Main Design

Design of Solar absorption refrigeration of 5TR
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Most of industrial processes use a lot of thermal energy by burning fossil fuel to produce steam
or heat for the purpose. After the processes, heat is rejected to the surrounding as waste. This
waste heat can be converted to useful refrigeration by using a heat operated refrigeration system,
such as an absorption refrigeration cycle. Electricity purchased from utility companies for
conventional vapor compression refrigerators can be reduced. The use of heat operated
refrigeration systems help reduce problems related to global environment, such as the so called
greenhouse effect from CO2 emission from the combustion of fossil fuels in utility power plants.
Another difference between absorption systems and conventional vapor compression systems is
the working fluid used. Most vapor compression systems commonly use chlorofluorocarbon
refrigerants (CFCs), because of their thermo physical properties. It is through the restricted use
of CFCs, due to depletion of the ozone layer that will make absorption systems more prominent.
However, although absorption systems seem to provide many advantages, vapor compression
systems still dominate all market sectors. In order to promote the use of absorption systems,
further development is required to improve their performance and reduce cost [26].
As an alternative to heat generated from power plants solar energy can be used in urbanized
community. However, for rural communities in developing countries it is the best source of
energy. There are several important reasons for considering solar energy as an energy resource to
meet the needs of developing countries.
First, most of the countries called developing are in or adjacent to the tropics and have
good solar radiation available.
Secondly, energy is a critical need of these countries but they do not have widely
distributed readily available supplies of conventional energy resources.
Thirdly, most of the developing countries are characterized by arid climates, dispersed
and inaccessible populations and a lack of investment capital and are thus faced with
practically insuperable obstacles to the provision of energy by conventional means, for
example, by electrification. In contrast to this solar energy is readily available and is
already distributed to the potential users.
Kibrom w. & Samson T. Page 1

Fourthly, because of the diffuse nature of solar energy the developments all over the
world have been in smaller units, which fit well into the pattern of rural economics [16].
1.1 Back ground

Refrigeration is the process of removing heat from an area or a substance and is usually done by
an artificial means of lowering the temperature, such as the use of ice or mechanical
refrigeration.
1.1.1 Vapor compression refrigeration
This system is also referred to as mechanical refrigeration. Dry saturated working fluid
(refrigerant) is compressed isentropic ally or in a reversible adiabatic to the condenser pressure at
the compressor. Since the refrigerant undergoes a change of phase during the cyclic process, it is
said to be a phase change cycle. The refrigerant is then condensed in a heat exchanger giving
saturated liquid. Then isentropic expansion takes place in order for bringing the temperature and
pressure of the refrigerant to evaporator pressure and temperature. At the evaporator, it
evaporates by giving the refrigerating effect of the required item. After evaporation, it enters the
compressor again thus completing the cycle [3].
1.1.2 Vapor absorption refrigeration

An absorption-generation process replaces the compressor. Now, instead of compressing a vapor
between the evaporator and the condenser as in a vapor compression refrigeration cycle, the
refrigerant is absorbed by a secondary substance, called an absorbent, to form a liquid solution.
The liquid solution is then pumped to the higher pressure [28].
The early development of an absorption cycle dates back to the 1700s. It was known that ice
could be produced by an evaporation of pure water from a vessel contained within an evacuated
container in the presence of sulfuric acid. In1810, ice could be made from water in a vessel,
which was connected to another vessel containing sulfuric acid. As the acid absorbed water
vapor, causing a reduction of temperature, layers of ice were formed on the water surface. The
major problems of this system were corrosion and leakage of air into the vacuum vessel. In 1859,
Ferdinand Carrie introduced a novel machine using water/ammonia as the working fluid. This
machine took out a US patent in 1860. Machines based on this patent were used to make ice and
store food. It was used as a basic design in the early age of refrigeration development.

In the 1950s, a system using lithium bromide/water as the working fluid was introduced for
industrial applications. A few years later, double-effect absorption system was introduced and has
been used for a high performance heat operated refrigeration cycle [12].
1.2 Problem statement

The unequal distribution of electricity supply between the urban and rural community was seen
to be the main cause for non-fulfillment of high demand of newer technological innovations in
competition. There are many circumstances where people do not have access to electricity or gas
to power a refrigeration system. For this reason, people are not able to store food as they would if
they had electricity. The need for preserving food and other spoiling commodities like in villages
is the main concern.
The use of household vapor compression refrigeration is limited due to lack of electricity supply
and unavailability of refrigerant without considerable side effect.
Many of the vaccines used to control diseases require cold temperatures for preservation.
Without a reliable power infrastructure, developing countries often lack the resources for keeping
these vaccines cool in the long-term, hampering the ability to adequately protect citizens.
1.3 Objective
The objective of this project is to design a solar driven absorption refrigerator to be used in
remote areas which after few developments is going to be a multipurpose refrigerator i.e. to be
used for air conditioning, preserving foods, preserving vaccines(medicines) and ice making for
selling(commercial purpose).
The machine is assumed cost effective, robust or healthy so that it is going to be accessible for
everyone in need.
1.4 Specific objective

Design an absorption refrigerator which is driven by solar energy, uses air for condenser
cooling , equipped with bubble pump and capable of preserving vaccines and related
medicals(Design an absorption refrigerator capable of maintaining a temperature between 2C
and 8C) which are used in rural health care center or clinics. It utilizes passive solar energy and
can be built from available materials in nearby in our country Ethiopia.

1.5 Methodology
In solar absorption refrigeration system using Ammonia-water as working fluids, a solar

collector is used to heat an Ammonia solution which causes the ammonia to boil off and settle at
the end of the system. Then, when the solar collector cools down, the ammonia at the end of the
system evaporates, collecting heat from the refrigerator and flowing back through the system to
rejoin with the absorbent.
For designing, the refrigeration system we have used:
Text books
Internet
Soft copies of different reviews
And etc
The current design of the refrigerator is based on the weather of Mekelle, which could be best for
determining capacity and demand of target places. Mekelle is located in Tigray, Ethiopia at an
altitude of 13.40N and latitude of 150E.
1.6 Significance
The study and finish of this project has so many advantages. Of these advantages:-
a) For us who deal with the design of the refrigerating machines it helped us know more
about how absorption refrigerator operates, how to apply solar energy for refrigeration
and food preservation, recommended vaccine temperatures and what refrigerants to use
for such an application.
b) For those who want to deal with it will be a good guidance and good reference for further
research works.
1.7 Scope
The scope of this project work is limited to the design only because the department is unable to
provide us with money for developing the prototype. However, this work includes design and
selection of every component in the circuit of the refrigeration cycle.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
To reach at the status of the refrigeration technology so many studies and researches has been
done. These studies come up with different working fluid pairs and cycles. Each of them has

their positive side and limitations. Some of the well-known studies and researches are compiled
in literature review documents. In case of solar absorption refrigeration, although so many
reviews were found, some are listed below.
A. Single-effect absorption system
Single effect absorption refrigeration system is the simplest and most commonly used design.
There are two design configurations depending on the working fluids used. High temperature
heat supplied to the generator is used to evaporate refrigerant out from the solution (rejected out
to the surroundings at the condenser) and is used to heat the solution from the absorber
temperature (rejected out to the surroundings at the absorber). Thus, irreversibility is caused as
high temperature heat at the generator is wasted out at the absorber and the condenser. In order to
reduce this irreversibility, a solution heat exchange is introduced The heat exchanger allows the
solution from the absorber to be preheated before entering the generator by using the heat from
the hot solution leaving the generator. Therefore, the COP is improved as the heat input at the
generator is reduced. When volatility absorbent such as water/NH3 is used, the system requires
an extra component called a rectifier, which will purify the refrigerant before entering in to the
Condenser.
B. Absorption heat transformer
This system uses heat from an intermediate temperature reservoir as the driving heat (normally
from industrial waste heat). The system rejects heat out at a low temperature level (normally to
the surroundings). The useful output is obtained at the highest temperature level. The use of an
absorption heat transformer allows any waste heat to be upgraded to a higher temperature level
without any other heat input except some work required circulating the working fluid. This cycle
has similar components as a single effect absorption cycle. The difference is that an expansion
device installed between the condenser and the evaporator is substituted by a pump.
C. Multi-effect absorption refrigeration cycle

Double-effect absorption refrigeration cycle was introduced during 1956 and 1958. High
temperature heat from an external source supplies to the first-effect generator. The vapor
refrigerant generated is condensed at high pressure in the second-effect generator. The heat
rejected is used to produce addition refrigerant vapor from the solution coming from the first-

effect generator. This system configuration is considered as a series-flow-double-effect

absorption system.
A double-effect absorption system is considered as a combination of two single effect absorption
systems whose COP value is COP single. Several types of multi-effect absorption cycle have
been analyzed such as the triple effect absorption cycle and the quadruple-effect absorption
cycle. However, an improvement of COP is not directly linked to the increment of number of
effect. It must be noted that, when the number of effects increase, COP of each effect will not be
as high as that for a single-effect system. Moreover, the higher number of effect leads to more
system complexity. Therefore, the double-effect cycle is the one that is available commercially.
D. Absorption refrigeration cycle with GAX
GAX stands for generator/absorber heat exchanger or sometimes is called DAHX, which stands
for disrober/absorber heat exchanger. Higher performance can be achieved with a single-effect
absorption system. Referring to the parallel-flow-double effect absorption system mentioned
earlier, the system consists of two single-effect cycles working in a parallel manner. The concept
of GAX is to simplify this two stage- double-effect absorption cycle but still produce the same
performance. The idea of GAX was introduced in 1911 by Altenkirch and Tenckhoff. An
absorber and a generator may be considered as a counter-flow-heat exchanger at the absorber,
weak-refrigerant solution from the generator and vapor refrigerant from the evaporator enter at
the top section. Heat produced during the absorption process must be rejected out in order to
maintain ability to absorb the refrigerant vapor.
E. Absorption refrigeration cycle with an absorber-heat-recovery
The use of a solution heat exchanger improves the system COP. Rich-refrigerant solution from
the absorber can be preheated before entering the generator by transferring heat from hot solution
coming from the generator. By introducing an absorber-heat-recovery, temperature of the rich-
refrigerant solution can be further increased.
Similar to the GAX system, the absorber is divided into two sections. Heat is rejected out at a
different temperature. The lower temperature section rejects heat out to the surroundings as
usual. This system was studied theoretically by using various working fluids; water/NH3 and
LiNO3/NH3. The cycle with an absorber-heat-recovery was found to have 10% improvement in
COP.

