, Maestral,
Nightstallion, LukeSurl, Kazvorpal, Kitch, Yurivict, Dan100, Saxifrage, Hepburn20, RyanGerbil10, Oleg Alexandrov, TShilo12, Brookie,
Ott, Wikigiles, Hijiri88, Bastin, Akidd dublin, Feezo, Weyes, Thryduulf, Angr, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), TimComm, Simetri-
cal, Firsfron, Woohookitty, Jannex, Henrik, Mindmatrix, TigerShark, Camw, Benhocking, Eyesbomb, Armando, Holdspa, Ikescs, Pol098,
Before My Ken, ^demon, JeremyA, Chochopk, MONGO, Jok2000, Tabletop, Kelisi, Uris, Tomlillis, Schzmo, Bbatsell, Heimdal, Wtfunky-
monkey, GregorB, Maartenvdbent, Snagari, Gerbon689, SDC, Vanished895703, Jonnabuz, DanCBJMS, Romihaitza, , Jon Harald
Sby, Doco, Wiki-vr, Joeybg, Prashanthns, Tokek, LinkTiger, Brownsteve, Driftwoodzebulin, PeregrineAY, Marudubshinki, Dysepsion,
Rtcpenguin, Wiggy!, Kesla, Graham87, Hinton, Magister Mathematicae, Parmaestro, David Levy, FreplySpang, Nlsanand, RxS, DePiep,
Mancunius, Phoenix-forgotten, Electionworld, Ryan Norton, Mana Excalibur, Jorunn, Sjakkalle, Rjwilmsi, Mayumashu, Tim!, Coem-
genus, P3Pp3r, Nightscream, Koavf, Jake Wartenberg, Jivecat, Moosh88, Vary, MarSch, Red King, Alfdom, Eyu100, Hiberniantears, Zi-
noviev, Sdornan, Tawker, Darguz Parsilvan, SpNeo, SMC, Salleman, Parash2, Ligulem, Muj0, Olessi, MapsMan, JohnnoShadbolt, Ucucha,
AySz88, Yamamoto Ichiro, SNIyer12, Leithp, Caligvla, Ian Pitchford, RobertG, Ground Zero, Amhaun01, Musical Linguist, Vladko,
A.Garnet, Nivix, Fragglet, Themanwithoutapast, Mark83, RexNL, Gurch, AlexCovarrubias, TimSE, Alexjohnc3, TheDJ, Str1977, Brendan
Moody, RLent, Parutakupiu, Kimmetje, John Maynard Friedman, McDogm, Thecurran, Pricey3000, Lemuel Gulliver, Erp, Valentinian,
Lamrock, MoRsE, MichaelJBuck, King of Hearts, CiaPan, Chobot, SirGrant, Volunteer Marek, Damac, Bgwhite, Scoo, ShadowHntr,
E Pluribus Anthony, Samwaltz, Kakurady, EamonnPKeane, UkPaolo, Roboto de Ajvol, Daduzi, Mercury McKinnon, YurikBot, Wave-
length, Angus Lepper, Sceptre, Wester, Osomec, Jimp, Chavash, Spleodrach, StuOfInterest, Trainthh, RussBot, Arado, UNFanatic, Sam
Tarran, Jtkiefer, John Quincy Adding Machine, Conscious, Briaboru, Pigman, Theathenae, Rubinstein, SpuriousQ, DE, CanadianCaesar,
Ioda006, Nurmsook, Samuel Curtis, Chensiyuan, Stephenb, Mithridates, Polluxian, Gaius Cornelius, ValentinKostadinov, Sandpiper, Cam-
bridgeBayWeather, Eleassar, Rsrikanth05, Txuspe, Hkandy, Carps, UKWiki, Mghamburg, Thane, United88, Keithgreer, EngineerScotty,
Shanel, NawlinWiki, Fabhcn, Maggu, Wiki alf, Zulu, King Of The Dwarf People, DJ Bungi, The Ogre, Grafen, Bloodofox, NickBush24,
Lestaire, Kingje, Phil Bastian, Welsh, Jepaan~enwiki, Rjensen, Haranoh, Kasper Holl, Bastun, Robdurbar, Winwiz88, Dhollm, Vb, Ger-
hard51, Dahveed323, Aldux, Raven4x4x, Moe Epsilon, Rudykog, Sfnhltb, Danlaycock, A i s h2000, DanBri, Molobo, Grakm fr, Nick
C, OettingerCroat, Alex43223, Zwobot, Ewanduy, Syrthiss, Aaron Schulz, IslandGyrl, BOT-Superzerocool, Wangi, TastyCakes, Dead-
EyeArrow, Bota47, PanchoS, Elkman, CLW, Jpeob, Robertbyrne, Diogenes zosimus, Carlmango11, User27091, Tonywalton, Joshurtree,
Wknight94, Searchme, Jkelly, Mholland, FF2010, UW, Sandstein, Stupanico, Zzuuzz, PTSE, StuRat, Lt-wiki-bot, Alkley, Fulup, Imanin-
japirate, Joshmaul, Barryob, Closedmouth, Errabee, Arthur Rubin, Assyria 90, E Wing, KGasso, SlOrbA, Doppelganger36a2, Dspradau,
Ekstazo~enwiki, GraemeL, Npeters22, Nothlit, Red Jay, Beneaththelandslide, Ion seal, Chrishmt0423, Fram, Peter, Scoutersig, Hay-
den120, SigmaEpsilon, Tyrenius, Mais oui!, Lordrosemount, Fourohfour, Curpsbot-unicodify, Garion96, Nixer, David Biddulph, Che829,
Aryah, DisambigBot, Katieh5584, Kungfuadam, Djr xi, Thomas Blomberg, Otto ter Haar, GrinBot~enwiki, Airconswitch, Asterion, Dan
14.1 Text 31

Atkinson, Samuel Blanning, Elliskev, DVD R W, Tom Morris, WesleyDodds, Makedonas, The Minister of War, Dupz, Sardanaphalus,
Amalthea, A bit iy, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Wangyunfeng, Aim Here, Nickhk, Mira, Moeron, David Kernow, Hux, Estoy Aqu,
Zazaban, Reedy, Slashme, KnowledgeOfSelf, Olorin28, Rokbas~enwiki, McGeddon, Pmaas, Unyoyega, Pgk, Lawrencekhoo, Y control,
Blue520, Bomac, Jacek Kendysz, KocjoBot~enwiki, Davewild, Patrickneil, Setanta747 (locked), Clpo13, Nickst, WookieInHeat, Jrockley,
Michaelll, Eskimbot, Rojomoke, AArz, Gaers, Kintetsubualo, TharkunColl, Edgar181, MelancholieBot, CuriousOliver, Giandrea, The
