-3

: 17 - 2619 - 06

: -

: : 2006

: 2008

: 17 - 2619/1 : 06.11.2006

: , 2009

3


 2

1.

( , , - ,
)

) :

. - ,

) -

1. . - ,
2. . - ,
3. . - ,
4. ____________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________
7. _____________________________________________________________
8. ____________________________________________________________
9. _____________________________________________________________
10. ____________________________________________________________

) -

1. - ,
2. - ,
3. - ,
4. - ,
5. - ,
6. - ,
7. - ,
 3

2. -:

, :

, , :
,
,


.

.

, ,
.
,
, .

.



.
.
.

3.
-:

, - , ,
,
. , , ,
,
.
.
.

4.

- :

.
.


.
 5

5. :

. ,
.

: - ,
(. 1).

. 1.
= 1 : 300 000

- -
.
2000 m,
 6

(2.257 m) (2.233 m).

,
.

, .
- -
.
. 2.255 m.

, ,
.

700 - 800 m.

.
, , .
, .
.
300 km2. 695
m , 297 m.
,
, .
.
,
.

.
. ,
,
.
,

.
 7

(. 1). ,
, ( 1).
, , ,
.
,
.

. 2. .
I - ; II - ; III - ;
IV - ; V - ; VI -

,
,
, .

.
 8

, . , .
, ..
2.000 ,
, , .
(Sqse)
.

.

,
,
,
( ?). ,

,
.
,
: -- , -
-- .
--
. , ,
.
, .
, , , .

- ,
.
--
, .
- , , ,
- .
,
.
, ,
. ,
.
 9

(q) -
. ,
,

.

, .
, ,
, .
: , , , ,
. , -
, .
. ,
.

, .
, : , ,
.
.
() .
,
,
. , , . , .
.
.
.
, .
, .
, .
. ,
. -
- .
 10

, ,
,
, .

.
, ,

.
600
: , , ,
-- .

,
,
.

( ) ,

.
-,
, .
,
, -.
, 20 30 cm.
.
,
, , ,
, , - .
.
, , , .
- .

, .
 11

, ( ) -

, . ,
, ,
.

, .

, .
, ,
-.
. ,
, .
,
. , , .
-,
.
,
. .
, - -. -
, .
, , .

.

.
, -
,
.

( ) - -

. ,
,
.
 12

, ,
. , .
.

( ) - -

, .
- .

, , , ,
.
,
, .

. .
-, -
. .
, -.
.
, ,
,
.

, .
, .

. . ,
, .
Paragondolella abneptis.
() -
- - ,
.

- .
, ,
500 550 ,
 13

- ,
.
-, ,
. ,
.
, ,
, , , , .,
.
,
.
,
. ,
Coelostylina irritate Trachimerita stabile , Diplopora
Phisoporela Gladophillia.

, ,
, ,
.
(Se) - ,
. ,

,
.

,
,
.

, , .
,
, .
.

.
- ,
.
(, ), ,
 14

. : , ,
.
.

. , .
() - ,
.
700 x 400 .
,
- .
.
,
, .
: , , .
() .
, ,
,
.
-, -, -,
, ,
.
,
.

.
() , .
, .
, 800
, 150 .
- , ,
.
, K- .
. , ,
.
(3) - (
) ,
. ,
 15

. , ,
, , --
.

,

,
.

(l2)
, .
, ,
.

,
, ,
, .
.


.


25-30 ,
- 30.
(l3)
, , . .

,
, ,
-
, ,
, .

.
 16

,
.
-
, , .
,
.
() - -
: ,
,
. ,
.

, 2030 .
, , , ,
.

.
, 1-2,5 ,
.
(fgl) -
. , ,
,
.

.
(ts)
, .

.
(r) -
, .
,
, .
(d) -
.
, , ,
.
 17

(1) - .
, ,
, , ,
, .

. , ,
:
-
-
-

:
-
-

: , -
.
, , ,
.

