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10
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Mental Math and Estimation

Practice 1 Meaning of Sum

Find the sum of the numbers.
Example
96 and 73
9 6 96 73
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+ 7 3

The sum of 96 and 73 is .

1. 700 and 200

7 0 0 700 200
+ 2 0 0

The sum of and is .

2. 215 and 507

2 15 215 507
+ 5 0 7

The sum of and is .

Lesson 1 Meaning of Sum 1

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 Solve.
Use bar models to help you.
3. Al spent $27 on a shirt and $120 on books.
Find the sum of money Al spent.

+ =

The sum of money Al spent is $ .

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4. Harry is 12 years old.
His sister is 9 years younger.
Find the sum of their ages.

+ =

The sum of their ages is years.

5. Greg has collected 32 green jumping beans.

His mother gives him 15 red jumping beans more.
Find the sum of jumping beans Greg has now.

+ =

The sum of jumping beans Greg has now is .

2 Chapter 10 Mental Math and Estimation

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Practice 2 Mental Addition

Climb each step by adding mentally.
1.

93 + 6
63 + 4
72 + 7
96 + 2
54 + 3
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45 + 4
73 + 3
21 + 8

Find the missing numbers.

Add mentally.

Example 2. 75 + 6 = ?
38 + 7 = ?
6
7
10
10

75 + =
38 + =
= =

So, 38 + 7 = . So, 75 + 6 = .

3. 69 + 5 = 4. 48 + 4 =

5. 29 + 9 = 6. 65 + 8 =
Lesson 2 Mental Addition 3

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 Find the missing numbers.
Add mentally.
Example
123 + 5 = ?
7. 632 + 7 =

123
120
8. 712 + 3 =

+5=

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+ = 9. 534 + 5 =
So, 123 + 5 = .

Example
409 + 7 = ?
10. 375 + 6 =
7
10

11. 275 + 8 =

409 + =

= 12. 629 + 9 =

So, 409 + 7 = .

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Find the missing numbers.

Add mentally.
Example
246 + 20 = ?
13. 348 + 50 =

246
206
14. 741 + 30 =

+ 20 =
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+ =
15. 653 + 10 =
So, 246 + 20 = .

Example
352 + 70 = ?
16. 427 + 80 =
70
100

17. 535 + 90 =

352 + =

= 18. 164 + 60 =

So, 352 + 70 = .

Lesson 2 Mental Addition 5

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 Find the missing numbers.
Add mentally.

Example 19. 765 + 100 = ?

315 + 200 = ?

765
315 65
15
+ 100 =

+ 200 = + =

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+ = So, 765 + 100 = .

So, 315 + 200 = .

Add mentally.
20. 452 + 500 =

21. 264 + 300 =

22. 412 + 300 =

23. 178 + 300 =

24. 708 + 200 =

25. 320 + 600 =

6 Chapter 10 Mental Math and Estimation

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Practice 3 Meaning of Difference

Find the difference between the numbers.
Example
40 and 17 40

4 0
1 7

= 17
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The difference between 40 and 17 is .

1. 156 and 82 156

1 5 6
8 2

=
82

The difference between 156 and 82 is .

2. 800 and 785 800

8 0 0
7 8 5

= 785

The difference between 800 and 785 is .

Lesson 3 Meaning of Difference 7

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 Solve.
Use bar models to help you.
3. Tonya collected 320 friendship bracelets and her sister collected 290.
Find the difference between the number of friendship bracelets.

320

Tonya

Sister

290 ?

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=

The difference is friendship bracelets.

4. Joe and Susan went for a run.

Joe ran 24 laps and Susan ran 15 laps.
Find the difference between the number of laps they ran.

24 laps

Joe

Susan

15 laps ?

The difference is laps.

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Solve.
Use bar models to help you.
5. Kiki baked 120 muffins on Monday.
She baked 219 muffins on Tuesday.
What is the difference between these two amounts?

120 muffins ?

Monday

Tuesday

219 muffins
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=

The difference is .

6. Mr. Wong wants to buy a camera that costs $401.

He saved $315.
What is the difference between the amounts of money?

$401 The difference gives
the amount of money
Camera Mr. Wong needs to
buy the camera.
Savings

$315 ?

The difference is $ .

Lesson 3 Meaning of Difference 9

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 Solve.
Use bar models to help you.
7. Elizabeth has a blue ribbon and a red ribbon.
The blue ribbon is 27 centimeters long.
The red ribbon is 18 centimeters long.
What is the difference between their lengths?

27 cm

Blue Ribbon

Red Ribbon

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18 cm ?

The difference is .

10 Chapter 10 Mental Math and Estimation

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Practice 4 Mental Subtraction

Find the missing numbers.
Subtract mentally.

Example1. 56 8 = ?
43 6 = ?

8
6 10
10

56 =
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43
= + =

+
= So, 56 8 = .

So, 43 6 = .

Subtract mentally.

2. 84 7 =

3. 38 9 =

4. 62 8 =

5. 76 7 =

Lesson 4 Mental Subtraction 11

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 Find the missing numbers.
Subtract mentally.
Example 6. 398 4 =
789 5 5 ?
9
789 7. 427 2 =
780

5=
8. 358 6 =

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+ =

So, 789 5 = .

Find the missing numbers.

Subtract mentally.
Example 9. 472 3 =
364 6 = ?

10 10. 513 9 =
4

364 =
11. 394 7 =
+ =

So, 364 6 = .

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Find the missing numbers.

Subtract mentally.
Example 12. 475 40 =
348 20 5 ?

348 13. 466 30 =

308

20 =
14. 654 50 =
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+ =

So, 348 20 = .

