Energy Conservation

Energy Principle (Energy Equation)

First law of thermodynamics:

E Q W

where,
Q = the heat transferred to the system in a given time.
W = the work done by the system on its surrounding.
E = the energy of the system that may consist of forms such as:

Ek : kinetic energy
Ep : potential energy E Ek E p Eu
Eu : internal energy

dE
Q W For a System
dt
Control-Volume Approach
dBsys d
Using Reynolds Transport Theorem: b dV b V.dA
dt dt cv cs

E dBsys dE
with B E, b e, and Q W
Mass dt dt
d
Q W e dV e V.dA
dt cv cs

V2
ek
replace e by, e ek e p u 2
ep g z

d V 2
V 2

Q W

dt cv 2
gz u dV



cs
2
gz u V.dA

Work
The work includes:
(1) Shaft work form pumps and turbines, W s
(2) Flow work, W f

Total work W W s W f

Shaft work W s W t - W p

Flow work Wf pVA pVA pV.A pV.dA

2 1 cs cs

W F L
F p A and L V t
W p A V t
W f p V.A
 General Form of the Energy Equation
d V 2 p V2
Q Ws
dt cv 2 gz u

dV
cs


2
gz u V.dA

V2 po Vo 2 pi Vi 2

d
Q Ws gz u dV mo uo gzo mi ui gzi
dt 2 2 2
cv cs cs

To make this form more general, the summation term over the control
surface, , can be replaced by integration over the control surface, , to be
able to deal with non-uniform velocity distribution. CS

If the velocities is non-uniform it is common to use the average velocity and

multiply the kinetic energy term ( V2/2 ) by a coefficient, , called the kinetic-
energy correction factor (similar factor can be defined for the flux term in the
momentum equation).
V 3dA 1.0
V A
3
V dA3

For Laminar flows, = 2 (parabolic

2
A

V 3 A 2 A 2
3
distribution of velocity)
2 V
For Turbulent Flows, 1.05.( 1.0)
1
dA
A A V
 Simplified forms of the Energy Equation

V2 po Vo 2 pi Vi 2

d
Q Ws gz u dV mo uo gzo mi ui gzi
dt 2 2 2
cv cs cs

V2 po Vo 2 pi Vi 2

d
Q Ws gz u dV mo uo gzo mi ui gzi
dt 2 2 2
cv

po Vo 2 pi Vi 2
Q Ws mo uo gzo mi ui gzi
2 2

po Vo 2 pi Vi 2
Q Ws mo uo mi ui
2 2

p p
Q Ws m o uo i ui


Simplified forms of the Energy Equation

d V 2
p V 2


Q Ws gz u dV gz u V.A
dt cv 2 cs 2

Steady Flow Energy Equation:

p V2
Q Ws gz u V.A
cs 2
p
Specific Enthalpy of the fluid: h u

V2
Q Ws gz h V.A First Law of Thermodynamics
cs 2

p V2
Q Ws gz u VdA Integral Form
A
2
Energy Equation for Steady Flow of an Incompressible Fluid in a pipe

p V2
Q (Wt W p ) gz u VdA
A
2

p1 V12 W p p2 V22 Wt 1 Q
z1 1 z2 2 u2 u1
2 g mg 2 g mg g mg

V1 2 W p p2 V22 Wt 1 Q
u2 u1
p1
z1 1 z2 2
2 g m g 2 g m g g m g

Pump head, hp Turbine head, ht Head losses, hL

p1 V1 2 p2 V22
z1 1 hp z2 2 ht hL
2g 2g
Energy Equation for Steady Flow of an Incompressible Fluid in a pipe

Remarks:

Power delivered by pump, W p h p
Power delivered to turbine,
W t ht

Energy equation can be applied in problems with momentum and continuity

equations to account for head losses in the system.
Mechanical Energy and Efficiency

Mechanical Energy: the form of mechanical energy that can be

converted into mechanical work completely and directly by an ideal
mechanical device such as an ideal turbine. (ex. Kinetic and Potential
energies).
Energy output

Energy input

Mechanical energy output

mech.
Mechanical energy input
P2 - P1 V22 - V12
emech. g z (kJ/kg)
2
E mech. m emech. (kW)
E mech. accross pump m g hp h (kW)
p

h p : is the pump head delivered to the fluid.

Abrupt Expansion

V1 V2
2
V12
hL If the pipe discharges fluid into a reservoir hL
2g 2g
Energy Grade Line (EGL) and Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL):

Energy Grade Line (EGL): represents Total energy per unit weight of the
flow, i.e. total pressure head: p V2
z
2g
Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL): represents Hydraulic energy per unit weight of the
flow, i.e. piezometric head: p
z

 Why do Engineers Use the HGL & EGL?

Visualize energy flow find out where energy is going,

Find locations with negative gage pressure check for cavitation,

Identify key sources of head loss reduce these head loses.

 Helpful Hints for Drawing HGL & EGL
EGL is positioned above HGL an amount of V2/2g.
HGL & EGL coincide, if the velocity is zero.
EGL slopes downward in the direction of flow.
 Helpful Hints for Drawing HGL & EGL
EGL is positioned above HGL an amount of V2/2g.
HGL & EGL coincide, if the velocity is zero.
EGL slopes downward in the direction of flow.
A pump causes an abrupt rise in the HGL (and EGL).

A turbine causes an abrupt drop in the HGL (and EGL).

 Helpful Hints for Drawing HGL & EGL (cont.)
In a pipe or channel where p=0, HGL coincide with the system.
The head loss per unit length (hL / L) is constant, if there is no change in the
pipe cross-section.
If a flow passage changes diameter, the velocity
will change. Hence, the distance between EGL and HGL
will change.
Helpful Hints for Drawing HGL & EGL (cont.)

If the HGL falls below the pipe, then the pressure is negative.