Rhymesmith, Sebesta, Markeer, Ga, Mjolnir1984, Pmmollet, Gilliam, Brianski, Portillo, Gipsy~enwiki, Advds, Ohnoitsjamie, Hmains,
Skizzik, Mortypsmith, Quadratic, ERcheck, Benyielding, Sk8r girl 469, Andy M. Wang, Rst20xx, GerardKeating, Jake Larsen, Chris the
speller, Bluebot, Kurykh, Dahn, H2ppyme, Gregology, Quinsareth, Persian Poet Gal, Salvo46, Rex Germanus, Geniu~enwiki, Ksenon,
Kaliz, Blakenus, Cbh, Jkmccrann, MalafayaBot, WikiFlier, Silly rabbit, SchftyThree, Hibernian, BrendelSignature, RexImperium, Liebe-
skind, Bonaparte, Akanemoto, Breadandcheese, Constantzeanu, Willardo, Jellyman, Zogu~enwiki, Ctbolt, MichaelWheeley, Marcworca,
Baronnet, Aridd, DHN-bot~enwiki, Xasf, Oatmeal batman, Yanksox, Zachorious, Louis3ham, Fjmustak, Modest Genius, Drkashik, Non-
plus, Countersubject, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, SiriusAlphaCMa, Ajaxkroon, Scott3, Novelty, Mitsuhirato, Euim, JohnWheater,
Alphathon, DeFacto, SuperDeng, Ajdz, OrphanBot, Onorem, Vanished User 0001, KaiserbBot, MeekSaron, MJCdetroit, Sephirothrr,
JonHarder, Scotsboyuk, Michkalas, TheKMan, Rrburke, Lesnail, Britmax, VMS Mosaic, Rsm99833, Kittybrewster, Mbertsch, Addshore,
Celarnor, SundarBot, Grover cleveland, The tooth, Cameron Nedland, Khoikhoi, Jmlk17, FinScribe, BIL, Krich, Piedineri, William Quill,
Flyguy649, DinosaursLoveExistence, Jerrch, BesselDekker, Cybercobra, Savidan, Jiddisch~enwiki, StephenMacmanus, Nihilo 01, RJN,
Treima, Nick125, Archos, Cordless Larry, RolandR, Yulia Romero, RandomP, Bmgoau, Salt Yeung, RafaelG, Only, Kleuske, MetroStar,
WoodElf, Wisco, Bombshell, Excaliburo, SpiderJon, DMacks, JackHearne, Politis, Maelnuneb, Justin212k, Ptolios, Razor83, Aaker, Sala-
murai, Evlekis, Mion, DDima, Jugbo, Atlantas, Kukini, Skinnyweed, Juux, Tesseran, Ceoil, Ohconfucius, JLogan, Mphornet, Chwech, En-
ter sandman, SashatoBot, WikiWitch, Nishkid64, Arnoutf, Serein (renamed because of SUL), Producercunningham, Frade, Harryboyles,
Anlace, Skyscrap27, Soap, Kuru, John, Fanx, The idiot, IanPCP, Euchiasmus, LUCPOL, Cezzvil, J 1982, Marco polo, Ouip, Nvw, Milbor-
neOne, Costa1143, AB, Edwy, JorisvS, Pronoun, Hemmingsen, Basser g, Joelo, CaptainVindaloo, Green Giant, Stefan2, Jaywubba1887,
Silvdraggoj, Ckatz, Zaparojdik, Balfron, 16@r, Azate, Nobbs~enwiki, Hvn0413, Shangrilaista, Noah Salzman, George The Dragon,
Jsx, Mr Stephen, Vaniba12, Ytgfcgh, Darz Mol~enwiki, Imperator2, Europimp, Samwingkit, Globo, Waggers, SandyGeorgia, Jborocz,
Frigo, Drieakko, AdultSwim, KirrVlad, Sijo Ripa, Dr.K., Andrwsc, Palazov, Jose77, RMHED, MarkThomas, NeroN BG, Kvng, Regulus
marzo4103, Hectorian, Sprintprince, Zepheus, Dl2000, Doug Johnson, Gonzolively, N0osphR~enwiki, Fasach Nua, Burto88, Levineps,
BranStark, Typelighter, Bluefret, Odengatan, Iridescent, Lcg, Stpaul, Lathrop1885, Fjbex, Judgesurreal777, Madmath789, Joseph So-
lis in Australia, Lottamiata, Jwalte04, Antonine, MWM, Igoldste, Amakuru, Dionysos1~enwiki, Baloglu, Shoshonna, Shadowrun, Capi-
talR, Lucy-marie, Blehfu, Esurnir, Foundert~enwiki, EurowikiJ, Marysunshine, AGK, Civil Engineer III, Courcelles, Anger22, Bottesini,
Eluchil404, Pathosbot, Charleenmerced, Tawkerbot2, Pi, Daniel5127, Ouishoebean, Pudeo, Vanisaac, Hammer Raccoon, Galati, Mighty-
Warrior, Kamikazi2, The Haunted Angel, SkyWalker, Blueiris, J Milburn, Slaciner, JForget, RCS, Thatperson, CmdrObot, Crmdan-
douille, LSLM, 1.618033989, Van helsing, Kevin McE, AlbertSM, Blue-Haired Lawyer, Geo-Loge~enwiki, BeenAroundAWhile, Anakata,
Prosallus, Page Up, JohnCD, F5ZV, Nunquam Dormio, Otsego, R9tgokunks, Kylu, Pie.er, Stevo1000, Green caterpillar, FlyingToaster,
Ghfj007, WeggeBot, Shizane, Moreschi, Bakanov, Casper2k3, ONUnicorn, Erikeltic, Porfyrios, Karenjc, Oruj, RagingR2, Hemlock Marti-
nis, Lear 21, Nilfanion, Dan1113, Equendil, Rudjek, Ifeldman84, Sopoforic, Cydebot, Fnlayson, Wikien2009, CJH06, Ntsimp, Wiki01916,
Valodzka, Future Perfect at Sunrise, Teak, Thebasshacker, Vanished user 45po45lr87gj, Jack-McLangley, Reywas92, O mores, Vanished
user vjhsduheuiui4t5hjri, Aceofhearts, Michaelas10, Dabbi25, Gogo Dodo, GANDALF1992, Bellerophon5685, Scales67, Travelbird, In-
toCom, TicketMan, Brandon Connors, Khatru2, Colin Keigher, CiaranG, Hacker22475, Icemanofbarcelona101, Scroggie, Agne27, Rrace-
carr, Anton85~enwiki, Soetermans, Eu.stefan, Tkynerd, Kn'trbjt, Odie5533, Nike8, B, Krator, Tawkerbot4, DumbBOT, Ameliorate!,
