Raspberry Pi

RPi redirects here. For other uses, see RPI. models have an 8P8C Ethernet port and the Pi 3 has on
board Wi-Fi 802.11n and Bluetooth.
The Raspberry Pi is a series of credit card-sized single- The Foundation provides Raspbian, a Debian-based
board computers developed in the United Kingdom by Linux distribution for download, as well as third party
the Raspberry Pi Foundation to promote the teaching Ubuntu, Windows 10 IOT Core, RISC OS, and spe-
of basic computer science in schools and in developing cialised media center distributions.[8] It promotes Python
countries.[3][4][5] The original model became far more and Scratch as the main programming language, with sup-
popular than anticipated,[6] selling outside of its target port for many other languages.[9] The default rmware is
market for uses such as robotics. Peripherals (includ- closed source, while an unocial open source is avail-
ing keyboards, mice and cases) are not included with the able.
Raspberry Pi. Some accessories however have been in-
cluded in several ocial and unocial bundles.[6]
According to the Raspberry Pi Foundation, over 5 mil- 2 Hardware
lion Raspberry Pis have been sold before February 2015,
making it the best-selling British computer.[7] The Raspberry Pi hardware has evolved through several
versions that feature variations in memory capacity and
peripheral-device support.
1 Overview
RAM
Several generations of Raspberry Pis have been released.
The rst generation (Raspberry Pi 1 Model B) was re- I/O CPU/GPU USB hub
leased in February 2012. It was followed by a simpler and
inexpensive model Model A. In 2014, the foundation re-
leased a board with an improved design in Raspberry Ethernet 2x USB
Pi 1 Model B+. The model laid the current mainline
form-factor. Improved A+ and B+ models were released
a year later. A cut down compute module was released
This block diagram depicts Models A, B, A+, and B+.
in April 2014, and a Raspberry Pi Zero with smaller
Model A, A+, and the Pi Zero lack the Ethernet and
size and limited input/output (I/O) and general-purpose
USB hub components. The Ethernet adapter is internally
input/output (GPIO) abilities was released in November
connected to an additional USB port. In Model A, A+,
2015 for US$5. The Raspberry Pi 2 which added more
and the PI Zero, the USB port is connected directly to
RAM was released in February 2015. Raspberry Pi 3
the system on a chip (SoC). On the Pi 1 Model B+ and
Model B released in February 2016 is bundled with on-
later models the USB/Ethernet chip contains a ve-point
board WiFi and Bluetooth. As of December 2016, Rasp-
USB hub, of which four ports are available, while the Pi
berry Pi 3 Model B is the newest mainline Raspberry Pi.
1 Model B only provides two. On the Pi Zero, the USB
These boards are priced between US$535.
port is also connected directly to the SoC, but it uses a
All models feature a Broadcom system on a chip (SoC), micro USB (OTG) port.
which includes an ARM compatible central processing
unit (CPU) and an on chip graphics processing unit
(GPU, a VideoCore IV). CPU speed ranges from 700 2.1 Processor
MHz to 1.2 GHz for the Pi 3 and on board memory
range from 256 MB to 1 GB RAM. Secure Digital (SD) The Broadcom BCM2835 SoC used in the rst gener-
cards are used to store the operating system and program ation Raspberry Pi is somewhat equivalent to the chip
memory in either the SDHC or MicroSDHC sizes. Most used in rst generation smartphones (its CPU is an older
boards have between one and four USB slots, HDMI and ARMv6 architecture),[10] which includes a 700 MHz
composite video output, and a 3.5 mm phone jack for au- ARM1176JZF-S processor, VideoCore IV graphics pro-
dio. Lower level output is provided by a number of GPIO cessing unit (GPU),[11] and RAM. It has a level 1 (L1)
pins which support common protocols like IC. The B- cache of 16 KB and a level 2 (L2) cache of 128 KB. The

1
2 2 HARDWARE

cessor, is described as 10 times the performance of

a Raspberry Pi 1.[13] This was suggested to be highly
dependent upon task threading and instruction set use.
Benchmarks showed the Raspberry Pi 3 to be approxi-
mately 80% faster than the Raspberry Pi 2 in parallelized
tasks.[18]

2.1.2 Overclocking

The CPU chips of the rst and second generation Rasp-

berry Pi board did not require cooling, such as a heat sink,
unless the chip was overclocked, but the Raspberry Pi 2
SoC may heat more than usual under overclocking.
Most Raspberry Pi chips could be overclocked to 800
The Raspberry Pi 2 uses a 32-bit 900 MHz quad-core ARM
MHz, and some to 1000 MHz. There are reports the
Cortex-A7 processor.
Raspberry Pi 2 can be similarly overclocked, in extreme
cases, even to 1500 MHz (discarding all safety features
level 2 cache is used primarily by the GPU. The SoC is and over-voltage limitations). In the Raspbian Linux dis-
stacked underneath the RAM chip, so only its edge is vis- tro the overclocking options on boot can be done by a
ible. software command running sudo raspi-cong without
voiding the warranty.[19] In those cases the Pi automati-
The Raspberry Pi 2 uses a Broadcom BCM2836 SoC cally shuts the overclocking down if the chip reaches 85
with a 900 MHz 32-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A7 pro- C (185 F), but it is possible to override automatic over-
cessor (as do many current smartphones), with 256 KB voltage and overclocking settings (voiding the warranty);
shared L2 cache.[12] an appropriately sized heatsink is needed to protect the
The Raspberry Pi 3 uses a Broadcom BCM2837 SoC chip from serious overheating.
with a 1.2 GHz 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 pro- Newer versions of the rmware contain the option to
cessor, with 512 KB shared L2 cache.[13] choose between ve overclock (turbo) presets that
when used, attempt to maximize the performance of the
SoC without impairing the lifetime of the board. This is
2.1.1 Performance done by monitoring the core temperature of the chip, the
CPU load, and dynamically adjusting clock speeds and
While operating at 700 MHz by default, the rst gen- the core voltage. When the demand is low on the CPU
eration Raspberry Pi provided a real-world performance or it is running too hot the performance is throttled, but
roughly equivalent to 0.041 GFLOPS.[14][15] On the CPU if the CPU has much to do and the chips temperature
level the performance is similar to a 300 MHz Pentium is acceptable, performance is temporarily increased with
II of 199799. The GPU provides 1 Gpixel/s or 1.5 clock speeds of up to 1 GHz depending on the individual
Gtexel/s of graphics processing or 24 GFLOPS of gen- board and on which of the turbo settings is used.
eral purpose computing performance. The graphical ca-
pabilities of the Raspberry Pi are roughly equivalent to The seven overclock presets are:
the performance of the Xbox of 2001.
The LINPACK single node compute benchmark re- none; 700 MHz ARM, 250 MHz core, 400 MHz
sults in a mean single precision performance of 0.065 SDRAM, 0 overvolt,
GFLOPS and a mean double precision performance of
modest; 800 MHz ARM, 250 MHz core, 400 MHz
0.041 GFLOPS for one Raspberry Pi Model-B board.[16]
SDRAM, 0 overvolt,
A cluster of 64 Raspberry Pi Model B computers, la-
beled Iridis-pi, achieved a LINPACK HPL suite re- medium; 900 MHz ARM, 250 MHz core, 450 MHz
sult of 1.14 GFLOPS (n=10240) at 216 watts for c. SDRAM, 2 overvolt,
US$4000.[16]
Raspberry Pi 2 includes a quad-core Cortex-A7 CPU high; 950 MHz ARM, 250 MHz core, 450 MHz
running at 900 MHz and 1 GB RAM. It is described as SDRAM, 6 overvolt,
46 times more powerful than its predecessor. The GPU
is identical to the original.[12] In parallelized benchmarks, turbo; 1000 MHz ARM, 500 MHz core, 600 MHz
the Raspberry Pi 2 could be up to 14 times faster than a SDRAM, 6 overvolt,
Raspberry Pi 1 Model B+.[17] Pi2; 1000 MHz ARM, 500 MHz core, 500 MHz
The Raspberry Pi 3, with a quad-core Cortex-A53 pro- SDRAM, 2 overvolt,
2.4 Peripherals 3