F. Half-effect absorption refrigeration cycle

It must be noted that, any absorption refrigeration system can be operated only when the solution
in the absorber is richer in refrigerant than that in the generator. When the temperature increases
or the pressure reduces, the fraction of refrigerant contained in the solution is reduced, and vice
versa. When the generator temperature is dropped, the solution circulation rate will be increased
causing the COP to drop. If it is too low, the system can be no longer operated. The half-effect
absorption system was introduced for an application with a relatively low-temperature heat
source. The system configuration is the same as the double-effect absorption system using
water/NH3 except the heat flow directions are different. High temperature heat from an external
source transfers to both generators. Both absorbers reject heat out to the surroundings.
G. Combined vapor absorption-compression cycle
This system is usually known as an absorption-compression system. The condenser and the
evaporator of a conventional vapor-compression system are replaced with a restorer (vapor
absorber) and a desorber (vapor generator). For given surrounding temperature and refrigerating
temperature, the pressure differential across the compressor is much lower than a conventional
vapor-compression system. Thus, the COP is expected to be better than a conventional vapor-
compression system.
Altenkirch did the first investigation in 1950 and proposed a potential for energy saving. The
cycle can be configured as a heat pump cycle. The first experimental results of an
absorption/compression cycle with direct desorber/ absorber heat exchanger was presented by
Groll and Radermacher.
. A combined cycle proposed by Caccoila et al. employing two combinations of working Fluids
i.e. NH3/H2O and H2O/KHO. The rectifier is absent and also the highest pressure is decrease.
This is a modified plant from a two stage-solution circuit proposed by Rane and Radermacher.
H. Sorption-resorption cycle
Altenkirch introduced the idea of a sorption-resorption cycle in 1913. The cycle employs two
solution circuits instead of only one. The condenser and evaporator section of a conventional
single-effect absorption system is replaced with a resorber and a desorber respectively. This
provides more flexibility in the cycle design and operations. The solution loops concentrations

can be varied allowing adjustment of the component temperatures and pressures to the
application requirement.
I. Dual-cycle absorption refrigeration
The concept of a dual-cycle absorption system is similar to a parallel-double-effect absorption
system. However, this system consists of two completely separated cycles using different kinds
of working fluid. Hanna et al. invented a dual-cycle absorption refrigeration and heat pump. This
system consists of two single-effect absorption cycles using water/NH3 and LiBr/water. The
NH3 system is driven by heat obtained from an external heat source. The heat reject from its
absorber and condenser is used as a driving heat for the LiBr/water system. The LiBr/water
system rejects heat out to the surrounding at the condenser and the absorber as usual. The cooling
effect can be obtained from both evaporators.
J. Combined ejector-absorption refrigeration cycle

An ejector can be used to improve performance of absorption refrigeration system. One notable
approach was devised by Kuhlenschmidt. The aim is to develop an absorption system using
working fluid based on salt absorbent, capable of operating at low evaporator temperatures and
employing an air-cooled absorber. This system employs two-stage generators similar to that used
in a double effect absorption system. However, in contrast to a conventional double-effect
absorption system, the low-pressure vapor refrigerant from the second-effect generator is used as
a motive fluid for the ejector that entrains vapor refrigerant from the evaporator. The ejector
exhaust is discharged to the absorber, causing the absorber pressure to be at a level higher than
that in the evaporator.
K. Osmotic-membrane absorption cycle
This system was proposed by Zerweck. The system consists of a condenser and an evaporator as
usual. Rich-refrigerant solution in the absorber and weak-refrigerant solution in the generator are
separated from each other by using an osmotic membrane. The osmotic membrane allows only
the refrigerant to pass. Thus, the refrigerant from the absorber can be transferred to the generator
by an osmotic diffusion effect through the membrane without any mechanical pump.
L. Self-circulation absorption system using LiBr/water

Even if the prime energy for an absorption refrigeration system is in the form of heat, some
electricity still required to drive a circulation pump. Some absorption refrigeration systems do
not require any circulation pump. In such a system, working fluid is circulated naturally by a
thermosyphon effect known as a bubble pump.
Yazaki Inc. of Japan introduced a self-circulate absorption refrigeration system based on a single-
effect system using LiBr/water. Using water as a refrigerant, differential pressure between the
condenser and the evaporator is very low and can be maintained by using the principle of
hydrostatic-head. The solution from the absorber can be circulated to the generator by a bubble
pump. The weak-refrigerant solution returns gravitationally back to absorber. With the effect of
the bubble pump, the solution is boiled and pumped at the same time. Smith and Khahra carried
out a study of performance of CH- 900-B Yazaki absorption water chiller operated using propane
gas. Eriksson and Jernqvist developed a 10 kW self-circulation absorption heat transformer using
NaOH/water.
M. Diffusion absorption refrigeration system (DAR)
DAR is another type of self-circulate absorption system using water/NH 3. As NH3 is the working
fluid, differential pressure between the condenser and the evaporator is too large to be overcome
by a bubble-pump. The concept of DAR was proposed by Platen and Munters students at the
Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm. An auxiliary gas is charged to the evaporator and the
absorber. Therefore, no pressure differential in this system and the bubble-pump can be used.
The cooling effect is obtained based on the principle of partial pressure. Because the auxiliary
gas is charged into the evaporator and the absorber, the partial pressure of ammonia in both
evaporator and absorber is kept low enough to correspond with the temperature required inside
the evaporator. The auxiliary gas should be non-condensable such as hydrogen or helium. [26]
2.2 Applications of solar energy technology

a. Refrigeration and air conditioning
A very promising application is refrigeration. Refrigeration encompasses household refrigerators,

space cooling air conditioning of buildings etc. but the best concentrate attention on one

particular possible device, a machine for making ice. This is for several reasons, both
technological and socio-economic. For one thing, converting the solar radiation into ice solves
the problems of intermittency and storage. Ice can be stored for months. In addition, it is
transportable. An ammonia-water cycle is contemplated. Several icemakers and refrigerators
using this cycle and solar energy input have been built [16].
b. Solar Drying
The use of solar energy for crop drying was known to have a long history as in case of farm
harvest drying in plough fields (farm lands) but in case of fruit drying such as tomatoes and
bananas (fruits with high moisture content) is still at grass root level. For our country Ethiopia,
the researches on solar dryers are preceding good to be used at both green houses and home.
There are two types of driers.

The natural convection dryers work based on the principle that the air
density difference causes pressure differences so that the hot air at the
collector side is pushed away and replaced by the cold moisturized or
ambient air.
The forced convection dryers use fan as a means for creating pressure
difference between the hot and cold air so that increase the overall
efficiency of the system.
c. Solar cooking
Cooking is an activity that must be carried out almost on a daily basis for the
sustenance of life. An enormous amount of energy is then expended regularly on
cooking; cooking may be classified in four major categories based on the required
range of temperature. This are :-
1. Baking 85-900c
2. Boiling 100-1300c
3. Frying 200-2500c
4. Roasting >3000c

Solar cooking offers an effective method for utilizing solar energy for meeting a
considerable demand for cooking energy and hence protecting the environment
i.e. it is pollution free, efficient and in exhaustible[29].
Commonly used solar cookers
Box type solar cookers

Concentrating solar cookers
Parabolic solar cookers
Panel type solar cookers
d. Solar water distillation and heaters
Applying solar energy for water purification or distillation water heating for showering and
cleaning purposes is based on the principle that a heat transfer fluid will get heated using solar
energy and this heat is used to boil water to some required temperature for separating from
residues (in case of distillation) and for warming (in case of heating).
2.3 Solar absorption refrigeration

The working fluid in an absorption refrigeration system is a binary solution consisting of
refrigerant and absorbent. The left side or refrigerating components (condenser, expansion valve
and evaporator) contain liquid refrigerant while the right side or regeneration components
(absorber, generator and bubble pump) contain liquid refrigerant contain a binary solution of
absorbent/refrigerant. The solution in the right side will absorb refrigerant vapor from the left
side causing pressure to reduce. While the refrigerant vapor is being absorbed, the temperature of
the remaining refrigerant will reduce because of its vaporization. This causes a refrigeration
effect to occur inside the left side component i.e. the evaporator. At the same time, solution
inside the right side becomes more dilute because of the higher content of refrigerant absorbed.
This is called the absorption process. Normally, the absorption process is an exothermic
process. Therefore, it must reject heat out to the surrounding in order to maintain its absorption
capability.
Whenever the solution cannot continue with the absorption process because of saturation of the
refrigerant, the refrigerant must be separated out from the diluted solution. Heat is normally the
key for this separation process. It is applied to the right side on the absorber in order to dry the
refrigerant from the solution. The refrigerant vapor will be condensed by transferring heat to the

surroundings. With these processes, the refrigeration effect can be produced by using heat
energy.
However, the cooling effect cannot be produced continuously, as the process cannot be done
simultaneously. Therefore, an absorption refrigeration cycle is a combination of these two
processes. As the separation process occurs at a higher pressure than the absorption process, a
pump (solution pump or bubble pump) is required to circulate the solution. The work input for
the pump is negligible relative to the heat input at the generator. Therefore, the pump work is
often neglected for the purposes of analysis [28].
2.4 Thermal analyses
2.4.1 Working fluid for absorption refrigeration systems