Telex, Pi3832, Eurocrat, Energyfreezer, Kozuch, Ward3001, Kushtrimxh, Abtract, Jamris, Omicronpersei8, Timata1705, JodyB, Lo2u,
Arb, NadirAli, JohnInDC, Joowwww, FrancoGG, CieloEstrellado, 0lorenzo0, Thijs!bot, ChKa, Epbr123, Biruitorul, Qwyrxian, Olahus,
Kmcoop01, Rileydutton, Southerngs, Brainboy109, S Marshall, SeNeKa, Joshuarooney, Jiminicriquet, Mojo Hand, LietKynes, Head-
bomb, Ruber chiken, Canada Jack, Marek69, Qwarto, Peter gk, Bobblehead, A3RO, Dyslexik, Malarious, Ufwuct, James086, Doyley,
Dark Enigma, Kornoslimnos~enwiki, Evanescenceboy~enwiki, Inner Earth, Mnemeson, The Proesor, Gaimhreadhan, MichaelT1979,
Grayshi, CharlotteWebb, Therequiembellishere, Dezidor, FreeKresge, Wikidenizen, GDP, Mrsanitazier, Thomas Paine1776, E!, SomeHu-
man, Escarbot, The Person Who Is Strange, Oreo Priest, Mentisto, Hmrox, AntiVandalBot, Yuanchosaan, Lucas Richards, Hgav, Robbo
chappers, BokicaK, Luna Santin, Gusme, Zoken4, Digital ice, Giancarlodoria, Mk*, TimVickers, Mdotley, Tjmayerinsf, Joe Schmedley,
Yerkschmerk, Tadas12, NSH001, Mr giant sloth, Glentamara, Chronisgr, Farosdaughter, Laikalynx, MECU, Gdo01, Spencer, Yellowdesk,
Alphachimpbot, Spartaz, Ltimur, Blog Mav Rick, Camptown, Jirka6, Ithinkhelikesit, Elaragirl, Crissim99, Uuu87, Ghmyrtle, Locospot-
ter, RDCOOPER101, Smalltime0, TuvicBot, Caper13, DOSGuy, Radzinski, JAnDbot, Leuko, Husond, MER-C, LeedsKing, Sonicsuns,
Benjamin22b, Luis wiki, NE2, Mrmango786, Daniel Supreme, Arch dude, Redking7, Awien, Gazilion, Andonic, Hut 8.5, 100110100,
Yill577, PhilKnight, Jamesedwardsmith, Jbom1, Drdak, LittleOldMe, Acroterion, Yahel Guhan, Ngfrazier, Ya2sin, Magioladitis, Fitnr,
Canjth, Pedro, Poiuytre, El Greco, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, Carlwev, Askari Mark, RBBrittain, JNW, JamesBWatson, CattleGirl, Geared-
Bull, Jsk Couriano, Ojcookies, Janadore, TARBOT, Cantiana, Mangalaiii, Rivertorch, Buckshot06, Adrianski, Dima1, Paul111, Pixel ;-),
Iainsona, Lacort, Aka042, Froid, Jvhertum, Hifrommike65, Jjasi, Jeroenl, Snowded, Catgut, Seleucus, Umeboshi, Scottish4ever, Animum,
VegKilla, Winterus, Taamu, Adrian J. Hunter, Dwainberg, Sammalin, Allstarecho, Nat, Beagel, Chunt@euromoney.com, Roberth Edberg,
WhiteMagick, PoliticalJunkie, Chris G, DerHexer, BATE Borisov, Dkriegls, Caranorn, Ekotkie, Balazs.varadi, E-pen, Bastiaquinas, Ki-
tale, Fluteute, Mschier, Oneiropagides, JRWalko, NatureA16, Pvosta, Stephenchou0722, Misarxist, Somethingoranother, MartinBot,
Phantomsnake, Jwbaumann, Aristovoul0s, ARCG, Ulkomaalainen, Rettetast, Svyatoslav, Ignis Fatuus, Mschel, Pilim, CommonsDelinker,
ASDFGH, AlexiusHoratius, Vkire, Etidepeti, Ruud64, Andrewdpcotton, Lilac Soul, Wiki Raja, Lolnads, Tgeairn, Ssolbergj, Gligan, Abil-
ityfun, J.delanoy, XVA, Child of Albion, DrKay, Jnpet, Altes, Treiskaitetarto, Ordew, Ed hover~enwiki, Surpieur, Inaugural, Phible,
Tikiwont, Uncle Dick, Friedbrice, Maus-78, Jreferee, Guilherme Paula, LedRush, Jerry, Dedee73, Semiloose, Gzkn, Xbspiro, Elchimba,
Dispenser, DarkFalls, DSuser, LordAnubisBOT, JavaJawaUK, McSly, Carreira, Eur21, JavMilos, Eurosceptic soldier, Novis-M, TheTro-
janHought, Zeisseng, Mikael Hggstrm, Billybobbilly, 12345e, Spaner, Curnock06, Gurchzilla, Sukee3, AntiSpamBot, Snake bgd, Ros-
senglish, Plasticup, Drahgo, Stambouliote, SJP, Bobianite, Euthymios, Kansas Bear, Greeves, Doomsday28, Nay Min Thu, JohnnyRush10,
2812, Erdeniss, Keizuko, FenderTele, Cometstyles, Bogdan~enwiki, Remember the dot, Ayatollahs hashish, Kolja21, Metro Mover, Mads
Mariegaard, Tiwonk, Erzan, Ddelpercio, Ajfweb, Bonadea, WinterSpw, Strajkoski, Pdcook, Ja 62, IceDragon64, Andy Marchbanks, Mad-
hyako Pradeshlo, HighKing, The Fat Guy, Azugaldia, Alain10, Permafrost, Sphayros, Regenspaziergang, Cartiod, Sand Squid, Wom-
bat66, Xiahou, Squids and Chips, Conte di Cavour, RJASE1, Idioma-bot, Pietru, Rrrttt~enwiki, Spellcast, Highelds, NJguy281, Otter-
shrew, Ckoicedelire, Glossologist, Thomasthestudent, Zakuragi, Sam Blacketer, RaulCovita, Cal Evans, Deor, VolkovBot, TreasuryTag,
That-Vela-Fella, CWii, One Night In Hackney, Johnfos, ABF, Reconrm your strategy, Macedonian, Gottago, Trilinguist, The Duke of
Waltham, Nburden, Asa Zernik, Lord Collettus, Lbunker, Raggz, AlnoktaBOT, HeckXX, Lears Fool, Montessquieu, Soliloquial, Katy-