Find the missing numbers.

Subtract mentally.
Example 15. 516 70 =
641 50 = ?

100 16. 228 30 =

50

641 =
17. 436 40 =
+ =

So, 641 50 = .

Lesson 4 Mental Subtraction 13

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 Find the missing numbers.
Subtract mentally.
Example 18. 832 400 = ?
256 100 = ?

832
256
32
56
400 =

100 = + =

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+ = So, 832 400 = .

So, 256 100 = .

Find the missing numbers.

Subtract mentally.

19. 348 300 =

20. 548 300 =

21. 615 400 =

22. 465 200 =

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Practice 5 Rounding Numbers to Estimate

Mark each number with an on the number line.

48 35 26

10 20 30 40 50 60

Round each number to the nearest ten.

Circle it on the number line. Then fill in the blanks.
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Example
...
12 is nearer to 10 than to 20 .
10 20

12 is about 10 when rounded to the nearest ten.

1. 48 is nearer to than to .

48 is about when rounded to the nearest ten.

2. 35 is about when rounded to the nearest ten.

3. 26 is nearer to than to .

26 is about when rounded to the nearest ten.

Lesson 5 Rounding Numbers to Estimate 15

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 Look at the digits in the tens place. Then fill in the blanks.
Example

37 is between
30 and
40 .

4. 86 86 is between and .

5. 93 93 is between and .

6. 286 286 is between and .

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7. 721 721 is between and .

Mark each number with an on the number line.

Round each number to the nearest ten.
Circle the number on the number line.
Then fill in the last column of the table.

Number Number line Write using 'is about'

Example is about
315 310 315 320

8. 769
760 770

9. 501
500 510

10. 896
890 900

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Complete the table.

Rounded to the Write using 'is about'

Number
nearest ten
Example is about
78
11. 15

12. 34

13. 217
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14. 697

15. 728

The numbers in each problem are rounded to the nearest ten.

Find the greatest and least number that is rounded.
Use the number line to help you.
Example

Mr. Johnson spent about $80 at a department store.

70 75 80 85

The greatest amount he could have spent is $ .

The least amount he could have spent is $ .

Lesson 5 Rounding Numbers to Estimate 17

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 16. Charles drinks about 790 milliliters of fruit juice in one day.

780 785 790 795

The greatest amount he could have had is milliliters.

The least amount he could have had is milliliters.

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17. Shateel ran about 750 meters.

740 745 750 755

The greatest distance she could have run is meters.

The least distance she could have run is meters.

18. The mass of a bag of potatoes is about 830 grams.

820 825 830 835

The greatest mass of the potatoes could be grams.

The least mass of the potatoes could be grams.

18 Chapter 10 Mental Math and Estimation

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Find the sum or difference.

Then round each number to the nearest ten.
Estimate the sum or difference to check that the answers
are reasonable.
Example

763 + 36 = 799

763 is about .
36 is about .
760 + 40 = .
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So, 763 + 36 is about .

Is the answer reasonable?
Explain.

19. 238 + 98 =
238 is about .
98 is about .
+ = .
So, 238 + 98 is about .
Is the answer reasonable? Explain.

20. 847 95 =
847 is about .
95 is about .
= .
So, 846 94 is about .
Is the answer reasonable? Explain.
Lesson 5 Rounding Numbers to Estimate 19

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 21. 781 + 49 =
Check: + = .
Is the answer reasonable? Explain.

22. 259 72 =
Check: = .
Is the answer reasonable? Explain.

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23. The school principal has $900 to buy items for the school.
Round the cost of each item to the nearest ten.
Then estimate the total cost.
4 textbooks cost $96.
a. 96 is when rounded to the nearest ten.

A printer costs $215.

b. 215 is when rounded to the nearest ten.

A camera costs $147.

c. 147 is when rounded to the nearest ten.

A computer costs $385.

d. 385 is when rounded to the nearest ten.

The estimated total cost is $ .

Does the principal have enough money to pay for all the items?

20 Chapter 10 Mental Math and Estimation

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Chapter Review/Test
Vocabulary
sum
Fill in the blanks with words from the box.
difference
1. You can use an estimate to check that a sum
nearest ten
is .
reasonable
2. 86 is 90 when rounded to the .

3. Add to find the of two or more numbers.

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4. Subtract to find the between two or more numbers.

Concepts and Skills

Add mentally.
5. 325 + 9 = 6. 436 + 20 =

7. 691 + 70 = 8. 635 + 300 =

Subtract mentally.
9. 541 5 = 10. 863 50 =

11. 238 70 = 12. 617 400 =

Round each number to the nearest ten.

13. 65 is about . 14. 132 is about .

15. 29 is about . 16. 396 is about .

Chapter 10 Mental Math and Estimation 21

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 Find the sum or difference. Then round each number
to the nearest ten to check that the answers are reasonable.

17. 76 + 83 = 18. 182 + 95 =

+ = + =

19. 628 145 = 20. 598 136 =

= =

Problem Solving
Solve. Then use estimation to check that the answers are reasonable.

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21. Mrs. Brown buys a set of books and a giant teddy bear.
The set of books costs $154.
The giant teddy bear costs $122.
Find the sum of the amount for both prices.
+ =
Check: + = .
Is the answer reasonable? Explain.

The two things cost about $ .

22. Pete earns $103 a month delivering newspapers.

Shawn earns $175 a month delivering pizzas.
What is the difference in the amounts they earn?
=
Check: = .
Is the answer reasonable? Explain.

The difference is about $ .

22 Chapter 10 Mental Math and Estimation

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