Performance of absorption refrigeration systems is critically dependent on the chemical and
thermodynamic properties of the working fluid the mixture should be chemically stable, non-
toxic and non-explosive.
In addition to these requirements, the following characteristics are desirable.
i. The elevation of boiling (the difference in boiling point between the pure refrigerant and
the mixture at the same pressure) should be as large as possible.
ii. Refrigerant should have high heat of vaporization and high concentration within the
absorbent in order to maintain low circulation rate between the generator and the
absorber per unit of cooling capacity.
iii. Transport properties that influence heat and mass transfer, e.g., viscosity, thermal
conductivity and diffusion coefficient should be favorable.
iv. Both refrigerant and absorbent should be non-corrosive, environmental friendly and low-
cost.
A survey of absorption fluids provided by Marcriss suggests that, there are some 40 refrigerant
compounds and 200 absorbent compounds available. The most common working fluids are
Water/NH3 and LiBr/water.
Since the invention of an absorption refrigeration system, water/NH3 has been widely used for
both cooling and heating purposes. Both NH3 (refrigerant) and water (absorbent) are highly
stable for a wide range of operating temperature and pressure. NH 3 has a high latent heat of
vaporization, which is necessary for efficient performance of the system. It can be used for low
temperature applications, as the freezing point of NH 3 is -770C. Since both NH3 and water are

volatile, the cycle requires a rectifier to strip away water that normally evaporates with NH 3.
Without a rectifier, the water would accumulate in the evaporator and offset the system
performance. Disadvantages include its high pressure, toxicity, and corrosive action to copper
and copper alloy. However, water/NH3 is environmental friendly and of low cost.
The use of LiBr/water for absorption refrigeration systems began around 1930. Two outstanding
features of LiBr /water are non-volatility absorbent of LiBr (the need of a rectifier is eliminated)
and extremely high heat of vaporization of water (refrigerant). However, using water as a
refrigerant limits the low temperature application to that above 0 0C. As water is the refrigerant,
the system must be operated under vacuum conditions. At high concentrations, the solution is
prone to crystallization. It is also corrosive to some metal and expensive.
Although LiBr/water and water/NH3 have been widely used for many years and their properties
are well known, R22 and R21 have been widely suggested because of their favorable solubility
with number of organic solvents [26].
2.4.2 Governing equations

The governing equations for the complete absorption refrigeration cycle are given by examining
the balances of mass, energy and momentum for the different components in the cycle.
A thermodynamic simulation of a solar absorption refrigeration cycle has been carried out. The
binary mixture considered in the present equation is H2O NH3 (water ammonia). This simulation
was performed in order to investigate the effect that the generator temperature has over COP and
mass flux on a single absorption refrigeration system that uses solar energy as a primary source.
Phases of the refrigerant and absorbent in the cycle
The circuit diagram

The solar absorption refrigeration without a solution pump but having a bubble pump for
refrigerant circulation is shown in the schematic diagram below.
A-absorber
B-bubble pump
C-condenser
EV-evaporator
EX-expansion valve

G-generator
Figure 1 Schematic
diagram of solar
absorption
refrigeration
A typical single-effect
absorption
refrigeration cycle consists of four basic components, an evaporator, an absorber, a generator and
a condenser. The cooling cycle starts at the evaporator, where liquefied refrigerant boils and
takes some heat away with it from the evaporator, which produces the cold desired in the
refrigerated space. The refrigerant vapor releases its latent heat as it is absorbed by a liquid
absorbent in the absorber.
The flow in the pipes is assumed one- dimensional and no diffusion of heat occurs in the flow
direction. In addition, there is no heat loss from generator to the surroundings nor heat gain by
the evaporator from the surroundings and the expansion process in the valve is assumed to occur
at constant enthalpy.
State 1: exit from generator and inlet to the bubble pump
Super heated ammonia

T1=900c p1=5.16 bar
h1=1510 KJ/kg v1=0.118 m3/ kg
State 2: exit from bubble pump and inlet to condenser

T2=800c p2=8.1 bar

h2=1487.6 KJ/kg v2=0.114 m3/kg
State 3: exit from condenser and inlet to expansion valve
T3=400c p3=15.57 bar

h3=390.6 KJ/kg v3=0.00172 m3/kg
State 4: exit from expansion valve and to evaporator
T4=50c p4=5.17 bar

h4=390.6 KJ/kg v4=0.00158 m3/kg
State 5: exit from evaporator and inlet to absorber
T5=250c p5=5.17 bar

h5=1466.8 KJ/kg v5=0.243 m3/kg
State 6: exit from absorber
T6=400c p6=5.5 bar

At this stage the solution is composed of 50% NH3 and 50% H2O
r =x=0.50
h6= x hNH3+ (1-x) hH2O v6= xvNH3+ (1-x) vH2O

h6=829 KJ/kg v6=0.546 m3/kg
State 7: exit from bubble pump and inlet to the absorber
Saturated water
T7=800c p7=20.4 bar
Kf=0.67 f= 3.78
H 2O =0.79 r=x=0.21
h7=588.7 KJ/kg v7=0.828 m3/kg
Energy balance
Heat cannot be destroyed or lost. However, it can be transferred from one body or substance to
another or to another form of energy. Since heat is not in itself a substance, it can best be

considered in relation to its effect on substances or bodies. When a body or substance is stated to
be cold, the heat that it contains is less concentrated or less intense than the heat in some warmer
body or substance used for comparison.
Energy balance at the evaporator

Taking refrigerating capacity of the refrigerator
Qo=5 TR=17.6 KW
Qo= 4 (h5h4 )
Qo
4=
( h5h 4 ) =0.0164 kg/s
Mass flow rate of the refrigerant ammonia across the cycle
4=2 =3 =5=0.0164 Kg/s

The volume flow rate of ammonia is then
3
3 m
v 5=5v 5 =3.89510

s
At exit from absorber

Rich solution concentration of ammonia
r =0.50
Solution from absorber
Weak solution concentration of ammonia
=0.21
Solution at generator exit a
f= 3.78 f-1=2.78
For water
w = NH 3
3.78*
=0.062 kg/s
v w =wv w =0.62103 m3 /s
Mass flow rate of solution from absorber

F=f NH 3 =0.062 Kg/s
Mass flow rate of hot solution from generator

FNH 3 =0.0456 kg /s
Heat rejected in the absorber

Qa=F ( h5h6 ) + f ( h6 h7 ) =9.586 KW

Heat added at the generator

Qh=( FNH 3 ) ( h1h6 )=31.05 KW
Heat rejected in the condenser

Qk = NH 3 ( h2h 3) =2.4 KW
The rejection ratio

Qk
=1.022
Qo
CHAPTER 3
DESIGN ANALYSIS
3.1 Description of the refrigeration system

The working principle of this refrigerator is based on The Platen-Munters cycle. The Platen-
Munters cycle is an ammonia-water absorption cycle with an inert gas, usually hydrogen,
diffused through the system to maintain a uniform system pressure throughout the cycle. The
diffusion-absorption cycle consists of a generator, bubble pump, absorber, and condenser with
ammonia, water and hydrogen as the working fluids. When heat is supplied to the generator,
bubbles of ammonia gas are produced from the ammonia-water mixture. The ammonia bubbles
rise and lift with them the weak ammonia-water solution (weak in ammonia) through the bubble
pump lift tube. The weak solution is sent to the absorber, while the ammonia vapor rises to the
condenser. In the condenser, heat is removed from the ammonia vapor causing it to condense to a
liquid at the systems total pressure. The condensed ammonia flows down into the evaporator.
Hydrogen supplied to the evaporator passes across the surface of the ammonia, lowering the
partial pressure on the liquid ammonia. This reduction in the partial pressure allows the liquid
ammonia to evaporate at a lower temperature. The evaporation of the ammonia extracts heat
from the evaporator, providing refrigeration to the desired space. The mixture of ammonia and
hydrogen vapor falls from the evaporator to the absorber. A continuous trickle of weak ammonia-

water solution enters the upper portion of the absorber. It is fed by gravity from the bubble pump.
This weak ammonia-water solution absorbs the vapor ammonia leaving the light hydrogen to rise
back to the evaporator. Finally, the strong ammonia-water solution flows back into the
generator/bubble pump system, thus completing the cycle [28].
3.2 Generator design

A generator is needed in the absorption cycle to separate the refrigerant vapor from the liquid
solution before the refrigerant enters the condenser. This involves heat transfer from a relatively
high-temperature source. The refrigerant then flows to the condenser, while the absorbent is
throttled back to the lower pressure as it falls to the absorber [28].
They are able to completely avoid the need for electric power, along with its associated central
power plant and electric distribution infrastructure and instead rely on a direct thermal energy
source.
This helps avert the need to wastefully convert heat to work and then back to heat. They also use
environmentally benign fluids, an increasingly important issue as several manmade refrigerants
are phased out over the next few years. Additionally, they are portable, reliable, operate silently
and are inexpensive to build. However, with relatively low refrigeration COPs, they have
limited applications. When used for heating, both cycles can achieve efficiencies over 100%. In
this situation, when competing against direct-fired heating devices, the low COP is less of an
issue [28].
For the separation of the working fluids i.e. the refrigerant from the absorber it needs heat
(thermal energy). This energy can be given from many sources. Of these to mention few coal,
fossil fuels, petroleum and crude oil, geothermal energy, electrical energy and solar energy .the
availability and cost of these energy sources vary from place to place based on the available
natural resources of the specific location.
For the design of the refrigerator, the heat energy source is the solar energy given from the sun.
Solar radiation is an integral part of different renewable energy resources, in
general, and, in particular, it is the main and continuous input variable from
the practically inexhaustible sun.

Solar energy is expected to play a very significant role in the future

especially in developing countries, but it also has potential in developed
countries. The material presented in this book has been chosen to provide a
comprehensive account of solar energy modeling methods. For this purpose,
explanatory background material has been introduced with the intention that
engineers and scientists can benefit from introductory preliminaries on the
subject both from application and research points of view.
For the proper utilization of the energy, different mechanisms of tracking are used based on the
total energy demand.
i. Flat plate collector :
The flat plate collectors are based on two important principles: a black base that absorbs the
solar radiation better than any other color and a glass lid that is needed to keep the heat in.
Its surface should be located perpendicularly to the solar radiation direction for the maximum
solar energy gain. Here the suns rays go through the glass cover and the air layer to warm up
the black metal plate, which in turn warms the water. Unfortunately, the ordinary metal plate
is also warmed up. The heat insulation lagging keeps most of the heat inside the sandwich.
With the heat in the water ammonia solution, it has now to be moved to where good use can
be made of it. Its operation is based on the simple fact that hot water ammonia solution will
rise to settle above a quantity of water ammonia solution at lower temperature.
As the collector heats up, the super heated ammonia and heated water in it rises out at the
upper pipe and pushes its way into the top of the tank or the bubble pump. This heat-induced
circulation is completed as the water, being pushed down the bubble pump, comes round the
bottom and back into the collector. Among the different types of solar collectors, the most
primitive is unglazed panels, which are most suitable for swimming pool heating where it is
not necessary for the collectors to raise the temperature of the water to more than a few
degrees above ambient air temperature, so heat losses are relatively unimportant.