Pi3; 1100 MHz ARM, 550 MHz core, 500 MHz

SDRAM, 6 overvolt. In system information CPU
speed will appear as 1200 MHz. When in idle speed
lowers to 600 MHz.[20][21]

In the highest (turbo) preset the SDRAM clock was orig-

inally 500 MHz, but this was later changed to 600 MHz
because 500 MHz sometimes causes SD card corruption.
Simultaneously in high mode the core clock speed was
lowered from 450 to 250 MHz, and in medium mode from
333 to 250 MHz.
The Raspberry Pi Zero runs at 1 GHz.
The current Model B boards incorporate four USB ports for con-
necting peripherals.

2.2 RAM
2.4 Peripherals
On the older beta Model B boards, 128 MB was allocated
by default to the GPU, leaving 128 MB for the CPU.[22] The Raspberry Pi may be operated[29]
with any generic USB
On the rst 256 MB release Model B (and Model A), computer keyboard and mouse.
three dierent splits were possible. The default split was
192 MB (RAM for CPU), which should be sucient for
standalone 1080p video decoding, or for simple 3D, but 2.5 Video
probably not for both together. 224 MB was for Linux
only, with only a 1080p framebuer, and was likely to
fail for any video or 3D. 128 MB was for heavy 3D, pos-
sibly also with video decoding (e.g. XBMC).[23] Com-
paratively the Nokia 701 uses 128 MB for the Broad-
com VideoCore IV.[24] For the new Model B with 512
MB RAM initially there were new standard memory
split les released( arm256_start.elf, arm384_start.elf,
arm496_start.elf) for 256 MB, 384 MB and 496 MB
CPU RAM (and 256 MB, 128 MB and 16 MB video
RAM). But a week or so later the RPF released a new ver-
sion of start.elf that could read a new entry in cong.txt
(gpu_mem=xx) and could dynamically assign an amount
of RAM (from 16 to 256 MB in 8 MB steps) to the GPU,
so the older method of memory splits became obsolete,
and a single start.elf worked the same for 256 and 512
MB Raspberry Pis.[25]
The Raspberry Pi 2 and the Raspberry Pi 3 have 1 GB
of RAM.[26][27] The Raspberry Pi Zero has 512 MB of
RAM. The early Raspberry Pi 1 Model A, with an HDMI port and a
standard RCA composite video port for older displays.

The video controller can emit standard modern TV

2.3 Networking
The Model A, A+ and Pi Zero have no Ethernet circuitry
and are commonly connected to a network using an ex-
ternal user-supplied USB Ethernet or Wi-Fi adapter. On
the Model B and B+ the Ethernet port is provided by a
built-in USB Ethernet adapter using the SMSC LAN9514
chip.[28] The Raspberry Pi 3 is equipped with 2.4 GHz
WiFi 802.11n (150 Mbit/s) and Bluetooth 4.1 (24 Mbit/s)
in addition to the 10/100 Ethernet port.
resolutions, such as HD and Full HD, and higher or
lower monitor resolutions and older standard CRT TV
resolutions. As shipped (i.e., without custom overclock-
ing) it can emit these: 640350 EGA; 640480 VGA;
800600 SVGA; 1024768 XGA; 1280720 720p
HDTV; 1280768 WXGA variant; 1280800 WXGA
variant; 12801024 SXGA; 1366768 WXGA variant;
14001050 SXGA+; 16001200 UXGA; 16801050
WXGA+; 19201080 1080p HDTV; 19201200
WUXGA.[30]
4 3 SOFTWARE