, -
, .
.
, ( );
,
.
:
, ,
.
 18

, .
, .
, , ,
, ,
,
, . :
( . ), , ,
, .

,
:
-
-

,
.
( ).
.

.

.
,
. :
, , ,
.
,
,
, , ,

.

 19

-
,
.

.
,
. , ,
()
(30 150 m),
.
, -
.

,
- (. 1).
, , .
:
.

.
,
.
,
,
.

. ,
,
, .
,
, .
, - -
 20

,
,
, .
3- - .
: , ,
-: , , , , ,
(. 3).

. 3.

. : . : 1.
, 2. , 3. , 4.
, 5. , 6. , 7.
, 8. , 9. -, 10.
, 11. , 12. --,,
13. , 14. , 15. -
, 16. , 17. , 18.
-, 19. , 20. -
, 21. , 22. - , 23. , 24.
, 25. , 26. , 27. , 28.
 21

, 31. , 32. . ;, 33.

, 34. , 35. , 36. , 37. -
, 38. , 39. , 40. , 41.
, 42. , 43. .

(1) ,
. -,
.
, 20-30.

(2) .
(3),
, (4).
(5) .
,
. 3-.

.
(6)
3-, 10-15. ,
, -

-.
,
(8), -
.

- (9) -,
(10) 3-.

(11) -.
,
.
( )
,
- -.
 22

.
-,
, ,
, ,
.
- (12) ,
35 km,
.
3-6 .
.
, , ,
.
.
- ,
,
, .
,
.
(13), . . .
, ,
2035. , ,
.
,
,
.

.
.
(14)
, - (15)
.
,
.
(16) ,
. .
.
 23

(17), .
,

.
,
- (18), ,
. ,
,
.
(19),
, , ,
.
,
,
.
,
.
.

.
-
.
- (20)
, --
.
.
(21) - ,
-,
.
.
.
,
.
, .
 24

.
,
.
,
, ,
, .
,
,
,
,
,

.
,
.
,

.
,
, :
( ) , ,

.
,
- ,
,

.
,

,
.
 25

,

( ,
.)

,
,
,

, , ,
.
.

.

.

.

,
, ,
.

,
. .. ,
:

.
 26

, .
.
:
o ;
o ;
o ( , ,
, .).

:

,
0,002 mm ( ,
.).
-
,
,
.

. ,
() .
, ,
,
.
() ,
(
).
.

.
 27

, ,
.
:

( )
,
.
, ,
() ,
, (, ).

,
.

, : ,
.
( )
, .

, ,
, .

D. Deer.

RQD ( rock quality designation ), :

Lp 10 cm;
L Lp.
 28

RQD :

RQD (% )

0 - 25

25 - 50

50 - 75

75 90

90 100

,
.
, RQD
,
.
.

.
, RQD,
.
10 11 cm (RQD = 100 %, )
8 10 cm, RQD,
.
( )
RQD
Palstrom:

RQD (% ) = 115 3.3 v

:
v - 1m3 ( v<4.5
RQD = 100%)
 29

,
.
,
D. Brauns J.Stiny
,
,
.
I , ,
. 1 m 3
0,5 0,9 ( ,
, ).
II
. 1 m 3
0,9 1,5 ( ,
, ).
III
. 1 m3 1,5 2,3
( , , ,
, ).
IV
. 1 m 3 2,3
3,3 (
, , , ,
).
V
( 0,1 0,2 kg / m3). 1 m3 3,3
4,5 ( , ,
, , ).
VI
0,3 kg / m3 . 1 m3
4,5 6 ( ,
, , ,
).
VII
0,5 kg / m3 . 1 m3
 30

6- 10 ( , , , ,
, , ).

GN 200
( 1,1 1,5 ),
( 0 15 %
).

..

, ,
.
15

,
.

0,3 20.