didit, Gpeilon, Miguelzinho, RickyTheBest, Godefroy, Ryan032, HIZKIAH, Aesopos, Philip Trueman, Marekzp, Blibbka, Director, Pip-
32 14 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

nosis, SamMichaels, TXiKiBoT, Burkycan, Fatlittlenick, Zidonuke, Marskuzz, Dawidbernard, Ken Worthy, MOTORAL1987, Minger125,
Pascar, Malinaccier, OverSS, Vipinhari, Freedom4korea, Technopat, Norad79, Cro-Cop2~enwiki, Uzo20, Black Foil, FrstFrs, Ajrabagl,
Pittaxx, Dictouray, Id4abel, Zserango, Togedude, Qxz, Dersb, Oxfordwang, Littlealien182, Anna Lincoln, Buadren, Cipcg, Mattomat-
teo27, Dendodge, EdJ343, Melsaran, MackSalmon, Maxhaase, Nam3, Spurlis, Superjava 558, Luca Italy, JhsBot, Leafyplant, Don4of4,
Jakerno, Mitth'raw'nuruodo, Abdullais4u, Maharashtraexpress, PDFbot, Lola Voss, Domitius, Bentley4, Noformation, Simonclamb, An-
teeru, SergioGeorgini, Sdnegel, Eubulides, Sothisislife101, SheeldSteel, Billinghurst, Jacob93, Baggabagga, Andy Dingley, Raptor1987,
Paulmcguane, Aumont, Marijuanarchy, Danuel Chiswick, Synthebot, Turgan, Bradstonpickle, Eurocopter, Jepbaypoint, Iulian Andreea,
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C0N6R355, Simonjones1, EmxBot, HoJii, Anameofmyveryown, Bimbo kim, Deconstructhis, Jammin4, Uncle Scrooge, D. Recorder, Lej-
man, Dbostwick, , SPQRobin, Thw1309, Spt107, SieBot, 12scolsrud, Maverick16, Calliopejen1, LarsHolmberg, Cokes360,
Swliv, Caulde, Europedia, Scarian, WereSpielChequers, Battila1993, VVVBot, Phe-bot, Vexorg, Dawn Bard, Caltas, MarkBolton, Uni-
verse=atom, DitzyNizzy, RJaguar3, Triwbe, Bsrboy, Typesspeed, Andrew16, Thoeor, Albanman, Bamkin, Alasdair123, Purbo T, Eaoma-
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daniel, Paulinho28, Bowei Huang 2, Subskinboi, WikiLaurent, Captainfergus, Hooiwind, Vulc, Renaissanceperson, Superbeecat, Flo-
rentino oro, Sandaag, Jan Jansson, M2Ys4U, Lord Opeth, Nergaal, RLouette, Precious Roy, Denisarona, Escape Orbit, Jobas, Kasdun,
RyanGrant, Kanonkas, TFCforever, Squash Racket, Pkadambi1, TheCatalyst31, SallyForth123, Deavenger, Seasidesheep, Couldn't-care-
less, Bobby Jacks 101, Loren.wilton, Martarius, AnY FOUR!, Nemethil, ClueBot, Kathmandu2007, NickCT, Syxle, Avenged Eightfold,
PipepBot, 665456b, Foxj, The Thing That Should Not Be, All Hallows Wraith, Meisterkoch, BriKaBraK, Cambrasa, Wessex00, Rash-
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CounterVandalismBot, Imperium Europeum, U5K0, Xszcw, Niceguyedc, Peanut4, Reiskeks, Joe314, Blanchardb, P. S. Burton, Joescen,
Otolemur crassicaudatus, Lord Cuthberton, New amsterdam, 1965 berlin, Fruittari92, Grayme, Tomakos, Paulcmnt, ITA 01, Zlerman,
NuclearVacuum, DragonBot, Detroiterbot, Excirial, Marcymarc224, Alexbot, Jusdafax, Shyterman, Robbie098, Lwxrm, Tomeasy, Tai-
farious1, Neuenglander, Howard Alexander, Resoru, Darkhelmet322, Eeekster, Totie, Jwyg, Sct5333, Fishiehelper2, Rhatsa26X, Xxell,
Tobit the gay, Ni'jluuseger, Nohbdy666, Lear22, Coinmanj, Tyler, NuclearWarfare, MickMacNee, L.tak, Millionsandbillions, Cenar-
ium, Jotterbot, WolfNraisin, Mr. Met 13, TheRedPenOfDoom, Trainunion, Jackt31, M.O.X, Razorame, Philip200291, Wikzillaspeni$,
Esimal, MJDTed, MKD Majstor, Dekisugi, Doktor Mephisto, Viniciusdss~enwiki, TRGROUPLTD, Chaosdruid, DanSchultz, C628, Ad-
jectivity, Aldkf;ajkldf, Sxbrown, 9Nak, ElectricLemon, Aitias, Timmy Empire, DerBorg, Radarino, Versus22, Avidius, Cardi123098,
Phynicen, IJA, Azurina, Doubleyoutf, Johnbrap, Party, Edgarnick, WooteleF, MasterOfHisOwnDomain, A.h. king, Zaks2222, Westonne,
Cpsteiner~enwiki, Tang Wenlong, Rithschap, Moronidiotimbus, Danrowe, BarretB, Cnoguera, XLinkBot, Emmette Hernandez Cole-
man, Gdr05a, Nicholasoriordan88, BodhisattvaBot, Ursutraide, Ferk182, Andrzej Kmicic, Laser brain, Yodaki, Section6, AndreNatas,
Avoided, Crazyduck176, Anturiaethwr, Facts707, TFOWR, WikHead, SilvonenBot, Pyanth, Mifter, Geo1214, Alexius08, Mm40, Luis-
fege, WikiDao, Fiskbil, KJohansson, Dfoxvog, Good Olfactory, Likelife, SelfQ, Thatguyint, Koraki, TecmoBo, Franz weber, Craigism,
Hydrazillawik, Guandalug, Olyus, Fireinacrowdedtheatre, Palindrome, CosmologyProfessor, Voui, Notatrolllol, RomaineFoster, Filip-
PhAlgGeo, 61GfYul, Zlato87, Nicholas Parker, Geoilex, AlexandrDmitri, Some jerk on the Internet, Jafeluv, Beamathan, Prattlement,
Tcncv, Marc KJH, Lilxmissxsunshinex, Winsweek, Pavlen666, Dusan kirovski, PatrickFlaherty, Captin domie, Tanhabot, Ronhjones,