Higher resolutions, such as, up to 20481152, may 2.10 Accessories

work[31][32] or even 38402160 at 15 Hz (too low a fram-
erate for convincing video).[33] Note also that allowing the Camera On 14 May 2013, the foundation and
highest resolutions does not imply that the GPU can de- the distributors RS Components & Premier Far-
code video formats at those; in fact, the Pis are known nell/Element 14 launched the Raspberry Pi cam-
to not work reliably for H.265 (at those high resolution, era board with a rmware update to accommodate
at least), commonly used for very high resolutions (most it.[78] The camera board is shipped with a exible
formats, commonly used, up to full HD, do work). at cable that plugs into the CSI connector located
between the Ethernet and HDMI ports. In Rasp-
Although the Raspberry Pi 3 does not have H.265 decod-
bian, one enables the system to use the camera
ing hardware, the CPU is more powerful than its prede-
board by the installing or upgrading to the latest
cessors, potentially fast enough to decode H.265-encoded
[34] version of the operating system (OS) and then run-
videos in software. The GPU in the RPi 3 runs at
ning Raspi-cong and selecting the camera option.
higher clock frequencies of 300 MHz or 400 MHz than
[35] The cost of the camera module is 20 in Europe (9
previous versions which run at 250 MHz.
September 2013).[79] It can produce 1080p, 720p
The Raspberry Pis can also generate 576i and 480i and 640x480p video. The dimensions are 25 mm
composite video signals, as used on old-style (CRT) TV 20 mm 9 mm.[79] In May 2016, v2 of the camera
screens through standard connectors either RCA or 3.5 came out, and is an 8 megapixel camera.
mm phone connector depending on models. The televi-
sion signal standards supported are PAL-BGHID, PAL- Gertboard A Raspberry Pi Foundation sanctioned
M, PAL-N, NTSC and NTSC-J.[36] device, designed for educational purposes, that ex-
pands the Raspberry Pis GPIO pins to allow inter-
face with and control of LEDs, switches, analog sig-
2.6 Real-time clock nals, sensors and other devices. It also includes an
optional Arduino compatible controller to interface
The Raspberry Pi does not have a built-in real-time clock, with the Pi.[80]
and does not know the time of day. As a workaround,
a program running on the Raspberry Pi can get the time Infrared Camera In October 2013, the foundation
from a network time server or user input at boot time, announced that they would begin producing a cam-
thus knowing the time while powered on. era module without an infrared lter, called the Pi
NoIR.[81]
A real-time hardware clock with battery backup, such as
the DS1307, which is fully binary coded, may be added HAT (Hardware Attached on Top) expansion boards
(often via the IC interface). Together with the Model B+, inspired by the
Arduino shield boards, the interface for HAT boards
was devised by the Raspberry Pi Foundation. Each
2.7 Specications HAT board carries a small EEPROM (typically a
CAT24C32WI-GT3)[82] containing the relevant de-
* all interfaces are via 200-pin DDR2 SO-DIMM connec- tails of the board,[83] so that the Raspberry Pis OS
tor. is informed of the HAT, and the technical details of
it, relevant to the OS using the HAT.[84] Mechani-
cal details of a HAT board, that use the four mount-
2.8 Connectors ing holes in their rectangular formation, are available
online.[85][86]
2.9 General purpose input-output (GPIO)
connector
3 Software
Raspberry Pi 1 Models A+ and B+, Pi 2 Model B,
Pi 3 Model B and Pi Zero GPIO J8 have a 40-pin 3.1 Operating systems
pinout.[72][73] Models A and B have only the rst 26
pins.[74][75][76] The Raspberry Pi primarily uses Raspbian, a Debian-
Model B rev. 2 also has a pad (called P5 on the board based Linux operating system. Other third party oper-
and P6 on the schematics) of 8 pins oering access to an ating systems available via the ocial website include
additional 4 GPIO connections.[77] Ubuntu MATE, Snappy Ubuntu Core, Windows 10 IoT
Models A and B provide GPIO access to the ACT status Core, RISC OS and specialised distributions for the Kodi
[87]
LED using GPIO 16. Models A+ and B+ provide GPIO media center and classroom management.
access to the ACT status LED using GPIO 47, and the Many other operating systems can also run on the Rasp-
power status LED using GPIO 35. berry Pi.
3.1 Operating systems
Various operating systems for the Raspberry Pi can be installed
on a MicroSD, MiniSD or SD Card, depending on the board and
available adapters; seen here is the MicroSD slot located on the
bottom of a Raspberry Pi 2 board.
Other operating systems (not Linux-based)
RISC OS Pi (a special cut down version RISC OS
Pico, for 16 MB cards and larger for all models of
Pi 1 & 2, has also been made available.)
FreeBSD[88][89]
NetBSD[90][91]
Plan 9 from Bell Labs[92][93] and Inferno[94] (in beta)
Windows 10 IoT Core a no-cost edition of
Windows 10 oered by Microsoft that runs natively
on the Raspberry Pi 2.[95]
xv6[96] is a modern reimplementation of Sixth Edi-
tion Unix OS for teaching purposes; it is ported to
Raspberry Pi from MIT xv6; this xv6 port can boot
from NOOBS.
Haiku is an opensource BeOS clone that has can
be compiled for the Raspberry Pi and several other
ARM boards.[97] Work on Pi 1 began in 2011, but
only the Pi 2 will be supported.
HelenOS a portable microkernel-based multi-
server operating system; has basic Raspberry Pi sup-
port since version 0.6.0[98]
Genode OS Framework supports the Raspberry
Pi platform with the base-hw kernel since release
13.05[99]
Other operating systems (Linux-based)
Xbian[100] using the Kodi (formerly XBMC) open
source digital media center
openSUSE [101]
Raspberry Pi Fedora Remix[102]
5
Pidora,[103] another Fedora Remix optimized for the
Raspberry Pi
Gentoo Linux[104]
Diet Pi, includes a diverse range of servers for me-
dia, VPN, Minecraft and many others[105]
CentOS for Raspberry Pi 2 and later
RedSleeve (a RHEL port) for Raspberry Pi 1
Slackware ARM version 13.37 and
later runs on the Raspberry Pi without
modication.[106][107][108][109] The 128496
MB of available memory on the Raspberry Pi is
at least twice the minimum requirement of 64
MB needed to run Slackware Linux on an ARM
or i386 system.[110] (Whereas the majority of
Linux systems boot into a graphical user interface,
Slackwares default user environment is the textual
shell / command line interface.[111] ) The Fluxbox
window manager running under the X Window
System requires an additional 48 MB of RAM.[112]
Moebius[113] is a light ARM HF distribution based
on Debian. It uses Raspbian repository, but it ts in
a 128 MB SD card.[114] It has only minimal services
and its memory use is optimized to be small.
OpenWrt is primarily used on embedded devices
to route network trac.
Kali Linux is a Debian-derived distro designed for
digital forensics and penetration testing.
Pardus ARM[115] is a Debian-based operating sys-
tem which is the light version of the Pardus (operat-
ing system).
Instant WebKiosk is an operating system for digital
signage purposes (web and media views).
Ark OS is designed for website and email self-
hosting.
ROKOS[116] is a Raspbian-based operating system
with integrated clients for the Bitcoin and OKCash
cryptocurrencies.
MinePeon is a dedicated operating system for min-
ing cryptocurrency.
Kano OS[117]
Nard SDK[118] is a software development kit
(SDK) for industrial embedded systems.
Sailsh OS with Raspberry Pi 2 (due to use
ARM Cortex-A7 CPU; Raspberry Pi 1 uses dif-
ferent ARMv6 architecture and Sailsh requires
ARMv7.)[119]
6 3 SOFTWARE