In practice, most often the collectors do not move, and therefore, they must be located such
that during one day the maximum amount of solar radiation can be converted into solar
energy. For this reasons, fixed collectors must be located to face south (north) in the northern
(southern) hemisphere. This implies that for given latitude there is a certain angle, which
yields the maximum solar energy over the year. As a practical rule, for low latitudes the angle
of the collector is almost equivalent to the angle of latitude, but increases by 10 at 40N and
40S latitudes. All these arrangements are for flat-surfaced collectors. Typical temperatures
that can be achieved by flat plate collectors vary between 40C and 80C depending on the
astronomic, topographic, and meteorological conditions. In a flat plate collector, the energy
incident on the surface cannot be increased and all that can be done is to ensure that surface
absorbs as much as possible of the incident radiation, and that the losses from this surface are
reduced as far as possible [14].
ii. The parabolic trough collector:
Generate high-pressure superheated steam. The superheated steam is then fed to a bubble
pump to be pumped itself for better circulation. The spent steam is condensed in a standard
condenser and returned to evaporator via gravity advantage on putting it by height difference
to be transformed back into steam. Condenser cooling is provided by natural convection air
cooling system. In the evaporator, the main target of the project or the refrigeration effect
takes place.
Historically, parabolic trough plants have been designed to use solar energy as the primary
energy source to produce electricity. The plants can operate at full rated power using solar energy
alone given sufficient solar input. During summer months, the plants typically operate for 10 to
12 hours a day at full-rated electric output. However, to date, all plants have been hybrid
solar/fossil plants; this means they have a backup fossil-fired capability that can be used to
supplement the solar output during periods of low solar radiation. The fossil backup can be used
to produce rate dielectric output during overcast or nighttime periods [18].

Parabolic trough collector is selected because

Provide high temperature
Reduces the need for using heat transfer medium for heating the working fluid pairs
High energy generation
Figure 2 Basic components of the parabolic trough collector

1. Reflector material 2. collector plate 3.support plate 4.absorber tube 5.bearing support
Design analysis
Solar thermal energy demand
Qd =mC
T
(3.1)
( w c pw +NH 3 c pNH 3 ) T
16.7 kW
Total load required considering losses
1. Pipe loss=20%
2. Convective and radiation heat Loss=20%
3. Efficiency Loss=20%
On the other hand, assuming that it have efficiency of = 50%.

Qd
Qg = +Qd

=50.1 kW
Daily average radiation
Number of day sunshine hours
2
N= cos1 (tan tan )
5
Where = the latitude angle for design location= 13.30
=declination angle
=23.45*
sin ( 360
365
( 284 +n ) )
N=12 hours
Average solar radiation=670.7 WH/m2
wH 8048.4 w
I =670.7 12 hrs
Daily solar radiation m2 m2
hr
Qg =IA
(3.2)
The collector area is given by:
Qg
A= =6.26 m2
I
From area calculation the width and length of the collectors is given as

W= 2.1 m L= 3 m
Absorber tube area
D 02
Aa= (3.3)
4
m3
v NH 3 + vw =4.49103
s
v =
3
m
0.00449
s
D0=40 mm
Taking steel pipe of
La=v / Aa=3.6 m
A Tube of 3.6m length is required.
The aperture width
W =4 ftan ( r2 ) (3.4)
0
Taking the rim angle to be r=108
W
f= =0.381 m
r
( )
4 tan
2
Height of parabolic curve
2
W
Hc= (3.5)
16 f

0.69 m
Geometric concentration ratio
sinr
c= =1.3
sin
3.3 Condenser design

The condenser in a refrigeration system removes from the compressed refrigerant gas the energy
gained during compression and the heat absorbed by the refrigerants in the evaporator. The
refrigerants are converted back in to the liquid phase at the higher pressure & are expanded back
into the evaporator.
Types of condensers
Air-cooled: the refrigerator vapor gives up heat to the air moving across the condenser surface; it
is condensed inside the tube of the air condenser.
Materials; copper, aluminum, steel tube
Diameter: 6.3 19 mm
Steel tubing but weather protection
Fins are installed on the outside to improve the air side heat transfer .most of the fins are made
up of aluminum ,but copper and steel may be also used .the most commonly used forms of
fines ,the plat fins, are individually fastened to the tube ,or fin spirally wound onto the tube.
Numbers of fins varies from (160 1180 fin/meter).
Water-cooled condenser has water flowing inside the tube, and thus the refrigerant condenses
inside the shell.
Evaporative condensers has a coil in which the refrigerant is condensed and a means to
supply air and water over the external surface of the coil. Heat is transferred from the condensing
refrigerant inside the coil to the coils external wetted surface and then into the moving air stream
principally by evaporator.

The condenser will be used to reject heat from the vaporized refrigerant to the surrounding. In
conjunction with the raised pressure in the system after desorption, the condenser plays a crucial
role in completing the cycle so the process can repeat [11].
Selection criteria
Cooling load
Refrigerant used
Source and temperature of available cooling fluid
Quantity of refrigerant being circulated
Condenser location
Required operating pressure
Maintenance consideration
Based on these criterias air-cooled condenser is found to fit for this case.
Heat transfer process in air-cooled condenser
i. De super heating
ii. Condensing
iii. Sub cooling
A 10% in decease in initial T will give 8% increase in capacity
Material selection The vast availability of steel in various shapes and sizes in remote regions
around the world makes steel a viable option for each component. The disadvantage of this
readily available material is its relatively poor heat transfer properties.
Copper
Steel
Aluminum
The corrosive and deteriorative effects of ammonia over copper makes steel ideal for use in
Ammonia-water refrigeration systems. Steel AISI 1010 is the found to fit for the preset
requirements [4].
The condensing capacity of the condenser
Taking energy balance between the hot ammonia gas and air

Q k= mNH 3 Cp NH 3 ( T NH 3 iT NH 3 o ) =m a Cp a ( T aiT ao )
(3.6)
Taking, the temperature of ammonia at exit from the bubble pump and inlet to condenser,
T NH 3 i=80 0 c
The temperature of ammonia at exit from condenser to be, T NH 3 o=40 0 c
The ambient average temperature of Mekelle, T ai=27 0 c
The air temperature after exchanging heat with the refrigerant, T ao=40 0 c
kj
Q k=2.24
s
kj
Ch=m
NH 3 CpNH 3=0.056
kg . k
Ch(T hiT co) kj

Cc= m
a Cpa = =0.172
(T hiT ci ) kg . k
kj
C min=C h=0.056
Taking minimum of the above, kg . k
kg
m
a=0.173 .
The mass flow rate of air is m3 the maximum condensing capacity of the
condenser is given as,
Q max=C h ( T hi T co )
(3.7)
kj
2.968
s

C*=0.325
Tube inside: - from heat load at the condenser
Q k=UA ( T ) (3.8)
2
For liquid refrigerants, the overall heat transfer coefficient varies from 440 kw/m k [30].
2
Taking for liquid ammonia U=30 kw/m k
Then, for the tubes used in the heat transfer process between the refrigerant ammonia and air the
related specifications of the material under design are:
d i=15 mm
Do=19 mm
h do=0.52 h=10mm
h p=5 p=2mm
pl
pl =40 mm
d i =2.67
pt
pt =35 mm
d i =2.34
Length L1=1.22m, width L2=0.1 m, height L3=0.6 m
Number of tube passes for the condenser
L2 L3
N t= (3.9)
pt pl

43
The total area occupied by the tubes A 1=2.026 m2
The total Heat transfer area of the tubes A 0=7.6103 m2
Frontal area of the condenser Ac=L 2 L 3=0.06 m2
After calculating the mass flow rate per unit area, Reynolds number and the prandtl number; the
Nusselt number is given by
1
3 0.8
Nu= 0.026 ( G ) ( ) (3.10)
The related enthalpy value
Nu k i
hi= (3.11)
di
w
=15 m2. k
Tube outside (fins)
The design allows for the addition of fins to increase the surface area for cooling. The tube
design is compact compared to the coil design. The easy manufacturing and assembly of the tube
condenser is an additional plus.
Material selection the available fin materials are copper and aluminum. For extended surface
application materials with higher thermal conductivity are required for higher efficiency heat
transfer. The high heat conductivity characteristics of aluminum together with its availability,

low cost and easy manufacturability and weld ability makes it number one material applied in
extended surface application [30]. Al+4.5% Cu is then found to be the material for fins [4].
Choosing fins of circular plate
The selected parameters of the fins used for our design are
Outer diameter d r=do=19 mm
Fin diameter d f =29 mm
The permissible fin thickness for refrigeration is 0.09-0.25mm taking T f =0.2 mm
The permissible number of fins for refrigeration is 180-1150 fins per meter length. Taking for our
design 400 fins/meter will give a good heat transfer characteristics.
2
The primary area Ap=0.513 m
2
The fin area Af =0.015 m
A= Ap+ Af =0.528 m2
The free flow area Ao=0.195 m2
Then
` 1 L3 N f t f
L3 L1L
= (3.12)
L3 L 1
0.2
And G=0.887

Re=850
Pr=0.87
From the slip, S=0.2
1 0.2 0.1134
S S
Nu=
0.134 d0.181 Pr 3
( )( )
Lf tf (3.13)
=1.5
0.2 0.1134
S S
j=0.134
d0.319
( )( )
Lf tf (3.14)
=0.054
0.927
0.316 p t
f=9.465 d
d0 ( ) (3.15)
=0.00105
1
ha= jGCp Pr 3 (3.16)
0.046
f
The fin efficiency is then, =0.124
0
The overall efficiency of the system, =0.975
Over all heat transfer coefficient
1 1 R fh 1 Rfc
= + + RW + +
UA ( 0 hA ) NH 3 ( 0 A ) NH 3 ( 0 hA ) a ( 0 A )a
(3.17)