Recost, Moose-man77, Fieldday-sunday, Broaders, Richardpku, Tempus4, Pryde 01, Yelizandpaul, D0762, Jelsova, Xgmx2, Canadian-
LinuxUser, Leszek Jaczuk, Fluernutter, Mjsa, Smallgash, Fentener van Vlissingen, NjardarBot, Proxima Centauri, CarsracBot, BepBot,
37ophiuchi, Lihaas, Shoopinwoops, Michaelwuzthere, Glass Sword, AndersBot, Walnuts go kapow, Mr J Bull, NickG147, Digitalnitrate,
AtheWeatherman, LinkFA-Bot, Nereo, CuteHappyBrute, Tassedethe, Numbo3-bot, Swedish pirate, Noncreationist, Ryangrint, Tide rolls,
Opodo123, Greeneese, Lightbot, Kiril Simeonovski, Taketa, Zulon, Krano, Albertdaniel222, , Cchow2, Jessika Folkerts, Angrysock-
hop, Soapy Soutar, ZX81, Timmyvanman, Yobot, Robert1886, Il-arrub, Matohno92, Ist58159~enwiki, 2D, Insilvis, Tohd8BohaithuGh1,
Fraggle81, TaBOT-zerem, Legobot II, Librsh, II MusLiM HyBRiD II, Theodoor1, Francisplace, Fireleaf, The Earwig, Nirvana888, Ag-
nosticaphid, Giedrius S., Richie wright1980, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, Empelfant~enwiki, Reenem, KamikazeBot, Sansonic, Kwacka,
South Bay, Alexkin, The Cavendish, Omer 1993, Synchronism, Backslash Forwardslash, AnomieBOT, Turkish Flame, Phlyght, John
Holmes II, AUG, 1exec1, YeshuaDavid, Jim1138, Galoubet, Hadrian89, Captainsensible101, AdjustShift, Rejedef, Maycoll F. Vieira,
Califate123!, Kingpin13, Lucideer, , Flewis, Bosonic dressing, Mahmudmasri, Materialscientist, Jcs45, Kapitop, Thadeous
Oakley G., A.Molnar, Billy Bollox, Citation bot, Dootson, Racconish, Jamiemaloneyscoreg, Bci2, Half past, Frankenpuppy, Neuroly-
sis, ArthurBot, Tag101, Quebec99, LilHelpa, Ybnormal2day13, Enok, Schopy1988, Xqbot, Palmer1989, Timir2, Sionus, Monkeybuttsex,
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nema, Arsenal2247, Sergihan, Crazygiant, Lusci, Tomdo08, Bzms, Under91dog, BritishWatcher, Sinotna, Srich32977, Lytir, 5062mul-
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Cerniagigante, Manos76, Headhitter, Cider86, Katkat22, Cyfraw, GhalyBot, MerlLinkBot, AustralianRupert, Smallman12q, Waiting-
forbrain, Opteubok, Shadowjams, Lyonspotter, Florida15, Volgar, Franman3024, Bearnfder, GVilKa, Zwanen001, Hmk20009, Law-
droid, MarcoHecimovic, HomoLiteratus, Dougofborg, Haldraper, Grinofwales, Green Cardamom, FreeKnowledgeCreator, Robynthe-
hode, James1902004, Dailycare, FrescoBot, Gomezko, KremilekzParezu, Kanabiz, Bgillesp, Ron 1987, Paine Ellsworth, Chronus, To-
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AKM73, Theblueenigma, Sir allen, Luke.Handle, Connolly15, Jaganjac, Bambuway, CayenneGaramonde, Purpleturple, Rgvis, Hamburg-
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Tom.Reding, Skinnyank, Tutxus78, Bejinhan, Rdonohoe, JPChateld124, Curlyrunai, A8UDI, Jusses2, Radualexandru99, Nicksss93,
MastiBot, Wallacoloo, SpaceFlight89, le ottante, Dcasanovax, Jamesinderbyshire, Phoenix7777, Meaghan, Biala Gwiazda, Jackieeaton,
Reconsider the static, Horst-schlaemma, Luc19, Zesel, Jirka.h23, Pourquoi Cherie, MadPoet13, Trance55, FoxBot, Altorrijos, TobeBot,
Trappist the monk, ArchiveCarrickfergus, DriveMySol, Zanhe, Lotje, Maisun ibn monowar, Fox Wilson, James9777, Phukoph, Teddycom,
Georgewright chelt, RoadTrain, Vrenator, LilyKitty, Natashalight, Bigup88, Nemesis of Reason, Jailender, Robertiki, Antipastor, Gazpr,
Nikosgr123, Ballsnweener, EUvin, Tomi566, The Spoorne, Diannaa, Samah10, Skakkle, Underlying lk, Angloengland, OrangeCorner, Tb-
hotch, Spursnik, Minimac, Thegreengrym, Sideways713, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Holdnview, HughMAC.7891, Mean as custard, Delevero,
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liz.rhf, Seniorfox, Jfp2006, Hajatvrc, MAXXX-309, Sk8terzeck, NerdyScienceDude, Jimtaip, DenatelyNotTrolling55, Elium2, Space-
14.2 Images 33

jam2, Rctycoplay, Pconleynms, Slon02, Polylepsis, Marigaux, Chaziken5, Kaiserble, EmausBot, John of Reading, Orphan Wiki, Wiki-
tanvirBot, JayCoop, Filipdr, Snow storm in Eastern Asia, Dewritech, Muslim mujahid, Racerx11, Blizzardstep0, YELKENN, NotAnony-
mous0, KHamsun, Tokyo68, Tokyo70, Tommy2010, MrGRA, Two Of Three, Yattum, JanvonBismarck, Number10a, Hoygan!!, Mr
julian~enwiki, Theurgist, Thecheesykid, Philippe277, T0812, HiW-Bot, ZroBot, Epizentrum, Illegitimate Barrister, Liquidmetalrob,
Yosidunkki, Dolovis, Traxs7, Chrishopgood, Aronlee90, ObscureReality, The Nut, Thecontinentalwisdom, Subtropical-man, Nunya34,