Tiny Core Linux a minimal Linux operating

Media 3D 2D
system focused on providing a base system using Application Application Application
BusyBox and FLTK. Designed to run primarily in
RAM.
OpenMax OpenGL ES OpenVG
IPFire is a dedicated rewall/router distribution ARM
for the protection of a SOHO LAN; runs only on a
Raspberry Pi 1; porting to the Raspberry Pi 2 is not EGL
planned for now.[120]
Kernel driver
Alpine Linux is a Linux distribution based on musl
and BusyBox, primarily designed for "power users
who appreciate security, simplicity and resource ef- Videocore IV GPU
ciency.
Open Closed Binary
Void Linux a rolling release Linux distribution Source Source Blob
which was designed and implemented from scratch,
provides images based on musl or glibc.
Scheme of the implemented APIs: OpenMAX, OpenGL ES and
OpenVG
Tingbot OS [121]
based on Raspbian, primarily de-
signed for use with the Tingbot addon and running
Tide apps.[122] 3.3 Firmware
WTware for Raspberry Pi[123] is a free operating The ocial rmware is a freely redistributable[127] binary
system for creating Windows thin client from Pi 2 blob, that is closed-source.[97] A minimal open source
and Pi 3. rmware is also available.[128]
Fedora 25 supports Pi 2 and later (Pi 1 is supported
by some unocial derivatives, e.g. listed here.). 3.4 Third party application software
Media center operating systems: OSMC,
AstroPrint AstroPrints Wireless 3D printing soft-
OpenELEC, LibreELEC, Xbian, Rasplex
ware can be run on the Pi 2.[129]
Audio operating systems : Volumio, Pimusicbox, Mathematica & the Wolfram Language Since 21
Runeaudio, moOdeaudio November 2013, Raspbian includes a full installa-
tion of this proprietary software for free.[130][131][132]
Retrogaming operating systems: Retropie, As of 24 August 2015, the version is Mathematica
Recalbox, Happi Game Center, Lakka,
10.2.[133] Programs can be run either from a com-
ChameleonPi, Piplay mand line interface or from a Notebook interface.
There are Wolfram Language functions for access-
ing connected devices.[134] There is also a Wolfram
3.2 Driver APIs Language desktop development kit allowing devel-
opment for Raspberry Pi in Mathematica from desk-
See also: VideoCore Linux support top machines.[135]
Raspberry Pi can use a VideoCore IV GPU via a binary
blob, which is loaded into the GPU at boot time from Minecraft Released 11 February 2013, a version
the SD-card, and additional software, that initially was for the Raspberry Pi, in which you can modify the
closed source.[124] This part of the driver code was later game world with code, the only ocial version of
released.[125] However, much of the actual driver work the game in which you can do so.[136]
is done using the closed source GPU code. Applica-
tion software use calls to closed source run-time libraries UserGate Web Filter On 20 September 2013,
(OpenMax, OpenGL ES or OpenVG) which in turn calls Florida-based security vendor Entensys announced
an open source driver inside the Linux kernel, which then porting UserGate Web Filter to Raspberry Pi
calls the closed source VideoCore IV GPU driver code. platform.[137]
The API of the kernel driver is specic for these closed
libraries. Video applications use OpenMAX, 3D applica-
tions use OpenGL ES and 2D applications use OpenVG 3.5 Software development tools
which both in turn use EGL. OpenMAX and EGL use
the open source kernel driver in turn.[126] Arduino IDE - for programming an arduino.
 7

AlgoID for learning programming for kids and be- 4 Reception and use
ginners.
Technology writer Glyn Moody described the project
BlueJ for teaching Java to beginners.
in May 2011 as a potential BBC Micro 2.0, not by
Fawlty Language a freely usable IDL (program- replacing PC compatible machines but by supplement-
ming language) clone for Pi 2. ing them.[143] In March 2012 Stephen Pritchard echoed
the BBC Micro successor sentiment in ITPRO.[144] Alex
Greenfoot Greenfoot teaches object orientation Hope, co-author of the Next Gen report, is hopeful that
with Java. Create 'actors which live in 'worlds to the computer will engage children with the excitement of
build games, simulations, and other graphical pro- programming.[145] Co-author Ian Livingstone suggested
grams. that the BBC could be involved in building support for
the device, possibly branding it as the BBC Nano.[146]
Julia an interactive and cross-platform program- Chris Williams, writing in The Register sees the inclusion
ming language/environment, that runs on the Pi 1 of programming languages such as Kids Ruby, Scratch
and later.[138] IDEs for Julia, such as Juno, are avail- and BASIC as a good start to equip kids with the skills
able. See also Pi-specic repository JuliaBerry. needed in the future although it remains to be seen how
eective their use will be.[147] The Centre for Comput-
Lazarus a Free Pascal RAD IDE resembling ing History strongly supports the Raspberry Pi project,
Delphi feeling that it could usher in a new era.[148] Before re-
lease, the board was showcased by ARMs CEO Warren
LiveCode educational RAD IDE descended from East at an event in Cambridge outlining Google's ideas to
HyperCard using English-like language to write improve UK science and technology education.[149]
event-handlers for WYSIWYG widgets runnable on
desktop, mobile and Raspberry Pi platforms. Harry Fairhead, however, suggests that more empha-
sis should be put on improving the educational software
Ninja-IDE a cross-platform integrated develop- available on existing hardware, using tools such as Google
ment environment (IDE) for Python. App Inventor to return programming to schools, rather
than adding new hardware choices.[150] Simon Rockman,
Object Pascal[139] an object oriented variant (the writing in a ZDNet blog, was of the opinion that teens
one used in Delphi and Lazarus) of Niklaus Wirth's will have better things to do, despite what happened in
original Pascal language. Free Pascal is the compiler the 1980s.[151]
in Lazarus
In October 2012, the Raspberry Pi won T3s Innova-
[152]
Processing an IDE built for the electronic arts, new tion of the Year award, and futurist Mark Pesce
media art, and visual design communities with the cited a (borrowed) Raspberry Pi as the inspiration for
[153]
purpose of teaching the fundamentals of computer his ambient device project MooresCloud. In Oc-
programming in a visual context. tober 2012, the British Computer Society reacted to
the announcement of enhanced specications by stating,
Scratch a cross platform teaching IDE using visual its denitely something we'll want to sink our teeth
[154]
blocks that stack like Lego originally developed into.
by MITs Life Long Kindergarten group. The Pi In February 2015, a switched-mode power supply chip,
version is very heavily optimised[140] for the limited designated U16, of the Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version
compute resources available and is implemented in 1.1 (the initially released version) was found to be vul-
the Squeak Smalltalk system. nerable to ashes of light,[155] particularly the light from
xenon camera ashes and green[156] and red laser point-
Squeak Smalltalk a full scale open Smalltalk.
ers. However, other bright lights, particularly ones that
V-Play Game Engine a cross-platform develop- are on continuously, were found to have no eect. The
ment framework that supports mobile game and app symptom was the Raspberry Pi 2 spontaneously rebooting
development with the V-Play Game Engine, V-Play or turning o when these lights were ashed at the chip.
apps and V-Play plugins. Initially, some users and commenters suspected that the
electromagnetic pulse (EMP) from the xenon ash tube
Xojo a cross-platform, professional RAD tool that was causing the problem by interfering with the com-
can create desktop, web and console apps for Pi 2. puters digital circuitry, but this was ruled out by tests
where the light was either blocked by a card or aimed
PowerBerry[141] a port of POWER-KI[142] pro- at the other side of the Raspberry Pi 2, both of which
gramming language on Windows 10 IoT The did not cause a problem. The problem was narrowed
PowerBerry Manager (PBM) allows the managing down to the U16 chip by covering rst the system on a
of the board and its distribution contains demo and chip (main processor) and then U16 with Blu-Tack (an
test Apps (GPIO, WEB, PCA9685). opaque poster mounting compound). Light being the sole
8 6 HISTORY