Neglecting effect of wall resistance
kj
UA=2.14103
k
2
This gives a value of U which is less than 30 kw /m k . Thus, the design is safe.
Number of transfer units
NTU =UA /Cmin=1
=1e[ 1e
(NTU )
]
(3.18)
= 0.257
Since Cmin is mixed and the other unmixed
=1e C

Rearranging for C , C =1.6
Pressure drop
[ )]
2

p
=
G L
f 2
p3 2 gc 2 p2 r h
1
m () (
+2 2 1
3 (3.19)
1 1 + 2 3
Where ()
m
= 2
m
= 0.1725 kg
A0
r h=
p = 1.855 m
D h=4 r h = 7.42 m

p
=0.00429
p3
p= 0.067 bar this is less than value given as ( p 2 p 3) . Therefore, the design is safe.
3.4 Evaporator design

The evaporator transfers heats from the fluid or being cooled to the boiling refrigerant. Various
types of refrigerants are commercially available. The evaporator is the element of the system that
is contained within the cold volume. Good heat transfer between it and its surroundings are
essential to its function. But most importantly, it must be designed such that it can withstand the
vacuum pressures it will experience.
Types of evaporators
Direct expansion finned tube: extended surface coil or simply coil consists of
rows of tubing through which the refrigerants flows and over which the air flows.
These types can be with both natural convection and forced convection air
movements thus can be used for liquid-gas and gas-gas pairs.
Shell and tube: has a metallic shell through which water being flows through.
This type uses liquid-liquid, liquid-gas and gas-gas pairs.
Selection criterias
Heat transfer requirements

Cost
Physical size
Physical drop characteristics
Maintenance
For this design the one that meets the listed criterias is direct expansion finned tube type with
natural convection is selected because the forced convection type need fan for air movement.
Material selection
Copper was considered a functional material with similar properties to that of aluminum. The
material is corrosion resistant and has functional heat transfer properties for use with our

proposed designs. Copper is a satisfactory choice based on availability in developing nations and
for ease of manufacturing. Copper is easily cut and soldered together requiring little skill and no
costly equipment. However, due to corrosive characteristics of ammonia over copper Steel AISI
1010 is preferred.
The refrigerating capacity of the refrigerator
Qo=5 TR=17.6 KW
4 =0.0164 kg/s
kj
Ch=0.056
kg . k
kj
0.074
Cc= kg . k
a=0.0074 kg/ s
kj
C min=C h=0.056
The minimum heat transfer coefficient, kg . k
T co=14.3 0 c
T coT ci
C =
T hi T ho =0.90
The evaporator design procedure is the same as design procedure for condenser.
Tube inside
An evaporator tube design would consist of a soldered bank of copper tubes, and fittings that are
sized to the refrigerator cold space. This design is a hybrid of the coil and box designs; it utilizes
the increased surface area and properties of the copper tubes, and minimizes the space taken up,

similar to the box design. This design may be difficult due to the soldering of several joints. If
these joints are not able to maintain vacuum pressure, the system will not complete the necessary
cycle.
From the heat absorbed at the evaporator , Q o=UA ( T )
2
And taking the recommended value of U for vapor refrigerant U=34 kw /m k with F=0.8
Then Specifications for the evaporator tube are d i=D h=15 mm
D o=19 mm
h do=0.52 h=10 mm
h p=5 p=2 mm
pl=40 mm pt =30 mm
L1=1.22m , L2=0.6 m, L3=0.6 m
Number of tubes for the evaporator
L2 L 3
N t= =30
pt pl
A 1=14.14 m 2
Ao=0.053 m2

Ac=L1 L3 =0.6 m2
kg
G=0.309
m2 . s
=447
cp
Pr= kf (3.20)
=18.4
1
3 0.8
Nu= 0.026 ( 18.4 ) ( 433 ) =0.035
hi d i
Nu= (3.21)
kf
Nu k f w
hi= =35.9
di mk
Tube outside (airside)
Specifications
d r=do=19 mm
d f =29 mm
T f =2 mm
N f =400 fins /m
Primary fin area

A p=dr ( L 1N f T f L1 ) Nt=3.58 m 2
Fin area
d f d
2 2
r
4

2
2 ( + d f t f ] N f t f N t=0.328m
A f =
A= A P+ A F=3.908 m2
Minimum free flow area
L3
A 0=[ ( p td r ) L1( d f d r ) t f N f L1 ] ( )
pt
=0.195 m2
Then
` 1 L3 N f t f
L3 L1L
= =0.2
L3 L1
ma

G= A 0 =0.0379
drG
Re= =415

Pr= =0.711
S=0.2

1 0.2 0.1134
S S
Nu=
0.134 d0.181 Pr 3
( )()
Lf t
=0.45
0.2 0.1134
S S
j=0.134
d0.319
( )()
Lf t
=0.04
0.927
0.316 p t
f=9.465 d
d0 ( )
=3.76
1
ha= jGCp Pr 3 =0.0013
tan hml
f
= ml (3.22)
hp
m=
Where k A c = 3.99 and l=L1=1m
f =0.314
Af
0
= 1 A ( 1 f ) =0.999
1 1 Rf h 1 R fc
= + + RW + +
UA ( 0 h A ) NH 3 ( 0 A )NH 3 ( 0 h A ) a ( 0 A )a

UA=0.0013 kj /k
This gives a value U=3.32 kj/m 2. k , which is less than the recommended one. Thus the
design is safe.
UA
NTU = =1
Cmin
=1e[ 1e
(NTU )
]
= 0.022
3.5 Expansion valve design

An expansion valve is a device used for reducing or lowering the temperature and pressure and
pressure of a given fluid to the required once.
Types of expansion valves
a. Capillary tube
A capillary tube is a small bore that provides restriction between the outlet of the condenser and
inlet of the evaporator by reducing the outlet of the condenser and inlet of the evaporator by
reducing the pressure. The capillary tube produces a refrigerant pressure drop proportional to the
square of the fluid velocity, which increases as the specific volume of the refrigerant increases it
is sometimes soldered to the outer surface of the suction line for heat exchanger purpose.
Selection
Select first standard bore then adjust length
b. Thermostatic expansion valve
The thermostatic expansion valve has a moving plug, which controls the area available for
flow .this valves have three major functions.

1. Throttling action; thermostatic expansion valves separates the high pressure & low-
pressure sides of the system .this pressure difference between the condenser and
evaporator permits throttling.
2. Modulation action ; valve feeds the evaporator with liquid refrigerant at the proper rate
all times .if too much refrigerant passes the evaporator not all will change into vapor and
if too low refrigerant enters the evaporator there will be not enough liquid to absorb heat
at evaporator ,reducing the system capacity .
3. Controlling action, the valve responds to load changes at the evaporator.
c. Constant pressure expansion valve (CPEV)
The CPEV operates using evaporator valve discharge pressure. It controls mass flow rate of the
refrigerant entering the evaporator and maintains a constant evaporator pressure .it should have
an adjustable pressure range to provide the required evaporator pressure .it normally is suitable
only for constant pressure application.
Selection criterias
From the available standard bore diameters taking
Capillary tube bore D=10 mm=0.01 m
Temperatures of the refrigerant at inlet (exit from condenser) T c=40
In addition, exit (inlet to evaporator) =5
At Inlet to expansion valve
Mass flow rate m

0.016 m3 /kg
3
Cross sectional area of capillary tube
2
A= D =7.85105 m2
4
Mass velocity


m 3 kg
G= =0.20410
A s /m2
G=u /v u=velocity v=specific volume
G 3 kg 2
y= =10.1910 /m
2P s
kg
Z =DG=2.04 /m
s
For better accuracy of the design, the capillary tube should be divided into sections. In our case
to accompany for the pressure reduction from condenser pressure to evaporator, pressure it is
divided in to five sections based on their temperature as listed below. Assuming isenthalpic flow,
properties and velocities at various sections are given by the following relations
Tk=40
T 1=30
T 2=20
T 3=10 T 4=5
Table 3. 1 Pressure, enthalpy and specific volume of NH3 at capillary tube sections
Section pn hf v f (103) vg
Tk 15.57 390.6 1.72 -----

T1 11.686 314.8 1.68 0.110
T2 8.587 293.8 1.64 0.149
T3 6.1625 246.5 1.6 0.203
T4 5.1686 223.2 ------ 6.48
And the calculation results

Table 3. 2 Head, vapor fraction, velocity and enthalpy change at capillary tube sections
Section Hn Xn U1 h
Tk 390.6 0 0.35 0
T1 390.24 0.043 0.917 0.36
T2 368.8 0.081 2.737 3.14
T3 378.7 0.11 4.89 8.12
T4 0.125 0.125 6.48 9.04
Table 3. 3 Vapor and liquid viscosity values at capillary tube sections
Pt T X g
(*10-
f ( 103) 3
)
TK 40 0 0.1225 0.1173
T1 30 0.043 0.136 0.06413
T2 20 0.081 0.153 0.01096
T3 10 0.11 0.171 0.01052
T4 5 0.125 0.18 0.01038
The resultant of the viscosity, Reynolds number and friction factor can be tabulated as follows.
Table 3. 4 Viscosity, Reynolds number and friction factor at capillary tube sections
Section n Ren F(103)
Tk 0.1329 16.72 0.10

T1 0.1329 15.15 0.162
T2 0.1415 14.42 0.164
T3 0.1533 13.31 0.162
T4 0.1588 12.85 0.169
Pressure drop at each section

