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The Geomechanical Earth Model

The Basis for Drilling, for Reservoir
3-A The Geomechanical Earth Model

Management

Maurice Dusseault
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GEM - Geomechanics Earth Model

Relevant data for geology, reservoir and
geomechanics is encased into a large data bank

GEM data are collected from seismics,
borehole geophysics, core tests, LOT
3-A The Geomechanical Earth Model

A three-dimensional model (GEM) is created

Interpolation among data points (e.g. boreholes)
data) is done with calibrated 3-D seismic data

Extrapolation, with caution of course

The GEM provides input to mathematical
simulations, drilling planning, etc.
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Working in a Projection Room

We can project any measure into the 3-D view,
including rock properties, stresses
3-A The Geomechanical Earth Model
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3-A The Geomechanical Earth Model E.g.: Drilling Decisions and Faults

Courtesy Schlumberger
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Geomechanical Earth Model

Petroleum reservoir engineering involves
 Geology,transport (diffusion mechanics)
 Thermodynamics, geomechanics

Diffusion, thermodynamics and geomechanics

3-A The Geomechanical Earth Model

are coupled processes; they affect each other

To develop a 3D GEM, we use
 Core sample tests, calibration to logs, drilling data
 Various logs (multi-pole sonic, , MR, -)

 Interpolate among wells using seismics (3D,

VSP), perhaps even other methods
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GEM Mechanical Earth Model

Concept introduced in the late 1990s

Various data sources are integrated to create a
3D data bank that is continuously updated with
 Seismic data (acoustic attributes, anisotropy)
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 Geophysical log data (porosity, clay %, )

 Well test & core data - k, Cc & E, , UCS, etc

Issues: availability of data, quality, precision

In this Module, we will focus on
geophysical logs (, , -)
 Conventional

 Commonly available 3D seismic data

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General Process Description

Static Core Explicit correlation Multi-Pole-Array

Analysis i o n Sonic Logging
g r es s
a r re
t i - l i ne
Mul
3-A The Geomechanical Earth Model

Common Well Inversion

3-D Seismic
Logging Curves
n Data
n t i o
liz atio l iz a
u a Vi su a
Vis
3-D Rock Application Estimate Inter-
Mechanics Model well Parameters
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What Are We Looking For?

In this example from China, the issue was
quick and efficient hydraulic fracture design

We needed:
 Youngs modulus and Poissons ratio, E,
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 PBD, PCL, fracture breakdown and closure pressure

These data were needed at any point in an

extensive reservoir already penetrated by many
wells with historic data of varying quality

Of course, in your case, you may want to
achieve other things with a GEM
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We Needed Some Data to do This

Perform lab tests on a = 1
core (UCS, E, shear
modulus, , )

Obtain in situ data
3-A The Geomechanical Earth Model

for reservoir interval

r = 3
r = 3

this included
fracture breakdown
and closure pressure,
PBD, PCL

a = 1
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Fracturing Data Available

PBD, PCL data were
available from a number pBD,
breakdown
of previous wells
pressure

Bottom Hole Pressure

The data were carefully
screened for quality
3-A The Geomechanical Earth Model

These data were used to pCL (= 3)

establish correlations
with the multi-pole
sonic log, as well as the
rock deformation props. Time (V if constant
injection rate used)

Then, extension to the
old well log data
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Correlation Establishment

With sufficient core data, we then established
the correlation with the new acoustic data

Equations from Chardac et al., 2005
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3-A The Geomechanical Earth Model And, with Fracture Behavior

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Regression Analysis with Log Data

Now, a multi-variate regression analysis is
executed to relate core data to a log set:
 Conventional acoustic slowness data
 Conventional gamma
3-A The Geomechanical Earth Model

 Deep resistivity data

E
AC

LLD
PCL
GR
PBD
Logging data RM parameters
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Inversion of Seismics with Log Data

Then, carry out Inversion Analysis of logging

data and seismic data
1. Assemble the seismic database, logging curves,
stratigraphic zonation, seismic interpretation.
3-A The Geomechanical Earth Model

2. Obtain a wavelet from the seismic data for transformation.

3. Create a well-point synthetic record.
4. Calibrate the synthetic record with neighboring well seismic
traces.
5. Obtain the transformation wavelet from the log curve.