Stocklinger123, H3llBot, EPICWHALE, Glimmer721, Unreal7, Pl2241, VLADIMIR Skokan, Immunmotbluescreen, Spartapolo, Peter-
ravn, Snoopy18, Brocach, Begemotsshots, Wayne Slam, Rcsprinter123, Andattaca2010, Zuydbieb, Tiiliskivi, WikiEditor8481, Brand-
meister, Foreverman123, L Kensington, 111Alpha, Vater-96, Superluminary, Gsarwa, Quite vivid blur, Dnls, Tarian.liber, Marthainky,
Fanyavizuri, Wasatexan, Parrisian, JeremyMcClean, BernardaAlba, ChuispastonBot, Italiano111, HandsomeFella, Horways, Counny, Peter
Karlsen, Kookiethebird, Mocctur, Hdeplaen, 97, Jasonli42, 28bot, Babciakorekta, Mjbmrbot, DDragonNk-Visual, ResearchRave,
Petrb, ClueBot NG, Andrewing123, Keith5201, Gareth Grith-Jones, Akuindo, Catmandestroyer, BaboneCar, CocuBot, Ypnypn, Ecad93,
Koolx, Gilderien, Jenova20, Kspenc24, Stephan.brubaker, BrekekekexKoaxKoax, Slayer4x4, Millermk, ANGELUS, Bright Darkness,
Omnisome, SilentResident, The Master of Mayhem, Geomant, Frietjes, Delusion23, Magicoast, Kage1234, 08OceanBeach SD, Hazhk,
Aight 2009, O.Koslowski, Pensionero, MannyXX, Turu96, PRUNIT, Widr, TheLotCarmen, CostaDax, WikiPuppies, Kamrat, Savan-
tas83, PaoloNapolitano, , Delasoto, Pofka, NuclearEnergy, Mightymights, Onen hag oll, Helpful Pixie Bot, Alexandru M.,
Eleventh1, Insert90, Mghomann, Annihilation00, Toth2000, Emir abrashi, Plarem, REJS H, Lowercase sigmabot, Gluonman, BG19bot,
Murry1975, WryNomad, Krenair, W2kurs-test, M0rphzone, Edoardo Cavaleri, Luis Molnar, Brian mcauslan, Steveyt0, Tolea93, Gra-
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Mark Arsten, Cheveri, FutureTrillionaire, Mrlachlan2001, Arzino, Albatalab, Altar, Cobulator, LoopersdeBruges, Ksspencer, IleMaurice,
Alvin Lee, Atoine85, Blacksh, Qataq, Snow Blizzard, Moliere2001, Ronanmurphy98, Surtalnar, Argonauth, Ernio48, Calculon79, Mayast,
JZCL, Germanpost, Skycloud86, Bharvey87, ElleAlawi, Improver99, Achowat, HTML2011, PyrrhusEP, Dmbackviper, Staglit, Wer900,
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songarrison, Cyberbot II, Ushau97, ChrisGualtieri, Nick.mon, SD5bot, MSUGRA, Euenvpolicy, JYBot, Lefteris20, Tahc, Maximuscruz,
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jpushpakaran, Robert Laymont, Dolphinsrockmiami, Andreas Parker, LightandDark2000, Hmainsbot1, LikeTheLadies, Bilingual2000,
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FonsScientiae, The Vintage Feminist, Michael Anon, Saul Grant, TwoTwoHello, Darkesthours, Purplematty, Thechewymajor,
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Dux Ducis Hodiernus, Oriol20, Bumbaswag123, Blunter Mercury 6, Rob984, De wafelenbak, Yakikaki, EddieHugh, AmericanLemming,
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dieMartyn, Unstored Data, BowlAndSpoon, Stan Giesbrecht, InternetArchiveBot, Ego Sum Solertior Vos, David.jovanovikj, Ae9000ae,
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dad, Opacitatic, Ruben Emblem, Federalunion, Jujutsuan, Fmadd, Clawraich (Dalek), LuizLSNeto, Fan4Life, Ionize Me, Ale Gandon,
Bender the Bot, Concus Cretus, Acopyeditor, Kyle223cat, I2padams, Ufufcguc, Saiph121, Visualhistory, Mlencron, TheFreeWorld and
Anonymous: 3923

14.2 Images
File:1_May_2004_enlargement_celebration_in_Parc_du_Cinquantenaire.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/0/00/1_May_2004_enlargement_celebration_in_Parc_du_Cinquantenaire.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/robdeman/114494254/in/pool-24642083@N00 Original artist: Rockcohen
File:2010_G-20_Seoul_summit.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/2010_G-20_Seoul_summit.jpg Li-
cense: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: casarosada.gov.ar Original artist: Presidencia de la Nacion Argentina
File:2rocks.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/2rocks.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Trans-
ferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by MSClaudiu. Original artist: Vladimer at English Wikipedia
File:A400M.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/A400M.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: originally
posted to Flickr as A400M Original artist: Chris
File:Anthem_of_Europe_(US_Navy_instrumental_long_version).ogg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/
9d/Anthem_of_Europe_%28US_Navy_instrumental_long_version%29.ogg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.navyband.
