Coherence and Cohesion
sentences; cohesive writing refers to the connection of your
Coherence means the connection of ideas at the idea level,
and cohesion means the connection of ideas at the sentence
level. Basically, coherence refers to the rhetorical aspects
of your writing, which include developing and supporting
your argument (e.g. thesis statement development),
synthesizing and integrating readings, organizing and
clarifying ideas. The cohesion of writing focuses on the
grammatical aspects of writing.
Importance of Coherence
One of the practical tools that can help improve the
coherence of your writing is to use a concept map. The
concept map is also known as reverse outline since you
make an outline of your paper after you have finished the
main ideas of your paper. Write down the main idea of each
paragraphwhich is called a topic sentenceon a blank
piece of paper. Check to see if the topic sentences are
connected to the thesis statement of your paper or if you
have strayed from your main argument. As you repeat this
process, it will help you become more aware of how to
develop your argument coherently and how to organize your
ideas effectively. Here is a concept map template you can
use.
Importance of Cohesion
Cohesion is also a very important aspect of academic writing,
because it immediately affects the tone of your writing.
Although some instructors may say that you will not lose
points because of grammatical errors in your paper, you may
lose points if the tone of your writing is sloppy or too casual
(a diary-type of writing or choppy sentences will make the
tone of your writing too casual for academic writing). But
cohesive writing does not mean just grammatically correct
ideas both at the sentence level and at the paragraph level.
To achieve coherence and cohesion in writing
To achieve coherence, writers usually turn to conjunctions,
adverbs, and prepositional phrases and clauses that function
as adverbs. To make that task easier, we have compiled the
following list of transitional words and phrases organized
according to the logical connection, or transition, they
indicate.
To achieve cohesion, the link of one sentence to the next,
consider the following techniques:
Repetition. In sentence B (the second of any two sentences),
repeat a word from sentence A.
Synonymy. If direct repetition is too obvious, use a synonym
of the word you wish to repeat. This strategy is call 'elegant
variation.'
Antonym. Using the 'opposite' word, an antonym, can also
create sentence cohesion, since in language antonyms
actually share more elements of meaning than you might
imagine.
Pro-forms. Use a pronoun, pro-verb, or another pro-form to
make explicit reference back to a form mentioned earlier.
Collocation. Use a commonly paired or expected or highly
probable word to connect one sentence to another.
Enumeration. Use overt markers of sequence to highlight the
connection between ideas. This system has many
advantages: (a) it can link ideas that are otherwise
completely unconnected, (b) it looks formal and distinctive, Parallelism. Repeat a sentence structure. This technique is
and (c) it promotes a second method of sentence cohesion, the oldest, most overlooked, but probably the most elegant
discussed in (7) below. method of creating cohesion.

Transitions. Use a conjunction or conjunctive adverb to link

sentences with particular logical relationships.