Basic Electronic Components

An electronic component is any basic discrete device or physical entity in an

electronic system used to affect electrons or their associated fields.
Electronic components have two or more electrical terminals (or leads) aside
from antennas which may only have one terminal. These leads connect to create
an electronic circuit with a particular function (for example an amplifier, radio
receiver, or oscillator).

Classification
Components can be classified as passive, active, or electromechanic.

Active components rely on a source of energy (usually from the DC circuit,

which we have chosen to ignore) and usually can inject power into a circuit,
though this is not part of the definition. Active components include amplifying
components such as transistors, triode vacuum tubes (valves), and tunnel
diodes.

Passive components can't introduce net energy into the circuit. They also
can't rely on a source of power, except for what is available from the (AC) circuit
they are connected to. As a consequence they can't amplify (increase the power
of a signal), although they may increase a voltage or current (such as is done by
a transformer or resonant circuit). Passive components include two-terminal
components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers.

Electromechanical components can carry out electrical operations by using

moving parts or by using electrical connections

Active Components
An active device is any type of circuit component with the ability to electrically
control electron flow (electricity controlling electricity). In order for a circuit to be
properly called electronic, it must contain at least one active device.

Diodes
 Conduct electricity easily in one
direction, among more specific behaviors.

Various types of Light-emitting

diode

Transistors

Transistors were considered the invention of

the twentieth century that changed electronic
circuits forever. A transistor is a semiconductor
device used to amplify and switch electronic
signals and electrical power.

Integrated circuits

An electronic circuit formed on a small piece of

semiconducting material, performing the same
function as a larger circuit made from discrete
components.

Display technologies

Current:
 Filament lamp (indicator lamp)

Vacuum fluorescent display (VFD)

(preformed characters, 7 segment, starburst)

Cathode ray tube (CRT) (dot matrix scan, radial

scan (e.g. radar), arbitrary scan
(e.g. oscilloscope)) (monochrome & colour)

LCD (preformed characters, dot matrix)

(passive, TFT) (monochrome, colour)

Neon (individual, 7 segment display)

LED (individual, 7 segment display, starburst display,

dot matrix)

Vacuum tubes

A vacuum tube is based on current conduction

through a vacuum.

Power sources

Sources of electrical power:

Battery acid- or alkali-based power

supply

Fuel cell an electrochemical generator

Power supply usually a main hook-up

Photo voltaic device generates electricity from light

 Thermo electric generator generates electricity from
temperature gradients

Electrical generator an electromechanical power source

Passive Components

Components incapable of controlling current by means of another electrical

signal are called passive devices. Resistors, capacitors, inductors, transformers, and
even diodes are all considered passive devices.

Resistors

A resistor is a passive two-terminal

electrical component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. Resistors may be used
to reduce current flow, and, at the same time, may act to
lower voltage levels within circuits.

Capacitors

Capacitors store and release electrical charge. They are

used for filtering power supply lines, tuning resonant circuits,
and for blocking DC voltages while passing AC signals, among
numerous other uses.

Magnetic (inductive) devices

Electrical components that use magnetism in the

storage and release of electrical charge through
current:

Inductor, coil, choke

Saturable Inductor

Transformer
 Magnetic amplifier (toroid)

Motor / Generator

Solenoid

Loudspeaker and microphone

Protection devices

Passive components that protect circuits from excessive currents or voltages:

Fuse over-current protection, one

time use

Circuit breaker resettable fuse in

the form of a mechanical switch

Antennas

Antennas transmit or receive radio waves

Elemental dipole

Yagi

Phased array

Loop antenna

Parabolic dish

Log-periodic dipole array

Biconical

Feedhorn
Electromechanical

Terminals and connectors

Devices to make electrical connection

Terminal

Connector

Cable assemblies

Cables with connectors or terminals at their ends

Power cord

Test lead

Switches

Components that can pass current ("closed") or break the flow of current
("open"):

Switch Manually operated switch.