,
:

, :
 31

,
I 20

, ,
15
II , ,


,
, 10
III
,

, ,
IIIa 8

,
IV 6

,
IVa
5
,
4
V



Va 3

, ,
VI , , , 2
,
,
VIa , 1.5
,
, ,
VII 1


VIIa , , 0.8

, , ,
VIII 0.6

, , ,
IX
0.5
, ,
X
0.3
 32

H. Lauffer

,
J.Stiny. Lauffer :
,
(
).
Lauffer-
6 .
Barton
Q.

Q = ( RQD / Jn ) x ( Jr / Ja ) x (Jw / SRF )

:
RQD (Rock Quality Designation) ,
Jn ,
Jr ,
Ja ,
Jw ,
SRF .

, .
Jr / Ja
.
.
.
Q 0,001 1000
300 000 :
(
200 30
).
 33

Z.T. Bieniawski

RMR ( Rock Mass Rating )

Bieniawski 1973 .

Q=R + RRQD+ Rdj + Rcj + Rw + Roj

R -

,
RRQD - RQD,
Rdj - ,
Rcj ,
Rw - (
),
Roj - .
,
,
.
)
(),

.

49 , .
, ( )
,
.
, Barton
.
Barton
 34

,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.

, -

: , ( 2).
- -
, , , -
.
,
, -
- . , ,
: , ,
.

, . ,
, ,
, ,
.

,

- . ,
 35

, - ,
( 3).
, , ,
,
. ,
:

- ;
- ;
-
- .

,
,
.
, , ,
.

(C, Pa)

,
. ,
,
, - ,
(30-40% , 20-30 % 10 -20 % ).

, -
.
25 %,
- = 10 -1 - 10-3 cm/s,
= 10-3 - 10-6 cm/s.
N ( ) 36-52.
,
.
 36

, .

.
,
.
.

.

, (S, Br, d)

,
,
.
, ,
, ,
, .
- . (. 4)

.
:

= 36 0 - 32 0
C= 12-15 KN/m2
:
=
C =

(BL,DRfg)

.
() ,
.

, .

 37

, .
,
.

. 4.

.
, ,
.

-
:
= 24 0 - 30 0
C = 10 KN/m2
Me = 12 000 KN/m2

(C, P, PG-b)
 38

.

.

, , , , - ,
.
.

.


.

, ,

.
, ,
, , -
, .

(Gpr)

.
,
.
,
,
2-30 .

.
e .
 39

. 5. .

, ,

.
,
.
-
.
, ,
, .
,
:
= 19 - 21
C = 10-40 KN/m2
Me = 7000 - 10000 KN/m2
N= 2 28
,
, .
= 10 -6 - 10-7 cm/s.
, -
,
.
 40

,
(VIII IX ), II III
f = 0.5 0.8.
,
.

(Gku)

-
, , .
.
, ,
.
-
-
, . .
,
. , .
-
.
- :

= 24 - 28
C = 10-20 KN/m2
Me = 6,400 KN/m2
K= 10-7 cm/s

,
.
,
(VIII IX ),
II III , f = 0.5 0.8.
- -
,
.

(TS,G,DRd)
 41

, ,
, .

- .

.

, . ,
.
3 .
, - :

= 22 - 27
C = 10-20 KN/m2
Me = 6,000 12.000 KN/m2
N= 16 42

= 10-4 - 10-7 cm/s. ,
,
.

.
,
, (3 8
) ( = 10-5 - 10-8 cm/s.)

. ,

. -
,
:
= 20-25
C = 10-22 KN/m2
Me = 5.000 14.000 KN/m2
 42

,
, .
,
, ,
- .

( VI VIII ). III IV ,
f = 0.8 1.5 .
,
, .

( C,P,Gj)

,
, , , .

, - .


, . . .
, , ,
.
,
300 .

- :
- : = 30-35 0
C =5 KN/m2
Me = 9,300 KN/m2
N= 32-62

- : = 21-28 0
C = 10-16 KN/m2
Me =6,000 12,000 KN/m2
N= 10 28
 43

( = 10-2 - 10-5 cm/s)
( = 10-5 - 10-8 cm/s).

-
.
,
.
,
(VI VII ), III IV f
= 0.8 1.5.