culprit, instead of EMP, was further conrmed by the 4.3 Use in home automation
laser pointer tests,[156] where it was also found that less
opaque covering was needed to shield against the laser There are a number of developers and applications that
pointers than to shield against the xenon ashes.[155] The are leveraging the Raspberry Pi for home automation.
U16 chip seems to be bare silicon without a plastic cover These programmers are making an eort to modify the
(i.e. a chip-scale package or wafer-level package), which Raspberry Pi into a cost aordable solution in energy
would, if present, block the light. Unocial workarounds monitoring and power consumption. Because of the rel-
include covering U16 with opaque material (such as elec- atively low cost of the Raspberry Pi, this has become a
trical tape,[155][156] lacquer, poster mounting compound, popular and economical solution to the more expensive
or even balled-up bread[155] ), putting the Raspberry Pi 2 commercial alternatives.[166]
in a case,[156] and avoiding taking photos of the top side of
the board with a xenon ash. This issue was not caught
before the release of the Raspberry Pi 2 because while 4.4 Use in commercial products
commercial electronic devices are routinely subjected to
tests of susceptibility to radio interference, it is not stan- OTTO is a digital camera created by Next Thing Co. It
dard or common practice to test their susceptibility to op- incorporates a Raspberry Pi Compute Module. It was
tical interference.[155] successfully crowd-funded in a May 2014 Kickstarter
campaign.[167]
Slice is a digital media player which also uses a Com-
4.1 Community pute Module as its heart. It was crowd-funded in an Au-
gust 2014 Kickstarter campaign. The software running
[168]
The Raspberry Pi community was described by Jamie on Slice is based on Kodi.
Ayre of FLOSS software company AdaCore as one of the
most exciting parts of the project.[157] Community blog-
ger Russell Davis said that the community strength al- 5 Astro Pi
lows the Foundation to concentrate on documentation and
teaching.[157] The community developed a fanzine around A project was launched in December 2014 at an event
the platform called The MagPi[158] which in 2015, was held by the UK Space Agency. The Astro Pi compe-
handed over to the Raspberry Pi Foundation by its volun- tition was ocially opened in January and was opened
teers to be continued in-house.[159] A series of commu- to all primary and secondary school aged children who
nity Raspberry Jam events have been held across the UK were residents of the United Kingdom. During his mis-
and around the world.[160] sion, British ESA Astronaut Tim Peake plans to deploy
the computers on board the International Space Station.
He will then load up the winning code while in orbit, col-
4.2 Use in education lect the data generated and then send this to Earth where
it will be distributed to the winning teams. The themes
As of January 2012, enquiries about the board in the of Spacecraft Sensors, Satellite Imaging, Space Measure-
United Kingdom have been received from schools in both ments, Data Fusion and Space Radiation were devised to
the state and private sectors, with around ve times as stimulate creative and scientic thinking.
much interest from the latter. It is hoped that businesses The organisations involved in the Astro Pi competition
will sponsor purchases for less advantaged schools.[161] include the UK Space Agency, UKspace, Raspberry Pi,
The CEO of Premier Farnell said that the government of ESERO-UK and ESA.
a country in the Middle East has expressed interest in pro-
viding a board to every schoolgirl, in order to enhance her
employment prospects.[162][163]
6 History
In 2014, the Raspberry Pi Foundation hired a number of
its community members including ex-teachers and soft- In 2006, early concepts of the Raspberry Pi were based
ware developers to launch a set of free learning resources on the Atmel ATmega644 microcontroller. Its schemat-
for its website.[164] The resources are freely licensed un- ics and PCB layout are publicly available.[169] Foundation
der Creative Commons, and contributions and collabora- trustee Eben Upton assembled a group of teachers, aca-
tions are encouraged on social coding platform GitHub. demics and computer enthusiasts to devise a computer to
The Foundation also started a teacher training course inspire children.[161] The computer is inspired by Acorns
called Picademy with the aim of helping teachers pre- BBC Micro of 1981.[170][171] The Model A, Model B and
pare for teaching the new computing curriculum using the Model B+ names are references to the original models of
Raspberry Pi in the classroom.[165] The continued profes- the British educational BBC Micro computer, developed
sional development course is provided free for teachers by Acorn Computers.[147] The rst ARM prototype ver-
and is run by the Foundations education team. sion of the computer was mounted in a package the same
6.2 Launch
An early alpha-test board in operation using dierent layout from
later beta and production boards
size as a USB memory stick.[172] It had a USB port on one
end and an HDMI port on the other.
The Foundations goal was to oer two versions, priced
at US$25 and 35. They started accepting orders for the
higher priced Model B on 29 February 2012,[173] the
lower cost Model A on 4 February 2013.[174] and the even
lower cost (US$20) A+ on 10 November 2014.[42] On
26 November 2015, the cheapest Raspberry PI yet, the
Raspberry PI Zero, was launched at US$5 or 4.[175]
6.1 Pre-launch
July 2011: Trustee Eben Upton publicly approached
the RISC OS Open community in July 2011 to en-
quire about assistance with a port.[176] Adrian Lees
at Broadcom has since worked on the port,[177][178]
with his work being cited in a discussion regarding
the graphics drivers.[179] This port is now included
in NOOBS.
August 2011 50 alpha boards are manufactured.
These boards were functionally identical to the
planned Model B,[180] but they were physically
larger to accommodate debug headers. Demonstra-
tions of the board showed it running the LXDE
desktop on Debian, Quake 3 at 1080p,[181] and Full
HD MPEG-4 video over HDMI.[182]
October 2011 A version of RISC OS 5 was demon-
strated in public, and following a year of develop-
ment the port was released for general consumption
in November 2012.[183][184][185][186]
December 2011 Twenty-ve Model B Beta boards
were assembled and tested[187] from one hundred