P P1Pk
Total pressure drop = (3.23)
3.88 3.88105 N /m2
Acceleration pressure drop P A 1=G u=G ( u 1uk ) N /m 2 (3.24)
P f 1 = P1PA 2
Friction pressure drop (3.25)
5 2
3.88310 N/ m
f k+ f
Mean friction factor f 1= 1
=0.131
2
uk +u1
Mean velocity u1 = =0.6335
2
pf 1
L 1=
Length Yf 1 u1 (3.26)
3.28 m
Decrement 1-2 total pressure drops
2= 3.08
2= P1P
P
Acceleration pressure drop
u
P u =0.37810 3 N / m 2
A2 G u=G 2 1
Mean friction factor

f 1+ f 2
F =0.16310 -3
2 2
Mean velocity
u 2+u 1
U =1.84
2 2
Length
pf 2
L2 = Yf 2 u2 = 1.01m
Decrement 2-3
Total pressure drop
P3 = p2 p3 = 2.42 bar
PA3=G (u3-u2) = 0.43*103 N/m2
Friction pressure drop
Pf3 = P3 PA3 = 2.41*105N/m2
Mean friction pressure

f 4= f4+f3)/2 0.16810 -3
f 3+f 2
F =0.165510 -3
3 2
u 3+u 2
U2= 2 = 3.83

Length
pf 3
L =0.373 m
3 Yf 3 u 3
Decrement 3-4
Total pressure drop
4= 0.994
4= P3 P
P
u
p u =0.37810 3 N / m 2
A4 G u=G 4 3
PF 4
P
4
P
A4
0.99
Mean velocity
u 4 +u3
U4= 2 = 5.685
Length
Pf 4
L4 = y 4 fu 4 = 0.101m
Total length L= Li + L k =4.764 m

1
Since the equivalent length is in between the recommended value i.e. 1-6m then the design is
safe.

3.6 Bubble pump design

A single pressure absorption cycle does not require mechanical work to pump fluid from the
absorber to the higher-pressure generator. However, the single pressure cycle does require a
mechanism to lift the fluid from the generator to the absorber against gravity and friction. A
bubble pump, or vapor-lift pump, is used for this task because it requires only thermal energy
input as the driving force, which is the same as that required to drive the absorption cycle.
In a bubble pump, heat addition creates vapor, thereby increasing the buoyancy of the fluid
causing it to rise through a vertical tube under two-phase flow conditions. Airlift pumps have
been used for decades in the oil industry that run on the same principles, however instead of
bubbles forming from the phase change involved with boiling the liquid, air is injected into the
flow, creating the same buoyancy effect.
While two-phase vertical flow and airlift pumps have been studied since the early part of the last
century, no references studying the design optimization of a bubble pump are found in the open
literature. The best-suited model is used to carry out parametric studies and to optimize for
maximum efficiency under various operating conditions. Optimum efficiency is defined as the
liquid pumped per unit of bubble pump heat input. The results show there is an optimum bubble
pump tube diameter for a given set of operating conditions.
Despite there being no need to pump the fluid to a much higher pressure to create a change in
saturation temperature, a mechanism is needed to move the fluid through the cycle against flow
friction and gravity. To eliminate the need for a mechanical input, a heat driven bubble pump is
used for this purpose.

Fig 3.2 configuration of a bubble pump

Taking lift tube diameter from the common diameters (Suzan thesis)
D=10 mm
L=1 m
Total cross sectional area of pipe
D 2
A p= =0.785106 m2
4
The volume flow rate of the working fluids
3
m
For NH3, vg= v5=3.89103
kg
v l 3
For H2O, = vw =0.610

The superficial velocities
Water superficial velocity
vl
l=
Ap (3.28)
j
m
764.3
kg
Ammonia superficial velocity
vg
g=
Ap (3.29)
j
m
4955
kg
Total superficial velocity
m
J = j l + j g=5719.3
kg
From Delanos theory
The fraction
1
=
1+S ( jgjl ) (3.30)
where slip , S=2.5
0.722

The cross sectional areaoccupied by NH 3
g= A p
A (3.31)
7 2
5.6610 m
Cross sectional area occupied by H2O
Al A p A g
=
2.19107 m 2
Velocity at lower point 0&1
Assuming D0=12mm
2
Area at the lower end becomes A0=1.44*10-6 m
Ap
V o=V 1 = j l ( )
Ao (3.32)
m
416.6
kg
Velocity at lower point 2
m
V 2= j=5719.3
kg
At the water entrance line
Length of the water entrance line can be taken as

l o= 300mm=0.3m
To calculate the pressure developed at different sections of the bubble pump
From Necklines equation
C o=1.2
Drift velocity
V gi=0.35
g ( l g ) D
L
=0.35 g . D (3.33)
m
0.035
s
4 fc
k= where K is an experimentally determined constant , K =17
D
Re arranging the friction factor is given by
kD
f= =0.00425
4L
2
H
L
=
1 j
2 gl
vg
[
2 vg

+ l k (1+ ) +2 +1
]
[ ]
vg
vl vl
1 (3.34)

vl
1+
s
H=0.278 L
=0.278m
x
h=
l
x+ ( 1x ) (3.35)
g
=0.019
Momentum equation from system pressure to point 0
2
v0
p0= p sys+ l gH l (3.36)
2
682.06 kPa
Momentum equation from point 0 to point 1
p1= p0 l v 0 ( v 1v 0 ) (3.37)
682.06 kpa
p2= p1 H v 1 ( v 2v 1 )
l D20 v 1
Where homogenous density , H = D2 v = 0.114
2
P2=279.4 kpa
3.7 Absorber design:

After passing through the generator, the super heated refrigerant NH 3 and the absorbent H2O are
separated. If any of the H2O under goes phase change (to steam), it needs an extra component
called a rectifier. In any way the mixture enters the bubble pump and get pressurized so as to
help the super heated NH3 escape easily and the weak ammonia solution to return to the absorber
for absorption purpose. The absorber is the component where the weak ammonia solution

separated from the vapor refrigerant at the bubble pump is accumulated and absorbs the
evaporated refrigerant (the refrigerant after giving refrigeration effect) so that it will keep
circulating through the cycle.
The absorber should be capable of holding the flow of refrigerant and weak refrigerant solution
from evaporator and bubble pump respectively. It consists of a bundle of tubes, which are cooled
by water or air (based on design interest).
Taking the mass flow rate at absorber temperature (40 0c) to sum of fractions of the refrigerant
ammonia and absorbent water as was calculated in the mass balance at thermal analysis:-
m
6=x mNH
3 +(1x) m H 2 o
=0.0508 kg/s
Material selection The vast availability of steel in various shapes and sizes in remote regions
around the world makes steel a viable option for each component.
Thus, the same as the condenser and evaporator Steel AISI 1010 is chosen.
Heat rejected at the absorber
Taking energy balance between the ammonia water solution and air
sol ,T sol ,out

T =m a Cp a (T aiT ao )
Q k= m 6 Cp sol
Taking, the temperature of ammonia water solution at inlet to absorber, T sol , 50 0 c
The temperature of ammonia water solution at exit from absorber to be, T sol ,out =40 0 c
The ambient average temperature of Mekelle, T ai=27 0 c
The air temperature after exchanging heat with the refrigerant, T ao=40 0 c

kj
Q k=9.845
s
kj
Ch=m
NH 3 CpNH 3=0.056
kg . k
Ch(T hiT co) kj

Cc= m
a Cpa = =0.172
(T hiT ci ) kg . k
kj
C min=C h=0.056
Taking minimum of the above, kg . k
The maximum heat rejected at the absorber is given as,
Q max=C h ( T hi T co )
kj
2.968
s
C 0.325
Tube inside: - taking heat absorbed at the absorber, Qo=UA ( T )
Taking recommended value of U=5 kj/kg . k
Then, for the tubes used in the heat transfer process between the ammonia water solution and air
the related specifications of the material under design are
d i=30 mm

do=36 mm
h do=0.25 h=9 mm
h p=3 p=3 mm
pl di=1 pl=45 mm
pt di=1 pt=45 mm
L1=0.5 m, L 2=0.2 m, L 3=0.4 m
L2 L 3
N t= =40
pt pl
The total area occupied by the tubes A 1=1.885 m2
The total Heat transfer area of the tubes A 0=0.028 m2
Ac=L2 L3
Frontal area of the condenser =0.08 m2
After calculating the mass flow rate per unit area, Reynolds number and the Prandtl number; the
Nusselt number is given by
1
3 0.8
Nu=0.026 ( 0.264 ) ( 71 ) =0.505
The related enthalpy value

hi=(Nuki)/di=13.37 w mk
1 1 R fh 1 Rfc
= + + RW + +
UA ( 0 hA ) NH 3 ( 0 A ) NH 3 ( 0 hA ) a ( 0 A )a
UA =15.2*10-3
This gives a value of U less than the recommended value. Thus, the design is safe.
UA
NTU = =1
Cmin
=1e[ 1e
(NTU )
]
= 0.257
1

C
=1e

Rearranging for C , C =1.6
3.8 Piping selection

The piping system is required to join the different components at continuities, branches,
cornering or bending so that they are assembled to form one unit. Piping allows fluids to flow in
the required direction at a determined flow rate.
Cause and Effect of Pressure Drop

Pressure drop occurs during fluid flow because of frictional forces within the fluid and frictional
forces between the moving fluid stream and the stationary pipe walls. The amount of pressure
drop depends on a number of variables, including:
Type of flow e.g., laminar, turbulent, etc.
Physical properties of fluid, e.g., viscosity, density, etc.
Pipe characteristics, e.g., diameter, roughness, etc.
Velocity of flow in pipe
Pressure drop increases in proportion to the length of pipe. Pressure drop is also increased by
anything, which disturbs the flow, such as valves, tees, elbows and other fittings. In refrigerant
piping, some pressure drop occurs in both vapor and liquid lines. These pressure drops can have
a significant impact on system performance. The effect of these pressure drops must be
anticipated and compensation made in the total design.
System design for minimum pressure drop.
Pressure loss results in:
a. decrease in thermal capacity
b. increase power requirements
Refrigerant being piped does not change state.
A Suction line must:

Return refrigerant from the evaporator to the absorber at minimum system capacity.
Prevent oil draining from an active to an inactive evaporator when more than one
evaporator is used in a single system.
Minimize line sweating from condensation.
Prevent unnecessary heat gain into the refrigerant.
The Hot Gas Discharge line must:
Prevent backflow of liquid refrigerant to the thermal compressor during low capacity or
shutdown.
Dampen or eliminate line vibration and noise caused by gas pulsations
The Liquid line must prevent:
Formation of flash gas upstream of the metering device.
Heat gain to the refrigerant.
The refrigerant Condensate line must:
o Provide sewer-type flow; that is, free draining of liquid refrigerant in one
direction, while refrigerant vapor flows adjacent to the liquid in the other
direction.