navy.mil/national_anthems_eu.shtml. Converted to Ogg Vorbis format by the uploader. Original artist: Ludwig van Beethoven
File:Arms_of_Barcelona.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Arms_of_Barcelona.svg License: CC BY-
SA 3.0 Contributors:
<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ISO_639_Icon_es.svg' class='image' title='espaol'><img alt='espaol'
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width='30' height='14' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/ISO_639_Icon_es.svg/45px-ISO_
639_Icon_es.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/ISO_639_Icon_es.svg/60px-ISO_
34 14 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

639_Icon_es.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='400' data-le-height='180' /></a> <a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text'


href='http://www.vexicat.org/ComunicacionBuenosAires.pdf'>Herreros y Ag, Sebasti (2005). La bandera de Barcelona. XXI
Congreso Internacional de Vexilologa - Vexilobaires 2005</a>.
<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ISO_639_Icon_ca.svg' class='image' title='catal'><img alt='catal'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/ISO_639_Icon_ca.svg/30px-ISO_639_Icon_ca.svg.png'
width='30' height='14' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/ISO_639_Icon_ca.svg/45px-ISO_
639_Icon_ca.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/ISO_639_Icon_ca.svg/60px-ISO_
639_Icon_ca.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='400' data-le-height='180' /></a> <a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text'
href='http://www.scgenealogia.org/articles/escutbarcelona.htm'>L'escut de Barcelona. Societat Catalana de Genealogia, Herldica,
Sigillograa, Vexillologia i Nobiliria</a>
Original artist: Heralder
File:Arms_of_Madrid_City.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Arms_of_Madrid_City.svg License:
CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ISO_639_Icon_es.svg' class='image' title='espaol'><img
alt='espaol' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/ISO_639_Icon_es.svg/30px-ISO_639_Icon_es.svg.png'
width='30' height='14' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/ISO_639_Icon_es.svg/45px-ISO_639_
Icon_es.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/ISO_639_Icon_es.svg/60px-ISO_639_Icon_es.svg.
png 2x' data-le-width='400' data-le-height='180' /></a> Symbols, Madrid City Council Web Original artist: Heralder elements based on
File:Escudo de Madrid.png
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europeas_en_la_Comisi%C3%B3n_Europea.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/10209472@N03/
1854625464/ Original artist: Amio Cajander
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tributors: Own work Original artist: Glentamara
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License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Carte_Europenne_d'Assurance_Maladie_France.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Carte_
Europ%C3%A9enne_d%27Assurance_Maladie_France.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zeugma
fr (talk) (Antoine FLEURY-GOBERT)
File:Ciconia_nigra_1_(Lukasz_Lukasik)_edit.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Ciconia_nigra_1_
%28Lukasz_Lukasik%29_edit.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
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tributors: Own work Original artist: PleaseStand
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License: Public domain Contributors:
Heraldry of the world Original artist: Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg
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nal artist: ?
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SA-3.0 Contributors: svg version of Image:Compass-rose-pale.png, made to look similar to Image:Reinel compass rose.svg. Original artist:
Fibonacci
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European_Union.svg License: Public domain Contributors: consilium.europa.eu/en/workarea/downloadasset.aspx?id=40802193089
Original artist: European Union
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cense: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Donald Tusk Original artist: European Peoples Party
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animation.gif License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Kolja21
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tributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:EE-Lahemaa-Bagno_Viru.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/EE-Lahemaa-Bagno_Viru.jpg Li-
cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Lysy
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SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: JLogan
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en.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Natural Earth 1:50m (http://www.naturalearthdata.com) Original artist: Alexrk2
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tors: DarkEvil. Original artist: DarkEvil
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Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: The original uploader was Classicalgas at English Wikipedia
File:Emblem_of_the_Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/
63/Emblem_of_the_Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: This vector image includes
elements that have been taken or adapted from this: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Napoleon_Bonaparte.svg'
class='image'><img alt='Emblem of Napoleon Bonaparte.svg' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/
Emblem_of_Napoleon_Bonaparte.svg/11px-Emblem_of_Napoleon_Bonaparte.svg.png' width='11' height='20' srcset='https://upload.
14.2 Images 35

wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Emblem_of_Napoleon_Bonaparte.svg/17px-Emblem_of_Napoleon_Bonaparte.svg.png
1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Emblem_of_Napoleon_Bonaparte.svg/23px-Emblem_of_
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Zeche-Zollverein_-_Eingangstor_-_2013.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Avda
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Saal_%28gro%C3%9Fe_Kammer_mit_13_Richter%29.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Gregor Ter Heide Original artist: selbst
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tributors: ? Original artist: ?
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wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/European_Central_Bank_-_building_under_construction_-_Frankfurt_-_Germany_-_13.jpg
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main Contributors: Here, based on: http://manuelbelgrano.gov.ar/bandera/creacion-de-la-bandera-nacional/ Original artist: Government
of Argentina
File:Flag_of_Australia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Austria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work, http://www.bmlv.gv.at/abzeichen/dekorationen.shtml Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Belgium.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Van den Bussche, E., Chief of Protocol, Belgian Federal Department of the Interior (2008) Noble Belgique, Mre chrie -
LE PROTOCOLE EN BELGIQUE (PROTOCOL IN BELGIUM), Heule: Editions UGA ISBN: 9789067689359. Original artist: Dbenbenn and
others
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License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-
nal artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: The ag of Bulgaria. The colors are specied at http://www.government.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&p=0034&
n=000005&g= as: Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Canada.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Croatia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=4317 Original artist: Nightstallion, Elephantus, Neoneo13, Denelson83, Rainman,
R-41, Minestrone, Lupo, Zscout370,
<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:MaGa' title='User:MaGa'>Ma</a><a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:
Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png' class='image'><img alt='Croatian squares Ljubicic.png' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/7/7f/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png/15px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png' width='15' height='15' srcset='https:
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png/23px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png 1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png/30px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png
2x' data-le-width='202' data-le-height='202' /></a><a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MaGa' title='User
talk:MaGa'>Ga</a> (based on Decision of the Parliament)
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Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Vzb83
36 14 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Flag_of_Denmark.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg License: Public do-


main Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Madden
File:Flag_of_Estonia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.riigikantselei.ee/?id=73847 Original artist: Originally drawn by User:SKopp. Blue colour changed by User:PeepP
to match the image at [1].