unpopulated PCBs.[188] The component layout of
the Beta boards was the same as on production
boards. A single error was discovered in the board
design where some pins on the CPU were not held
high; it was xed for the rst production run.[189]
9
The Beta boards were demonstrated booting Linux,
playing a 1080p movie trailer and the Rightware
Samurai OpenGL ES benchmark.[190]
Early 2012 During the rst week of the year,
the rst 10 boards were put up for auction on
eBay.[191][192] One was bought anonymously and do-
nated to the museum at The Centre for Comput-
ing History in Cambridge, England.[148][193] The ten
boards (with a total retail price of 220) together
raised over 16,000,[194] with the last to be auc-
tioned, serial number No. 01, raising 3,500.[195]
In advance of the anticipated launch at the end of
February 2012, the Foundations servers struggled
to cope with the load placed by watchers repeatedly
refreshing their browsers.[196]
6.2 Launch
19 February 2012 The rst proof of concept SD
card image that could be loaded onto an SD card to
produce a preliminary operating system is released.
The image was based on Debian 6.0 (Squeeze), with
the LXDE desktop and the Midori browser, plus var-
ious programming tools. The image also runs on
QEMU allowing the Raspberry Pi to be emulated
on various other platforms.[197][198]
29 February 2012 Initial sales commence 29
February 2012[199] at 06:00 UTC;. At the same
time, it was announced that the model A, originally
to have had 128 MB of RAM, was to be upgraded to
256 MB before release.[173] The Foundations web-
site also announced: Six years after the projects
inception, we're nearly at the end of our rst run
of development although its just the beginning of
the Raspberry Pi story.[200] The web-shops of the
two licensed manufacturers selling Raspberry Pis
within the United Kingdom, Premier Farnell and
RS Components, had their websites stalled by heavy
web trac immediately after the launch (RS Com-
ponents briey going down completely).[201][202] Un-
conrmed reports suggested that there were over
two million expressions of interest or pre-orders.[203]
The ocial Raspberry Pi Twitter account reported
that Premier Farnell sold out within a few minutes of
the initial launch, while RS Components took over
100,000 pre orders on day one.[173] Manufacturers
were reported in March 2012 to be taking a healthy
number of pre-orders.[157]
March 2012 Shipping delays for the rst batch
were announced in March 2012, as the result of in-
stallation of an incorrect Ethernet port,[204][205] but
the Foundation expected that manufacturing quan-
tities of future batches could be increased with lit-
tle diculty if required.[206] We have ensured we
can get them [the Ethernet connectors with magnet-
ics] in large numbers and Premier Farnell and RS
10
Components [the two distributors] have been fan-
tastic at helping to source components, Upton said.
The rst batch of 10,000 boards was manufactured
in Taiwan and China.[207][208]
8 March 2012 Release Raspberry Pi Fedora
Remix, the recommended Linux distribution,[209]
developed at Seneca College in Canada.[210]
March 2012 The Debian port is initiated by Mike
Thompson, former CTO of Atomz. The eort was
largely carried out by Thompson and Peter Green,
a volunteer Debian developer, with some support
from the Foundation, who tested the resulting bina-
ries that the two produced during the early stages
(neither Thompson nor Green had physical access
to the hardware, as boards were not widely accessi-
ble at the time due to demand).[211] While the pre-
liminary proof of concept image distributed by the
Foundation before launch was also Debian-based,
it diered from Thompson and Greens Raspbian
eort in a couple of ways. The POC image was
based on then-stable Debian Squeeze, while Rasp-
bian aimed to track then-upcoming Debian Wheezy
packages.[198] Aside from the updated packages that
would come with the new release, Wheezy was
also set to introduce the armhf architecture,[212]
which became the raison d'tre for the Raspbian ef-
fort. The Squeeze-based POC image was limited
to the armel architecture, which was, at the time
of Squeezes release, the latest attempt by the De-
bian project to have Debian run on the newest ARM
embedded-application binary interface (EABI).[213]
The armhf architecture in Wheezy intended to make
Debian run on the ARM VFP hardware oating-
point unit, while armel was limited to emulating
oating point operations in software.[214][215] Since
the Raspberry Pi included a VFP, being able to
make use of the hardware unit would result in per-
formance gains and reduced power use for oating
point operations.[211] The armhf eort in mainline
Debian, however, was orthogonal to the work sur-
rounding the Pi and only intended to allow Debian
to run on ARMv7 at a minimum, which would mean
the Pi, an ARMv6 device, would not benet.[212] As
a result, Thompson and Green set out to build the
19,000 Debian packages for the device using a cus-
tom build cluster.[211]
6.3 Post-launch
16 April 2012 Reports appear from the rst buyers
who had received their Raspberry Pi.[216][217]
20 April 2012 The schematics for the Model A
and Model B are released.[218]
18 May 2012 The Foundation reported on its
blog about a prototype camera module they had
6 HISTORY
tested.[219] The prototype used a 14-megapixel mod-
ule.
22 May 2012 Over 20,000 units had been
shipped.[220]
16 July 2012 It was announced that 4,000 units
were being manufactured per day, allowing Rasp-
berry Pis to be bought in bulk.[221][222]
24 August 2012 Hardware accelerated video
(H.264) encoding becomes available after it became
known that the existing license also covered encod-
ing. Formerly it was thought that encoding would
be added with the release of the announced camera
module.[223][224] However, no stable software exists
for hardware H.264 encoding.[225] At the same time
the Foundation released two additional codecs that
can be bought separately, MPEG-2 and Microsofts
VC-1. Also it was announced that the Pi will im-
plement CEC, enabling it to be controlled with the
televisions remote control.[47]
July 2012 Release of Raspbian.[226]
5 September 2012 The Foundation announced a
second revision of the Raspberry Pi Model B.[227] A
revision 2.0 board is announced, with a number of
minor corrections and improvements.[228]
6 September 2012 Announcement that in future
the bulk of Raspberry Pi units would be manufac-
tured in the UK, at Sony's manufacturing facility in
