Structural

Dynamics
ECVL462
Dr. SanaAmir
Introduction
Structural Dynamics: Essentially it is the response analysis
for structures subjected to dynamic loadings.

Dynamic Forces/loads : The time-varying loads, such as

those caused by wind, vortex, water wave, vehicle, impact,
blast or ground motion like earthquake.

Static loads: Structural dead loads and live loads that have
the same magnitude and direction throughout their
application.
Dynamic System : A dynamic system is a simple
representation of physical systems and is modelled by mass,
damping and stiffness.

Stiffness is the resistance it provides to deformations,

mass is the matter it contains and
damping represents its ability to decrease its own motion with
time.
Mass is a fundamental property of matter and is present in all physical systems.
This is simply the weight of the structure divided by the acceleration due to gravity.
Mass contributes an inertia force (equal to mass times acceleration) in the dynamic
equation of motion.

Stiffness makes the structure more rigid, lessens the dynamic effects and makes it
more dependent on static forces and displacements. Usually, structural systems are
made stiffer by increasing the cross-sectional dimension, making the structures
shorter or using stiffer materials.

Damping is often the least known of all the elements of a structural system.

Whereas the mass and the stiffness are well-known properties and measured easily,
damping is usually determined from experimental results or values assumed from
experience.
There are several sources of damping in a dynamic system.

Viscous damping is the most used damping system and provides a force directly
proportional to the structural velocity. This is a fair representation of structural
damping in many cases and for the purpose of analysis, it is convenient to assume
viscous damping (also known as linear viscous damping).

Viscous damping is usually an intrinsic property of the material and originates from
internal resistance to motion between different layers within the material itself.

However, damping can also be due to friction between different materials or

different parts of the structure (called frictional damping), drag between fluids or
structures flowing past each other, etc. Sometimes, external forces themselves can
contribute to (increase or decrease) the damping. Damping is also increased in
structures artificially by external sources.
Undamped Single Degree of Freedom System
What is an Analytical or Mathematical Model?

Theanalysisanddesignofstructurestoresist theeffect
producedbytimedependentforcesormotionrequires
conceptualidealizationsandsimplifyingassumptionsthrough
whichthephysicalsystem isrepresentedbyanidealized
system.

Materialassumptions
Loadingassumptions
Geometricassumptions
1.1 Degrees of Freedom
Single degree of freedom system
 TheforceF(t)isafunctionoftimeindicatingthatthisisadynamicproblem.

Eachelementrepresentsasingleproperty.

Massmrepresents?
Springelementkrepresents?
Dampingelementcrepresents?

Dotheseidealizationsexistinthereal,physicalworld?

Practicallytheinformationacquiredissufficient.
1.2 Undamped system
LetstakeasimpleSDOFsystem:

Disregardfrictionalforcesordamping
Disregardingexternalforcesduringitsmotionorvibration

ThismeansthesystemisinFREEVIBRATION.
Motionisonlyduetoinitialconditions,thatisgiven
displacementandvelocityattimet=0.

Thisiscalledasimpleundamped oscillator.
 Matterofpreferencetousewhichtypeofanalyticalmodel
Springcharacteristics
Theslopeofthelinebortheconstantofproportionality
betweentheforceanddisplacementcurveofalinearspringis
calledspringconstantorstiffness,k.

SameforallcurveswiththezoneE.
 Importantpointstokeepinmind:
1.3 Springs in Parallel or Series
Springsinparallel
Springsinseries
1.4 Newtons laws of motion
 WhereFistheresultantforceactingonaparticleofmassm
andaistheresultantacceleration.Theequationisinitsvector
formandcanberepresentedinitscomponentsalongx,yand
zdirections.

Theaccelerationisthesecondderivativeofpositionvector,
hencetheseequationsaredifferentialequations.
 1.5 Free Body Diagram
Sketchofabodyisolatedfromallotherbodies,inwhichalltheforces
externaltothebodyareshown.
TheFBDofthemassmoftheoscillator,displacedinthepositivedirection
withreferencetocoordinateuandacteduponbythespringforceFs =ku
(assumingalinearspring).
 1.6 D ' Alembert's Principle
Asystemmaybesetinastateofdynamicequilibriumby
addingtotheexternalforcesafictitiousforcethatiscommonly
knownastheinertialforce.
1.2