Keypad Array of pushbutton switches

Circuit breaker Switch opened in response to excessive current: a resettable

fuse

Mechanical accessories

Enclosure (electrical)

Heat sink

Fan
 APPLICATION OF ELECTRONICS IN AUTOMOBILES
USE OF ELECTRONICS IN THE AUTOMOBILE
Electronics are being used now in the automobile and probably will be used
even more in the future. Some of the present and potential applications for
electronics are
1. Electronic engine control for minimizing exhaust emissions and maximizing
fuel economy
2. Instrumentation for measuring vehicle performance parameters and for
diagnosis of on-board system malfunctions
3. Driveline control
4. Vehicle motion control
5. Safety and convenience
6. Entertainment/communication/navigation
Historically, the first electronics (other than radio) were introduced into the
commercial automobile during the late 1950s and early 1960s. However, these
features were not well received by customers, so they were discontinued from
production automobiles.
Two major events occurred during the 1970s that started the trend toward
the use of modern electronics in the automobile: (1) the introduction of government
regulations for exhaust emissions and fuel economy, which required better control
of the engine than was possible with the methods being used; and (2) the
development of relatively low cost per function solid-state digital electronics that
could be used for engine control and other applications.
In order to give the evolution of electronics in automobiles a suitable
perspective, it is helpful to consider the history of automotive electronics. Apart
from auto radios, some turn signal models, and a few ignition systems, there was
very little use of electronics in the automobile until the early 1970s. At about this
time, government-mandated emission regulations, fuel economy, and safety
requirements motivated the initial use of electronics.
The dramatic performance improvements and relatively low cost of
electronics have led to an explosive application of electronics in virtually every
automotive subsystem. The relative cost/benefit of electronic subsystems in
automobiles is largely affected by the production volume. (Some 15 to 16 million
new cars and light trucks are sold in the United States each year.) Such a large
production volume significantly lowers the unit cost for any electronic system
relative to aerospace volumes.

Systems of Automobile

The E N G I N E
The engine in an automobile provides all the power for moving the
automobile, for the hydraulic and pneumatic systems, and for the electrical system.
A variety of engine types have been produced, but one class of engine is used most:
the internal combustion, piston-type, 4-stroke/cycle, gasoline-fueled, spark-ignited,
liquid-cooled engine.
Nevertheless, modern electronically controlled engines have much in
common with this example configuration. For example, the vast majority of modern
engines are 4-stroke/cycle, gasoline fueled, spark ignited, normally aspirated, and
water cooled.
The major components of the engine include the following:
Engine block

Cylinder

Crankshaft

Pistons

Connecting rods

Camshaft

Cylinder head

Valves

Fuel control system

Ignition system

Exhaust system

Cooling system

Electrical system

Electronics play a direct role in all aspects of controlling engine operation,

including the fuel and air flow control, ignition, exhaust and evaporative emission
systems, and diagnostic and maintenance operations as well as many other
secondary functions. In the earliest days of government regulation, electronic
controls were applied to existing engine designs. However, as electronic technology
evolved, the engine mechanical configuration was influenced (at least indirectly) by
the electronic controls that were intended to be applied.

IGNITION SYSTEM
To produce power, the gasoline engine must not only have a correct mixture
of fuel and air, but also some means of initiating combustion of the mixture.
Essentially the only practical means is with an electric spark produced across the
gap between a pair of electrodes of a spark plug. The electric arc or spark provides
sufficient energy to cause combustion. This phenomenon is called ignition.
Once a stable combustion has been initiated, there is no further need for the
spark during any engine cycle. Typically, the spark must persist for a period of about
a millisecond (one thousandth of a second). The ignition system itself consists of
several components: the spark plug, one or more pulse transformers (typically
called coils), timing control circuitry, and distribution apparatus that supplies the
high-voltage pulse to the correct cylinder.

GOLDEN GATE COLLEGES

MECHANICANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

BASIC ELECTRONICS IN
AUTOMOTIVE

ENGR. NESTOR VISAYA

BACAL, DAN RAY

BADILLO, NORMEL