Pencoed, Wales. The Foundation estimated that the
plant would produce 30,000 units per month, and
would create about 30 new jobs.[229][230]
15 October 2012 It is announced that new Rasp-
berry Pi Model Bs are to be tted with 512 MB in-
stead of 256 MB RAM.[231]
24 October 2012 The Foundation announces
that all of the VideoCore driver code which runs
on the ARM had been released as free software
under a BSD-style license, making it the rst
ARM-based multimedia SoC with fully-functional,
vendor-provided (as opposed to partial, reverse en-
gineered) fully open-source drivers, although this
claim has not been universally accepted.[125] On 28
February 2014, they also announced the release of
full documentation for the VideoCore IV graphics
core, and a complete source release of the graphics
stack under a 3-clause BSD license[232][233]
October 2012 It was reported that some customers
of one of the two main distributors had been wait-
ing more than six months for their orders. This
was reported to be due to diculties in sourcing
the CPU and conservative sales forecasting by this
distributor.[234]
6.3 Post-launch
17 December 2012 The Foundation, in collab-
oration with IndieCity and Velocix, opens the Pi
Store, as a one-stop shop for all your Raspberry
Pi (software) needs. Using an application included
in Raspbian, users can browse through several cate-
gories and download what they want. Software can
also be uploaded for moderation and release.[235]
3 June 2013 'New Out Of Box Software or
NOOBS is introduced. This makes the Raspberry
Pi easier to use by simplifying the installation of an
operating system. Instead of using specic software
to prepare an SD card, a le is unzipped and the
contents copied over to a FAT formatted (4 GB or
bigger) SD card. That card can then be booted on Raspberry Pi Model B
the Raspberry Pi and a choice of six operating sys-
tems is presented for installation on the card. The
system also contains a recovery partition that allows
for the quick restoration of the installed OS, tools
to modify the cong.txt and an online help button
and web browser which directs to the Raspberry Pi
Forums. [236]
October 2013 The Foundation announces that
the one millionth Pi had been manufactured in the
United Kingdom. [237]
November 2013: they announce that the two mil-
lionth Pi shipped between 24 and 31 October.[238]
28 February 2014 On the day of the second an-
niversary of the Raspberry Pi, Broadcom, together
with the Raspberry PI foundation, announced the re-
lease of full documentation for the VideoCore IV
graphics core, and a complete source release of the
graphics stack under a 3-clause BSD license.[232][233]
Raspberry Pi Compute Module
7 April 2014 The ocial Raspberry Pi blog
announced the Raspberry Pi Compute Module, a
device in a 200-pin DDR2 SO-DIMM-congured
memory module (though not in any way compatible
with such RAM), intended for consumer electronics
designers to use as the core of their own products.[40]
June 2014 The ocial Raspberry Pi blog men-
tioned that the three millionth Pi shipped in early
May 2014.[239]
11
14 July 2014 The ocial Raspberry Pi blog an-
nounced the Raspberry Pi Model B+, the nal evo-
lution of the original Raspberry Pi. For the same
price as the original Raspberry Pi model B, but in-
corporating numerous small improvements people
have been asking for.[38]
10 November 2014 The ocial Raspberry Pi blog
announced the Raspberry Pi Model A+.[42] It is the
smallest and cheapest (US$20) Raspberry Pi so far
and has the same processor and RAM as the model
A. Like the A, it has no Ethernet port, and only one
USB port, but does have the other innovations of the
B+, like lower power, micro-SD-card slot, and 40-
pin HAT compatible GPIO.
2 February 2015 The ocial Raspberry Pi blog
announced the Raspberry Pi 2. Looking like a
Model B+, it has a 900 MHz quad-core ARMv7
Cortex-A7 CPU, twice the memory (for a total of
1 GB) and complete compatibility with the original
generation of Raspberry Pis.[240]
14 May 2015 The price of Model B+ was de-
creased from US$35 to 25, purportedly as a side
eect of the production optimizations from the Pi
2 development.[241] Industry observers have skepti-
cally noted, however, that the price drop appeared to
be a direct response to the C.H.I.P., a lower-priced
competitor.[242]
26 November 2015 The Raspberry Pi Foundation
launched the Raspberry Pi Zero, the smallest and
cheapest member of the Raspberry Pi family yet, at
65 mm 30 mm, and US$5. The Zero is similar to
the model A+ without camera and LCD connectors,
while smaller and uses less power. It was given away
with the Raspberry PI magazine Magpi #40 that was
distributed in the UK and US that day the MagPi
was sold out at almost every retailer internationally
due to the freebie.[41]
29 February 2016 Raspberry Pi 3 with a
BCM2837 1.2 GHz 64-bit quad processor based
12
on the ARMv8 Cortex A53, with built-in Wi-Fi
BCM43438 802.11n 2.4 GHz and Bluetooth 4.1
Low Energy (BLE). Starting with a 32-bit Raspbian
version, with a 64-bit version later to come if there
is value in moving to 64-bit mode. In the same an-
nouncement it was said that a new BCM2837 based
Compute Module was expected to be introduced a
few months later.[243]
February 2016 The Raspberry Pi Foundation an-
nounces that they had sold eight million devices (for
all models combined), making it the best-selling [10] BCM2835 Media Processor; Broadcom. Broad-
UK personal computer, ahead of the Amstrad
PCW.[244][245] Sales reached ten million in Septem-
ber 2016.[6]
25 April 2016 Raspberry Pi Camera v2.1 an-
nounced with 8 Mpixels, in normal and NoIR (can
receive IR) versions. The camera uses the Sony [12] Raspberry Pi 2 on sale now at $35. Raspberry Pi Foun-
IMX219 chip with a resolution of 3280 2464. To
make use of the new resolution the software has to
[13] Upton, Eben (29 February 2016). Raspberry Pi 3 on
be updated.[246]
10 October 2016 NEC Display Solutions an-
nounces that select models of commercial displays
to be released in early 2017 will incorporate a Rasp-
berry Pi 3 Compute Module.[247]
14 October 2016 Raspberry Pi Foundation an-
nounces their cooperation with NEC Display Solu-
tions. They expect that the Raspberry Pi 3 Compute
Module will be available to the general public by the
end of 2016.[248]
25 November 2016 11 million units sold.[249]
7 See also
RACHEL
Comparison of single-board computers
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 18 10 EXTERNAL LINKS