, -, - .

- (G,L Cj)

, .
, - ,
.
.

.
.
.
:
= 19-200
C = 50 KN/m2
Me = 5,000 11,000 KN/m2

= 10-7 - 10-8 cm/s.
, .
.
, -
(VI VII ),
III IV .
 44

,
.

.
.
(Bi)

. ,
. ,
.
5-30 .
. , ,
.
, ,
. -
-
:
= 36000-40000 KN/m2
= 24 KN/m2
t= 7.5%
Ka= 34 cm3/50 cm2

,
.
, ,
.
( VI
), IV , f=2.
,
.
 45

.
,
, ,
.

, (PS,GC)

,
, ,
.
, .
,

. -,
, - ,
. -
, , .
,
, ,
. ,
.
.

. :

= 113000-157000 KN/m2
= 27 KN/m2
t= 6.5%
Ka= 18 cm3/50 cm2

, ,
.
 46

. ,
.

( IV V)
f=4-6.
IV V
0.1-0.2 kg/m3 .
,
.

(KG)

. ,
.
-.

. , ,
, , , .
- .

, .
-
. ,
.
,
, ,
.

(V ) IV
0.1 kg/m3 .
,
.
 47

(K)

, -.

.

, -
. , ,
500-550
- .

. 6.

-, , ,
, ,
. ,
. ,

, .
 48

,
, .
, -,
.

, .


:

= 145000-161000 KN/m2
= 27.5 KN/m2
t= 3.0%
Ka= 16 cm3/50 cm2
f= 4.5 8
,
,
.
, .
,
.
.
, ( ),
. ( ) 4,65-11,24 cm3/s
.
.

. ,
.
, , .
,
.
,
(III IV ), f= 5-8
V VI ,
0,2 kg/m3 .
 49

,
, , , , ,
.

(D,K,R)

, .
-
,
.
,
.
-, ,
. ,
, , , .
, ,
.
- -
. ,
, , .

. .
-
.
,
. ,
.
-
MgCO3 .

. :

= 145000-160000 KN/m2
= 27.5 -27.8 KN/m2
t= 3.0-4.0 %
Ka= 18-19 cm3/50 cm2
 50

,
, ,
, .
, ,

.

(III IV) f= 6-8.
V VI ,
.

, ,
.

()

, ,
.

,
, ..
-,
.
,
.
.
, , ,
.
,
. ,
.
.
.
 51

.
f= 8-10.

= 176000-200000 KN/m2
= 27.1 -29.9 KN/m2
t= 3.8 %
Ka= 21 cm3/50 cm2
, ,

. (III III ), 200
V VI ,
.

.

()

,
,
.
.

.
.
, -
.
.
,
.

.

-
. (III )
f= 8-10. 200 V VI .
 52

,
. ,
,
.

(, )

,
1000 , ,
.

.


.
,
.
-
,
. ,
, .
,
.
. , ,
, , .

.
.
.

.

= 174000-217000 KN/m2
= 26.8 KN/m2
t= 4.5-5 %
Ka= 8-10 cm3/50 cm2
 53

, ,
,
.
,
. ,
, .
(II III ),
f= 10-15. 200
VI VII .

.

( )

,
,
, -
.
,
, .
, .
.
. .
,
.
.
(III III ) f=8-10.
V
.
,
.

( Se, )

, . .
 54

.

,
.
, ,
.
. ,

.

. ,
, .
,
.
.
,
. , .

,
.
-
.
:

= 146000-180000 KN/m2
= 27.6 KN/m2
t= 1.9 %
Ka= 13.5 cm3/50 cm2

(IV V ), f=4-6.
, IV V ,
.
,
,
,
.
 55

(Sq)

.
, , ,
,
.
,
.
, ,
, .
, .
-
. :

= 61500-85000 KN/m2
= 26.8 KN/m2
t= 3.5 %
Ka= 17.3 cm3/50 cm2
.
1-3 -
.
.