This requires working with geophysicists who are comfortable

with wavelets and inversion an integrated team
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3-A The Geomechanical Earth Model Generating the Synthetic Waveforms

Synthetic wave from log curve and seismic

calibration of well Yuan 300-142, Daqing Oilfield
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Constructing the GEM

Finally, Construct 3-D Rock Mechanics GEM

1. Build a planar map lithostratigraphic between wells using
correlated seismic data, this is our interpolation method.
2. Transform the map into a rock mechanics parameter map.
3-A The Geomechanical Earth Model

3. Calculate 3-D rock mechanics parameters using logging

data and the maps.
4. Populate the model with the RM data.

After this, 3-D visualization and inter-well estimation

of parameters can be directly carried out.

Now, we have a strong RM tool for design

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A GEM Example from Daqing Oilfield,

3-A The Geomechanical Earth Model

China
Wang, Han, Dusseault
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3-A The Geomechanical Earth Model Location in China

One area in Daqing Oilfield, P.R.China

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RM Data and Depth

Depth E PBD PCL

(m) (109N/m2) (MPa/m) (MPa/m)
1719.6-
35.1 0.222 0.0160 0.0157
1729.0
1747.8- 0.278 0.0188 0.0186
35.6
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1748.6
1767.8- 0.293 0.0193 0.0184
32.7
1775.0
1780.4- 0.259 0.0168
31.5 0.0175
1784.4
1798.4- 33.8 0.263 0.0178 0.0174
1799.6

Calculated results for well Yuan170-326, Daqing

Oilfield, from logging data, after explicit correlation.
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One Example and Results

E = -1125.260.44AC -1242.291242.29GR -7.910-32.17LLD

=566.1990.65AC+911.231.70GR-0.034.98LLD

PBD =46.690.48AC+1.601.20GR-5.061073.64LLD
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PCL =32.880.59AC+0.351.65GR-21084.75LLD

Multiple-Regression Formulae: Optimum correlation

parameters between rock mechanical parameters are
calculated by using a combination of conventional logs and
multi-pole-array sonic logs from four wells
(including well Yuan 170-326)
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Example Continued

-- Inversion of logging data and seismic data was

carried out on more than 200 individual wells and
140 km2 3-D seismic area.
3-A The Geomechanical Earth Model

-- Compared with seismic traces from the

neighboring wells: in this case, a coincidence rate
of up to 75% was obtained (a good value).
-- Planar rock mechanics attribute maps were
created and a 3-D rock mechanics model the
MEM - was calculated.
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3-A The Geomechanical Earth Model Seismic Impedance

A Seismic Impedance Map

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3-A The Geomechanical Earth Model A Map of Poissons Ratio

Poissons Ratio Map

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3-A The Geomechanical Earth Model A Youngs Modulus Map

Youngs Modulus Map

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3-A The Geomechanical Earth Model PBD Map (Fracture breakdown p)

Fracture Break Down Pressure Map

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3-A The Geomechanical Earth Model Closure Pressure Map - PCL

Fracture Closure Pressure Map

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3-A The Geomechanical Earth Model Here is a View of the GEM!

Example of the 3-D rock mechanics earth model

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3-A The Geomechanical Earth Model Fence Diagram, Along a Well Line

3-D Young's modulus earth model in one

area of Daqing Oilfield, Heilongjiang, China
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Conclusions

It is possible (and desirable) to estimate inter-
well rock mechanics parameters
 By using a 3-D rock mechanics model built by
 Synthetically combining conventional logging data
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and 3-D seismic data with

 Rock mechanics and well testing data

Correlations must be established using

powerful logging tools (not just GR or -)

In this case a multi-pole acoustic log data base
was available for several wells
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Key Factors

The key elements are:
 Explicit correlation between static core analysis
and multi-pole-array acoustic log, and
 Multiple Linear Regression between the multi-pole
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acoustic log data and conventional logging curves

A vital aspect is high-quality inversion of the
logging data and the seismic data using
wavelet methods

Now, can use the GEM for engineering!