[239] RASPBERRY PI AT BUCKINGHAM PALACE, 3 10 External links

MILLION SOLD. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
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PC that costs $35. the Guardian.

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Archived from the original on 29 February 2016.

[246] New 8-megapixel camera board on sale at $25. 2016-

04-25. Retrieved 2016-05-06. both visible-light and in-
frared cameras based on the Sony IMX219 8-megapixel
sensor, at the same low price of $25. Theyre available
today from our partners RS Components and element14

[247] NEC Display Solutions announces collaboration with

Raspberry Pi. NEC. 2016-10-10. Retrieved 2016-11-
10.

[248] Upton, Eben (2016-10-14). The Compute Module

now in an NEC display near you. Raspberry Pi Foun-
dation. Retrieved 2016-11-10.

[249] The Mag Pi Magazine issue 53, Page 10, Raspberry Pi

Foundation, On 25 November, it was conrmed that total
sales of the Raspberry Pi have now topped 11 million.

9 Further reading

Raspberry Pi For Dummies; Sean McManus and

Mike Cook; 432 pages; 2013; ISBN 978-
1118554210.

Getting Started with Raspberry Pi; Matt Richardson

and Shawn Wallace; 176 pages; 2013; ISBN 978-
1449344214.

Raspberry Pi User Guide; Eben Upton and

Gareth Halfacree; 312 pages; 2014; ISBN 978-
1118921661.

Hello Raspberry Pi!; Ryan Heitz; 320 pages; 2016;

ISBN 978-1617292453.

Getting Started with Wolfram Language and Mathe-

matica for Raspberry Pi; Agus Kurniawan; 73 pages;
2016; ISBN B01BON8NCI.
 19

11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

11.1 Text

Raspberry Pi Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi?oldid=760112894 Contributors: William Avery, KYSoh, Frecklefoot,

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Mt Barker the same time, Lee Jacky-Lee, CarlosHBC, Brunexgeek, Tabbytoy, Edwinbubble, Shadowdog145, JayLoerns, Rubus Rubus,
Avisinthetoolbarn, Hacktivist117, Thartz17, Ilovecars mukut, AwlsomeAlex, Qna.qkimova, Hogyncymru, Benjo titus, Lone ranger96, Ret-
rospace111, JayRulesWikipedia, Joeyinthehouse, BookByte, LightningScout, GSS-1987, DrAlso, Doulph88, Jsmith7342, Galcorlo, Wiki-
wikiwikiwilliam, AKLover1030, Kapoor17kapoor, SebSebastian9, Medicalmasterpiece, Herbfargus, Starquake64, Duncantse, DanKGe-
orge, GreenC bot, Bytesock, Exemplo347, Gulumeemee, Fmadd, TavixVi, Normakku, Ak47usa, Target360YT, Prouser123, Marvellous
Spider-Man, Mark54ems, Pictomania, Et5m46k, Timrowledge, Bender the Bot, Mksuryaprakash, T.cooper, Rishi321, StarSystem, Jby-
worth and Anonymous: 552
20 11 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

11.2 Images
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-
nal artist: ?
File:Desktop_computer_clipart_-_Yellow_theme.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Desktop_
computer_clipart_-_Yellow_theme.svg License: CC0 Contributors: https://openclipart.org/detail/17924/computer Original artist: AJ from
openclipart.org
File:Drawing_of_Raspberry_Pi_model_A+_rev1.1.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Drawing_of_
Raspberry_Pi_model_A%2B_rev1.1.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: OpenOce Draw and Inkscape
Previously published: modied version of File:Raspberry_Pi_B+_rev_1.2.svg Original artist: Efa
File:Drawing_of_Raspberry_Pi_model_B_rev2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Drawing_of_
Raspberry_Pi_model_B_rev2.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: modied version of File:Drawing_of_Raspberry_Pi_model_A+
_rev1.1.svg Original artist: Efa
File:Edit-clear.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The
Tango! Desktop Project. Original artist:
The people from the Tango! project. And according to the meta-data in the le, specically: Andreas Nilsson, and Jakub Steiner (although
minimally).
File:Location_of_connectors_and_ICs_on_Raspberry_Pi_Zero.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/
Location_of_connectors_and_ICs_on_Raspberry_Pi_Zero.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Using OpenOce Draw 4.1.2
Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Efa
File:Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg Li-
cense: LGPL Contributors: The source code of this SVG is <a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text' href='//validator.
w3.org/check?uri=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3AFilepath%2FNuvola_apps_bookcase.
svg,<span>,&,</span>,ss=1#source'>valid</a>. Original artist: Peter Kemp
File:Raspberry-Pi-2-Bare-BR.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Raspberry-Pi-2-Bare-BR.jpg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Evan-Amos
File:Raspberry-Pi-2-Bare-Bottom.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Raspberry-Pi-2-Bare-Bottom.
jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Evan-Amos
File:Raspberry-Pi-2-Bare-FL.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Raspberry-Pi-2-Bare-FL.jpg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Evan-Amos
File:RaspberryPi_3B.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/RaspberryPi_3B.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Efa at English Wikipedia
File:Raspberry_Pi_-_Model_A.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Raspberry_Pi_-_Model_A.jpg Li-
cense: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Raspberry Pi - Model A Original artist: SparkFun Electronics from Boulder, USA
File:Raspberry_Pi_1A.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Raspberry_Pi_1A.svg License: CC BY-SA
3.0 Contributors: Using OpenOce Draw 4.1.2
Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Efa
File:Raspberry_Pi_3_Model_B.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Raspberry_Pi_3_Model_B.png
License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Herbfargus
File:Raspberry_Pi_B+_rev_1.2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Raspberry_Pi_B%2B_rev_1.2.svg
License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Efa2
File:Raspberry_Pi_Compute_Module.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Raspberry_Pi_Compute_
Module.png License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Raspberry Pi Foundation Original artist: Raspberry Pi Foundation
File:Raspberry_Pi_Logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cb/Raspberry_Pi_Logo.svg License: Fair use Con-
tributors:
The logo is from the <a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text' href='http://raspberrypi.org'>raspberrypi.org</a> website. publicly avail-
able PNG. Converted to SVG by DarkSTALKER. Original artist: ?
File:Raspberry_Pi_Model_B.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Raspberry_Pi_Model_B.JPG Li-
cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Justin417
File:Raspberry_Pi_board_at_TransferSummit_2011_cropped.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/
Raspberry_Pi_board_at_TransferSummit_2011_cropped.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: File:Raspberry Pi board at TransferSum-
mit 2011.jpg Original artist: Paul Downey
File:Raspberrypi_block_function_v01.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Raspberrypi_block_
function_v01.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Wirepath
File:Raspberrypi_video_API_03.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Raspberrypi_video_API_03.svg
License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Wirepath
File:Symbol_list_class.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:XO_Motherboard.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/XO_Motherboard.png License: CC BY-SA
3.0 Contributors: http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Image:XO_Motherboard.png, uploaded by Kozuch Original artist: John A. Watlington

11.3 Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0