.
.
,
, .
, ,
. (IV,
IVa, V), f=3-6. 200 IV, V
.

.
.
 56

(- ) (F)

- .
,
, , ,
, .
, . .


.
.

. 7.

(IV, V V)
f= 3-5. ,
IV . ,
,
.
.
, . ,
, .
 57

, ,
, .

(, )

.
, ,
- ,
.
.
.
, , - -.
, .
.
, ,
. -
.

, ,
, - .
,
.
, .
,
, .
-
.

, -
. :
= 14300-176000 KN/m2
= 26.8 KN/m2
t= 3.5 %
Ka= 15,5 cm3/50 cm2
 58

. 8.

,
, ,
.

.
III III f= 8-10, 200
V VI
, .

, .
.

 59

, ,
,
.
,
, ,
(
, ...)

, -
.

,
.
,
, ,
...,
,
- .
-
, ,
.
,
( , -
).
:
,
, ( , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ),
, - , ,
. :
,
,
, ,
, , ,
 60

,
.

( ).

,
,

.
, :
, ,
,

,
.

,
.

, .
, . ,
, ,
(-)
.

, -
,
.
, ,
, .
, 20 ,
.
, .
 61

. 9.

. 10.

.

.
, (,
) .
, ,
. ,
 62

,
.

. 11.

,
,
. , ,
.
, ,
, ,
.
( )
.

, 1.5 ,
.
, 200-300 m2 2-3
.
 63

. 12. ()
( )

, .

,
, , .

,
, .

. ,
1 km2.
,
20. ,
,
.

- ,
, , .
,
.
, ,
 64

.
.
, .

. 13.

- ,
, ,
, .

. -

.
3-15 ,
20 , 1 .
, .

. , ,
, -
, .
,
, ,
V , .
 65

. 14. .

. 15. .

,
,
.
 66

.
,
. , ,

.
- ,
, , ,
, .
-
.
, , . ,
,
.
,
,
.
, .
V,
.
-
,
.
, .
,
,
. ,
,
,
. ,
, ,
, .
 67

. 16.

,
,
. ,
. -
, ,
, , , .

,
.
,
, .
,

, .
 68

. 17.

. 18.

.
km2.
,
, 30 .
 69

5-10 .
m3 ,
.
.
. , , ,
,
- , ,
.

.
, . ,

.

. 19.

-
,
.
.

- . ,
 70

,
.
. ,
- ,
.
-
,
. ,
1,5 km2,
10-15 . , , -
, ,
.
.
3 .
,

.
,
.
,
,
.
30-50 , 50-200 .
, 2 .
3-5 .
, .

,
.
,
.
, ,
.
, .
.
800 , 10 .
,
 71

, , -
, ,
,
.

,
, ,
.
,

(. 16):
)
) ( )
)
,
,
, , -,
, ,
.

, , -,
.
.
.
-,
.
-
. ,
.
, .
, ,
, ,
.
.
 72

. 20.
, ,
(),
. ,
 73

. ,
,
.

,
.
(
- , ).
( ) ,
.
,
,
- ( ),
, ).
, ,
- .
.
, -
(, , .),
: , ,
, ..
(,
, .),
.
-
,

. -
, ,
. ,
,
.
, .
, ,
.
,
, ,
 74

- .
, -
.

- .

15 % .

, , ,
.
,
, ,
. , ,

, .
-

300 .

.

, - , ,
, ,
. .
,
,
. ,
, ,
. .
.
.

.

, .
,
.
 75

,
,
9 MCS.
.

,
8 9 MCS.
, , ,
.
,
,
.

. ,

-,




- ,
- -,
.
, - -
.

.

.
-,
.
-
, .
 76

, -
- .
,
,
,
. ,
-
. .


,
.

.
.
, .

CO2 S.

-,
. ,
, ,
.
.
,
, .
. .
, -, -. ,
,
.

.
,
.
, , ,
, -, -
-.
 77

,
, ,
,
- , .
,
, ,
. , .. .

