Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Faculty of Engineering
Winter 2017
Schedule: Laboratories
Matlab tutorials: January 23rd January 27th
4 Lab sessions:
Reports are due one week after the lab session. To be submitted to locker #
206, 2nd floor of TEB
Schedule: Laboratories
Section 003: Tuesday 9:30 a.m. 12:30 p.m. TAs: Farid, Anastasiia
Section 004: Thursday 4:30 p.m. 7:30 p.m. TAs: Soulaimane, Yousef
Section 005: Friday 12:30 p.m. 3:30 p.m. TAs: Samantha, Hessam
Section 006: Wednesday 2:30 p.m. 5:30 p.m. TAs: Samantha, Hessam
Section 007: Wednesday 11:30 a.m. 2:30 p.m. TAs: Farid, Anastasiia
Section 008: Monday 2:30 p.m. 5:30 p.m. TAs: Soulaimane, Yousef
Content:
Introduction: Signals, Systems and Signal Processing, Classification of Signals, The Concept
of Frequency in Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Signals, Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-
Analog Conversion.
The z-Transform and its Application to the Analysis of LTI Systems: The z-Transform,
Properties of the z-Transform, Rational z-Transforms, Inversion of the z-Transform, Analysis of
LTI Systems in the z-Domain, The One-sided z-Transform
The Discrete Fourier Transform: Frequency-Domain Sampling: The Discrete Fourier Trans-
form (DFT), Properties of the DFT
The z-Transform
Rational z-Transforms
The z-Transform:
Provides with a means of characterizing an LTI system (in terms of pole-zero location)
The z-Transform
1
X
n
X(z) := x(n)z (ZT )
n= 1
Notation:
X(z) := Z [x(n)] .
The z-transform is defined only for those z 2 C for which the series in the
right-hand side of (ZT) converges.
The set of all values of z 2 C for which (ZT) converges is called the region
of convergence (ROC) of X(z).
The z-Transform
Example 3.1.1 (from Proakis & Manolakis, 2007): Determine the z-transforms
(and ROCs) of the following finite-duration signals
The z-Transform
Rational z-Transforms
z z
x1 (n) ! X1 (z) and x2 (n) ! X2 (z),
z
x(n) = a1 x1 (n) + a2 x2 (n) ! X(z) = a1 X1 (z) + a2 X2 (z).
Proof: We have
1
X 1
X
n n
X1 (z) := x1 (n)z , X2 (z) := x2 (n)z ,
n= 1 n= 1
therefore
1
X 1
X 1
X
n n n
X(z) := [a1 x1 (n) + a2 x2 (n)]z = a1 x1 (n)z + a2 x2 (n)z
n= 1 n= 1 n= 1
= a1 X1 (z) + a2 X2 (z).
Some properties of the z-Transform
Time shifting: If
z
x(n) ! X(z),
z k
x(n k) ! z X(z)
therefore
1
X 1
X 1
X
n n m k
Y (z) := y(n)z = x(n k)z = x(m)z
n= 1 n= 1 m= 1
1
X 1
X
m k k m k
= x(m)z z =z x(m)z =z X(z).
m= 1 m= 1
z
x(n) ! X(z) with ROC: r1 < |z| < r2 ,
then
z 1 1 1
x( n) ! X z with ROC: < |z| <
r2 r1
Scaling in the z-domain: If
z
x(n) ! X(z) with ROC: r1 < |z| < r2
z
an x(n) ! X a 1
z with ROC: |a|r1 < |z| < |a|r2
Some properties of the z-Transform
Convolution: If
z z
x1 (n) ! X1 (z) and x2 (n) ! X2 (z),
then
z
x(n) = x1 (n) x2 (n) ! X(z) = X1 (z)X2 (z)
Convolution property is one of the most important properties of the z-transform because
it can greatly simplify the analysis of DT systems.
Some Properties of the z-Transform
Typically, the above procedure is much easier computationally comparing to direct evaluation
of x1 (n) x2 (n) in the time domain
Some Properties of the z-Transform
Example 3.2.9 (from Proakis & Manolakis, 2007): Compute the convolution x(n) of the signals
(
1, 0 n 5
x1 (n) = {1, 2, 1} , x2 (n) :=
0, elsewhere
"
Solution:
1 2 1 2 3 4 5
X1 (z) = 1 2z +z , X2 (z) = 1 + z +z +z +z +z
1 6 7
X(z) = X1 (z)X2 (z) = 1 z z +z
x1 (n) = {1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1} .
"
Some properties of the z-Transform
The Initial Value Theorem: If x(n) is causal (i.e., x(n) = 0 for n < 0), then
We see that all terms in the right-hand side, except x(0), tend to zero as z ! 1.
Properties of the z-Transform: Summary
Properties of the z-Transform: Summary
Some Common z-Transform Pairs