The Hot Gas Defrost line must:

Maintain sufficient refrigerant flow rate. The velocity determined at saturated
conditions will result in a conservative line size.
Be properly sized to handle the calculated needed hot gas load, this is based on
twice the evaporator flow rate.
Prevent condensed liquid refrigerant from backflow to the thermal compressor
units while on defrost or shutdown.
Piping final selection:-
Before selecting from a Nomo graph or a standard table you must know the following facts:
The system refrigerant type
System design capacity
Saturated Suction Temperature (SST)
Saturated Condensing Temperature (SCT)
Maximum allowable pressure drop for each refrigeration line
Minimum allowable velocity for each refrigeration line
For this design, it is found that the following pipes should be used. Threaded galvanized steel is
the material of the pipes.
Type Quantity
90 Elbow 19mm 2
Pipe 15mm*0.1m 1
Pipe 19mm*0.34m 1
Pipe 15mm*0.7m 1
Pipe 30mm*0.8 2
Adapter 15mm 1
90 Elbow 36mm 4
Coupler 19mm*15mm 3
Coupler 30mm*4omm 2
Teflon Tape 15mm 5
3.9 Accessories
3.9.1 Filter drier: - all refrigeration units should have a filter drier instable
to clean out any dirt or foreign materials and removes water that might
clog the expansion device.

3.9.2 Rectifier: In case when the temperature of the absorber rises above
1000c, then steam is generated and this steam, instead of flowing to the
absorber, goes up together with the vapor ammonia through the bubble
pump. If this passes the bubble pump it will condense on the condenser
thus enters the evaporator in a liquid water-ammonia mixture. This
mixture of liquid water with ammonia cause refrigeration effect to drop
thus reducing the overall efficiency of the cycle. For this reason the steam
should be separated from the vapor ammonia. Rectifier is used for
separating the two working fluids. The rectifier is selected based on the
flow rate i.e. how much m3of steam should be handled at given time.
3.9.3 Housing: for good support of the refrigerating components and providing
good heat transfer area between air and the working fluid the housing is
used. It can be made from wood or metals.
3.10 Design summary

Table 6. 1The thermodynamic analysis summary
Mass flow rates ammonia Water Air @ condenser Air @ evaporator Air @ absorber
0.0164 0.06 0.173 0.074 0.215
kg/s

Volume flow rate 0.003895 0.0062
(
3
m /s )
Table 6. 2 The dimensional design out puts summary

Collector W 2.1m
Generator
L 3m
Absorber tube Do 30 mm
La 3.6m
condenser evaporator Absorber
Q(kw) 2.4 17.6 9.85

tubes
di(mm) 15 15 30
do( mm) 19 19 36
Pl( mm) 30 35 45
Pt (mm) 35 40 45
Nt 43 30 40
L1( m) 1 1 0.5
L2( m) 0.1 0.6 0.2
L3 ()m 0.6 0.6 0.4
Fins dr (mm) 19 19
df (mm) 29 29
Tf (mm) 0.2 0.2
Nf 400 400
0 0.124 0.314
f 0.975 0.999

Expansion valve Area , A Diameter , D Equivalent length , L
(Capillary tube) 10 mm 4.764 m
Bubble tube D 10 mm
L 1m
Bubble pump
Water entrance line Do 14 mm
lo 0.5 m
H 0.278 m
0.312
FINAL ASSEMBLY DRAWING

CHAPTER 4
COST ESTIMATION
To calculate the sales price of a single activated Ammonia water refrigerator, a time value of
money analysis was conducted. Since this product will not be sold for profit and the design will
be released for public use, a non-profit approach was used. To calculate the unit sales price, the
total product cost must first be calculated. The total product cost of the activated carbon-ethanol
refrigerator can be divided into two sections:
1. Engineering cost
2. Development cost
a. Material
b. Fabrication

4.1. Engineering Cost
Two student engineers worked on this project over a period of 16 weeks. Each student engineer
contributed to the project an average of 10 hours per week with an estimated pay rate of 0 birr
per hour. Therefore, the project is free of engineering cost.
4.2. Development Cost

a. Material cost
The bill of materials used to fabricate the final prototype is listed in the table below. The total
material cost for a single activated ammonia-water refrigerator is then estimated.
b. Fabrication cost The number of hours it would take for a pair of skilled worker to
manufacture and assemble a single activated Ammonia-water refrigerator. Then justifiable
estimation for the number of activated ammonia water refrigerators expected to be manufactured
per year are determined. Finally, the unit sales price for a vaccine refrigerator was calculated
using the following equation. In the future, many alternatives are predicted to reduce the cost of
each unit.
1. Purchasing materials in bulk This will reduce the price substantially
2. Working-unit only components Some of the costly items on the prototype are for testing
and concept proof. Production units would not need these parts; therefore, the cost would
be greatly reduced.
3. Revisions to the materials Depending on the specifics of the build location and the
materials available there, the specifics of the materials can be altered. Materials such as
steel for use in the frame components and possibly the condenser and evaporator will
reduce the cost. Alternate materials, such as flattened aluminum cans instead of the
flashing used in the design, will reduce the cost.
4. Revisions to the design As more research is done by others it is likely that design
revisions will occur. One likely design change would be the elimination of the valves in
the system; again, this would reduce cost.
This budget was designed to be within a range
Estimated Cost
Part Quantity
(birr)

Refrigerant (Ammonia) 2.5 litre 500

Hydrogen Pressurization 1 500
Tubing (Steel) 50 m 2000
Reflector Material 20 m2 600
Welding and Soldering work 1 500
Stop Valves 4 150
30mm Discharge Pipe 2 150
Pipe Mounts - 500
Housing 1 500
Steel Wool 4 500
Total= 5900
Installation cost= 500
Grand total cost= 6400birr

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
Designing solar absorption refrigeration is very important in case of current status of our country
because it is going to serve the community, save money which would be used for importing from
abroad and is also good business for the designers and manufacturers.
The design procedure we followed is based on many text and web references. There may be so
many modifications to this work because it designed without looking at previously done related
material. But our advisor told us refrigerator which uses other working fluid was designed in
India when he was there.
This refrigerator was designed with simplicity as a focus for manufacturing, maintenance and
daily use. Reducing the cost could increase its availability, even making the technology available
to families for food preservation.
This was done as best as we can assume that the machine will be manufactured from locally
available materials and this work is going to be a good reference for those who want to deal with
related works.

5.2 Recommendation
If it is set free ammonia is dangerous. Thus proper care should be given in
handling the ammonia and allow the illiterate to be in nearby.
Steel pipes are easily affected susceptible to corrosion and deterioration due to
weather. Thus proper weather protection should be provided.
For those who want to deal with solar refrigeration we recommend them focus on
solar adsorption refrigeration using ethanol because it is now produced in mass in
Ethiopia and it has good characteristics.
For the vaccines not to be affected by weather like wind and sun, provide it with a
housing.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Arora C.P., Refrigeration and Air conditioning, 2nd edition, Tata McGraw-hill,
2000
2. A.R.Trott and T.C.Welch, Refrigeration and Air conditioning, 3rd edition,
McGraw-hill book, 2000
3. Prasad M., Refrigeration and Air conditioning, 2nd edition, New agri
international, 2003
4. F.P.Incropera and D.P.Dewitt, Introduction to heat transfer, 3rd edition, John Wiley
and Sons, Canada, 1996
5. Kuppan T., Heat exchanger design hand book, Marcel Dekker, New York, 2000
6. R.E.Sonntag, C.Borgnake and G.j.Van wylen, Fundamentals of Thermodynamics,
John wiley and sons inc., New delhi, 2003
7. Sukhatme S.P, Solar energy, 2nd edition, McGraw hill, New Delhi, 1996
8. Professor Zakaison, Solar energy fundamentals and modeling techniques;
Atmosphere, Environment, Climate and Renewable energy, Istanbul Technical
University, Istanbul, 2008
9. A. Duffies and W.A.Beckman, solar engineering of thermal processes, John
Wiley and Sons, Madison, 1980
10. Danison G., Refrigerant pumping hand book, depour de namours and company,
Canada, 2001
11. Ramesh k.shah and Dusan p. Sekulic,Fundamentals of heat exchanger design,
John wiley and sons, New jersey, 2003
12. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, A review of absorption refrigeration
technologies, /retrieved19-4-2012 /accessible at
http://www.elsevier.com/locate/rser
13. Thermodynamic simulation of solar absorption refrigerator ,/retrieved 11-5-
2012/Accessible at
http://www.iies.faces.ula.velamse2000/papers/simulation/msnn2000-Bula
14. ISAAC solar ice maker,/retrieved 19-4-2012/ accessible at
http://www.concept.com/isaac
15. Reliable vaccine Refrigerator, /retrieved 19-4-2012/ accessible at
http://www..en.wikipedia.org/wiki/vaccine-refrigerator
16. The design and development of solar powered refrigerator, /retrieved 4-6-2012
/accessible at
http://www. en.wikipedia.org /solar powered refrigerator
17. Thermo physical properties of NH3+H2O solutions for industrial design of
absorption refrigeration equipment./retrieved 12-5-2012/ accessible at
http://www. Solutions.ed/ physical properties of NH3+H2O