.
,
, -
,
8 9 MCS,
9 MCS.
10 MCS ,
5-30 km. -
-
.
,
,
.


, .
,

.
1911 .
. 9
MCS. (
), .

. -

, .
, ,
.
 78

,
,
, .
8 9 MCS,
1 .

. . .
-
0,2 3,9 MCS, :
0,2 - 0,5 MCS ,

1 1,8 MCS , ,
, ,
2,4 3,9 MCS , ,

,
.
,

. ,
,
.
,

,
.

,
, -
 79

, ,
- .

.
,
,
-
.

,
,
, . ,
,
, : ,
.
-
. ,

,
. , ,
, .
.

.
,

. ,
- .
,
, .
,
.
- ,
,

.
,
 80

.
,


, .

. ,
,
-
.

, ,

. ,
,
, , .
,
. ,
,

MCS.
(),
, .. 8 9 MCS
9 MCS,
10 MCS,
5 30 km.

, -
, .
- ,
, , -
, , , ,
.

, .
, (. 21) (. 22),
 81

,
( 7.)
.

. 21 -

. 22 -
, ,

. ,
,
,
 82

(. 23 - 30).
.

. 23 - ()

. 24 - ()
 83

. 25 - ()

. 26 - ()

. 27 -
 84

. 28 -

. 29 -

. 30 -
 85

RQD (rock quality designation) -

L -
GN 200 -
f -
p -
Q -
Jn -
SRF -
RMR ( Rock Mass Rating) - (Bieniawski)
-
R

Me -
-
Ka -
-
-

6.
:

6.1. :

, - ,
,
.

,
. ,
 86

,
( 7.)
.
,
,
. ,
,

, .
.
(Center of civil engineering, Mining and
processing technology institute, Albanian geological survey),
,
,
.

6.2. :

Investigations carried out in the vicinity of the Ohrid basin and Ohrid lake,
from engineering - geological and hydrogeological point of view, shows that rock
massives are relative water permeable, and in that regard protection of the
wider region of the Ohrid lake is needfull.
Analyses of the pollutants from the Macedonian side shows that with the
construction of the collector to Pestani, pollution is reduced to minimum. For the
little villages such as Trpejca and Ljubaniste, and the hotel complexes around
the lake which are not included in the collector system, building in biofilters
which totally purified water from the fecal drenage system is recommended.
During the visiting of Albanian side of the lake, it was seen that the
problems which are residuals from the past industrial strategy for development
of Albania. Unfortunately, in the efforts for fast industrial development, the
region of the Ohrid lake was not putted under protection as national park and
many mines, querries and associated objects were opened. Lucky circumstance
is that all this objects today are not functional.
 87

Partners form Albania (Center of civil engineering, Mining and processing

technology institute, Albanian geological survey), in their report, will make
efforts to get that objects do not be open again, in fact there will be no pollution
from the objects for preparing of mineral raw materials excavated form the
surrounding mines.

6.3.

6.3.1. :

, , , ,

6.3.2.

Water pollution, soils, mines, Ohrid Lake, environmental protection

 88

7.
:

, .
, ,
-
,
, .
. .
, -
, . . .
,
- .

8. ,
:

,
,
. ,
.

. .
, , - , ,
.
, ,
- , ,
.
, ,
.
 89

9.

10. :

, ,
,
.
 90

11.

, ,
, Center of civil engineering, Mining and processing technology
institute, Albanian geological survey .
, . .

12. -

) :
:
:

) :
:
:

) :
:
:

13. , , ,
,

: -
- . .

14.
:

12 13
 91

(, , , , )

15.
: ( )

) - /

) : /
, : 70.000,00

: 265.000,00

: 145.000,00

, : /

: 60.000,00

(, .): 40.000,00

: /

: 20.000,00

: /
: 600.000,00
) :
: /

: /

: /

: 600.000,00

: 600.000,00

16. -
-
:
 92

,
. .

-
.


, .

17. :
- , - ,
(
):

. ____________ _____________

: ______________________