File:Flag_of_Europe.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg License: Public domain
Contributors:
File based on the specication given at [1]. Original artist: User:Verdy p, User:-x-, User:Paddu, User:Nightstallion, User:Funakoshi,
User:Jeltz, User:Dbenbenn, User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Finland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1978/19780380 Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_France.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Orig-
inal artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Germany.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Greece.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: own code Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi- (talk)
File:Flag_of_Hungary.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors:
Flags of the World Hungary Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_India.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Law: s:id:Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2009 (http://badanbahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/
lamanbahasa/sites/default/files/UU_2009_24.pdf) Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe
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Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Italy.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-
nal artist: ?
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Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Lithuania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Own work Original artist: SuKopp
File:Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: Own work http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1972/0051/a051.pdf#page=2, colors from http://www.
legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1993/0731609/0731609.pdf Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Malta.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006
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Contributors:
Source le on Wikimedia Commons Flag of NATO.svg (January 2013) Original artist:
Found by 475847394d347339 in websites noted in the source section.

File:Flag_of_Poland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg License: Public domain Contrib-


utors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: http://jorgesampaio.arquivo.presidencia.pt/pt/republica/simbolos/bandeiras/index.html#imgs Original artist: Colum-
bano Bordalo Pinheiro (1910; generic design); Vtor Lus Rodrigues; Antnio Martins-Tuvlkin (2004; this specic vector set: see sources)
File:Flag_of_Romania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Own work Original artist: AdiJapan
File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-
nal artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg
License: CC0 Contributors: the actual ag Original artist: Unknown<a href='https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718'
title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20' height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050' data-le-height='590' /></a>
14.2 Images 37

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main Contributors: Own work; here, colors Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Slovenia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work construction sheet from http://flagspot.net/flags/si%27.html#coa Original artist: User:Achim1999
File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Per specications in the Constitution of South Africa, Schedule 1 - National ag Original artist: Flag de-
sign by Frederick Brownell, image by Wikimedia Commons users
File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Ordinance Act of the Law concerning the National Flag of the Republic of Korea, Construction and color
guidelines (Russian/English) Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Spain.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Turkish Flag Law (Trk Bayra Kanunu), Law nr. 2893 of 22 September 1983. Text (in Turkish) at the website of the
Turkish Historical Society (Trk Tarih Kurumu) Original artist: David Benbennick (original author)
File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.
svg License: Public domain Contributors:
-x-'s le
-x-'s code
Zirlands codes of colors
Original artist:
(of code): SVG version by cs:-x-.
File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_People{}s_Republic_of_China.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_the_
People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/eng/n_flag/
design.html Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Li-
cense: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License:
PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Frontex_HQ_Warsaw_Spire_office_complex_Warsaw.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/
Frontex_HQ_Warsaw_Spire_office_complex_Warsaw.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 pl Contributors: Own work Original artist: Adrian
Grycuk
File:Global_European_Union.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Global_European_Union.svg Li-
cense: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: [1] Original artist: S. Solberg J.
File:Hemicycle_of_Louise_Weiss_building_of_the_European_Parliament,_Strasbourg.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/4/47/Hemicycle_of_Louise_Weiss_building_of_the_European_Parliament%2C_Strasbourg.jpg License: CC BY
2.0 Contributors: 078 Strasbourg Original artist: jeowenphotos
File:Increase2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Increase2.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Sarang
File:Insigne_Berolini.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Insigne_Berolini.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ssolbergj
File:Insigne_Lutetiae.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Insigne_Lutetiae.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ssolbergj
File:Insigne_Romanum.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Insigne_Romanum.svg License: CC BY-SA
3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ssolbergj
File:Insigne_incognitum.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Insigne_incognitum.svg License: CC BY-
SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ssolbergj
File:Ioannes_Claudius_Juncker_die_7_Martis_2014.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Ioannes_
Claudius_Juncker_die_7_Martis_2014.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/eppofficial/12995014393/
Original artist: Factio popularis Europaea
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Liechtenstein.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: File:National Coat of arms of Liechtenstein.svg Original artist: Own
work, some elements by SanglierT, Sodacan, Katepanomegas, Adelbrecht
File:Logo_European_Central_Bank.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Logo_European_Central_
Bank.svg License: Public domain Contributors: www.ecb.int Original artist: European Central Bank
File:MEDIA_logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/73/MEDIA_logo.svg License: Fair use Contributors:
The logo is from the http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/media/ website. http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/media/overview/
who/logos/index_en.htm Original artist: ?
38 14 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Milano-Stemma_2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Milano-Stemma_2.svg License: CC


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File:Mont-Blanc_and_Lake_of_Passy.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Mont-Blanc_and_Lake_


of_Passy.JPG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Nobel_Peace_Concert_2012_IMG_4451.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Nobel_Peace_
Concert_2012_IMG_4451.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Bjoertvedt
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tors: This and myself. Original artist: Chris Down/Tango project
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CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Flickr Original artist: Tony Moorey
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Palaciorealycatedraldelaalmudena.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/jsogo/4278791375/ Origi-
nal artist: jsogo
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27ensemble_tour_Eiffel.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Paris-pano-wladyslaw.jpg Original artist: Taxiarchos228, cropped
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System_of_the_European_Union.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: Own work Original artist: 111Allesknner
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jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Andrei Stroe
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org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Remise_du_Prix_Sakharov_%C3%A0_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_Strasbourg_22_octobre_2013-14.jpg
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title='User:Ctruongngoc'>Claude TRUONG-NGOC</a>
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SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work (own photo) Original artist: Stefan64
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Original artist: DarkEvil
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License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Original photo by unknown author. Reproduction from public documentation/memorial by Lear 21
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13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg License: GFDL 1.2 Contributors: www.prezydent.pl Original artist: Archiwum Kancelarii Prezydenta RP
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Contributors: This is a cropped version of Image:Wikinews-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Simon 01:05, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
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solnedg%C3%A5ng_2.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work (Taken by myself) Original artist: jorchr

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