18. Bubble pump design for single pressure absorption refrigeration cycles,/17-5-
2012/ accessible at
http://www.old.me.gatech.edu/energy/susan/ASHRAE
19. A closed parabolic trough collector,/retrieved 4-3-2012/ accessible at
http://www.wims.uncle.fr/xiao/solar/collector
20. Manual making of parabolic trough collector, /retrieved 4-3-2012/ accessible at
http://www.wims.uncle.fr/xiao/solar/collector
21. Expansion valve, /retrieved 21-5-2012/accessible at
http://www.webmanuals.lennoxeurope.com/accessories
22. Vaccine refrigerator for developing nations,/retrieved 16-4-2012/ accessible at
http://www.apptechdesign.org/wp-content/upload/2009
23. History of refrigeration,/retrieved 21-5-2012/ accessible at
http://www.nptel.iitm.ac.in/..../iity.20%kharagpur
24. Experimental and theoretical studies on a bubble pump for a diffusion absorption
refrigeration system , accessible at
http://www.citeseenrx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/
25. Modeling and simulation of solar absorption cooling for India, accessible at
http://www.docstoc.com/.../modeling & simulation of solar absorption
26. Joint international conference on sustainable energy and environment
27. The effective length of solar parabolic concentrating collector
28. Bubble pump design and performance, A Thesis Presented to The Academic
Faculty By Susan Jennifer White, accessible at
http://www.me.gatech.edu/energy/suzanthesis
29. UTC Solar Absorption Refrigeration,/retrieved 19-4-2012/
30. E.C.Guyer and D.L. Brownell, thermal design, Hamilton printing enterprise,
Newyork, 1999
31. Haresh Khemani, Ammonia-Water Vapor Absorption Refrigeration System,
Published Mar 11, 2010

APPENDICES
A. properties of some working fluids and materials

Table A1Thermo physical properties of saturated liquid ammonia (R717);
(Refrigeration and air conditioning, Arora, 2006)
Temp , o c Viscosities Thermal conductivities Constant pressure specific heat
(cP) (w /m. k ) (kj/kg . k )

-40 0.293 0.631 4.397
-20 0.237 0.0585 -
-10 0.113 - -
0 0.191 0.0539 4.638
10 0.171 - -
20 0.153 0.0493 -
30 0.136 - -
40 0.122 0.0447 4.944
Table A2 Thermo physical properties of saturated vapor ammonia (R717);

(refrigeration and air conditioning, Arora, 2006)
Temp , o c Viscosities Thermal conductivities Constant pressure specific heat
(cP) (w /m. k ) (kj/kg . k )

-40 0.00867 0.01749 2.177
-20 0.00942 0.02026 2.380
0 0.01019 0.02285 2.660
20 0.01096 0.02623 3.028
40 0.01173 0.03110 3.516
Table A3 thermo physical properties of air at atmospheric pressure

(Refrigeration and air conditioning, Arora,2006)
T,(k) , cp , , v ,(*10-6 k , m2
,( )
s
kg Kj 10 m2 /s ) (w /m. k )
( ) ( .k)
-5
m3 kg
kg /m. s

250 1.4128 1.0053 1.488 9.49 0.02227 0.13161

300 1.1774 1.0057 1.983 15.68 0.02624 0.2216
350 0.9980 1.0090 2.075 20.76 0.03003 0.2983
Table A4saturation table of R717(Ammonia)

T, P, Specific volume Enthalpy
0
c Bar Vf , 10 Vg, hf , h g,
-3 m3 /kg kj/kg kj /kg

m3 / kg
5 5.1687 1.58 .243 223.2 1466.8
25 10.046 1.66 .128 317.7 1483.2
40 15.57 1.72 .083 390.6 1490.6
50 20.359 1.77 .063 440.5 1491.8
55 23.132 1.80 .055 466.3 1491.1
Table A5 saturation table of R718 (Water)

T, P, Specific volume Enthalpy
0
c Bar Vf , 10 Vg, hf , h fg
-3 m3 /kg kj/kg ,
m3 / kg
kj/kg
40 7.384 1.008 19.55 167.5 2406.9
81.3 50 1.030 3.24 340.6 2305.4
90 70 1.036 2.36 376.8 2283.3
Table A6 thermodynamic properties for AISI 1010

(Introduction to heat transfer, Incropera & Dewitt, 1996)
Melting point,(k) 1670
kg 7832
Density, , ( m3 )
J 437
Heat capacity, Cp,( kg . k )

w 63.9
Conductivity, K,( m. k )
m2 18.8
Thermal diffusivity, ,( s )
Table 9. 7 thermodynamic properties for aluminum alloy

(Introduction to heat transfer, Incropera & Dewitt,1996)
Boiling point 2790 k

J 883
Heat capacity, Cp,( kg . k

w 168
Conductivity, K, ( m. k

m2 68.2*10-6
Thermal diffusivity, , ( s )
Time (day one) 2 Time (day two) Solar radiation(in w/

Solar radiation(in w/ m 2
m )
)
3:00 548 3:00 424
3:30 649 3:30 205
4:00 749 4:00 382
4:30 810 4:30 676
5:00 874 5:00 544
5:30 922 5:30 707
6:00 954 6:00 718
6:30 967 6:30 719
7:00 898 7:00 489
7:30 992 7:30 819
8:00 958 8:00 791
8:30 857 8:30 689
9:00 771 9:00 654
9:30 689 9:30 573
10:00 556 10:00 462
10:30 443 10:30 419
11:00 359 11:00 307

Day one average 778 Day two average 563.4118

intensity intensity
Total average solar radiation =670.7059
Table A8 Solar radiation recorded data for Mekelle

(This data was collected from data recorded by students Daniel and Demis, while running their
experiments at solar demonstration center in Mekelle university )
The related graph of the radiation data is given as follows.
B. design procedures for some components

B1 collector design procedures
Solar thermal energy demand

Qd =mC
T 9.1
( w c pw +NH 3 c pNH 3 ) T
Heat losses
i. Pipe heat loss
ii. Convective and radiation heat loss
iii. Efficiency loss
Total load required
Q g =Q d( product of losses)+ Q d
Number of day sun shine hours
2 1
N= cos (tan tan ) 9.2
5
Where = the latitude angle for design location =declination angle
Daily solar radiation I
Qg =IA
The absorber area is given by:
Qg
A= 9.3
I
From standard the width and length of the collector is given as W and L
Absorber tube area
A a = D0 L
v NH 3 + vw
v =

D0
Taking pipe of
v
La =
Aa
Effective aperture area
A eff =( W D 0 ) L a 9.4
r
Taking is the rim angle
Focal length
W
f=
r
4 tan ( )
2
9.5
Height of the parabolic curve
w2
H c= 9.6
16 f
Geometric concentration ratio
sin r
C= 9.7
sin
B2 compact heat exchanger design procedures
The condensing/evaporating capacity of the air cooled heat exchanger
Taking energy balance between the hot gas and air
Q k= m h Cph (T hi T ho )=m c Cpc (T ciT co ) 9.8

Taking, T hi ,T ho , T ci (ambient average temperature of the specific location T co
Ch=m
h Cph
Ch(T hi T co )
Cc= m
c Cpc = 9.9
(T hi T ci )
Selecting C min ChCc
Q max=C h(T hi T co) 9.10
T co T ci
C = 9.11
T hi T ho
Tube inside: taking Q=UA ( T )
And select U from recommended value table
Specifications
d i, D h
Do
h
=h=
do
h
= p=
p

pl
= pl =
di
pt
=p t =
di
Specify L1 , L2L3
L1 L 3
N t= 9.12
pt pl
A 1= d i L 1 N t 9.13

A 0= d 2i N t 9.14
4
Ac=L1 L3 9.15
Tube outside
Assuming fin to be continuous plate
Material selection
d r=
do=
d f =

T f =
N f =
Primary fin area
A p=dr ( L 1N f T f L1 ) Nt 9.16
Fin area
d f d
2 2
r
4
9.17
2 ( + d f t f ]N f t f N t
A f =
Total heat transfer area
A= A P+ A F
Minimum free flow area
L3
A 0=[ ( p td r ) L1( d f d r ) t f N f L1 ] ( )
pt 9.18
Then
` 1 L3 N f t f
L3 L1L
= 9.19
L3 L1
m

G= A 0 9.20
di
Re= G 9.21


Pr= 9.22
S=0.25
1 0.2 0.1134
S S
Nu=
0.134 R e d 0.181
Pr 3
( )()
Lf t 9.23
The Colburn j and f factors
0.2 0.1134
S S
j=0.134
d 0.319
( )()
Lf t 9.24
0.927
pt
f=9.465 d
0.316
( ) d0 9.25
1
h= jGCp Pr 3 9.26
tan hml
f
= ml 9.27
hp
m=
Where k Ac and l=L1
Af
0
= 1 A ( 1 f ) 9.28
1 1 R 1 R fc
= + fh + R W + +
UA ( 0 hA )h ( 0 A )h ( 0 hA )c ( 0 A )c 9.29

UA
NTU = 9.30
Cmin
=1e[ 1e
(NTU )
]
9.31
1

C
=1e

Rearranging for C ,
The out let temperatures
Twc=Tci+ (ThiTci)
Twh=Thi (ThiTci)
Pressure drop
p
=
G2 L
f 2
p2 2 gc 2 p2 r h
1
[
m

+2 2 1
3 () ( )] 9.32
1 + 2
Where ( 1 ) m
= 2
A0
r h=
p
Dh=4 r h 9.33
B3 Expansion valve design procedures

Taking
Capillary tube bore D=
T c=
At Inlet to expansion valve mass flow rate m

=
3
Cross sectional area of capillary tube
2
A= D
4
Mass velocity

m
G= 9.34
A
u
G = 9.35
v
u=velocity v=specific volume
G
y= 9.36
2P
Z =DG 9.37
Assuming isenthalpic flow, properties and velocities at various sections are given by the
following relations
Determinants at different n sections

T k =
T i=
i=1
n=( 1x n ) fn + x 1 gn 9.38
Reynolds numbers
R en=z / n 9.39
friction factor
0.32
f n=
n
0.25 9.40
Pressure drop
Pk P 1
Total pressure drop =
P A i=G =G ( u i )
PiP Ai
f i1+ f
Mean friction factor f i= i
ui1 +ui
Mean velocity ui=
2
pfi
Li=
Length Yfiui

Total length L= Li + Lk 9.41

1
B4 Bubble pump design procedures
Taking D= lift tube diameter
L= Total cross sectional area of pipe
D2
A p=
4
The volume flow rate of the working fluids
vg= v5
For NH3,
v l vw
For H2O, =
The superficial velocities
Water superficial velocity
vl
l=
Ap 9.42
j
Ammonia superficial velocity
vg
g=
Ap 9.43
j
Total superficial velocity
J = jl + jg 9.44

From Delanos theory
The fraction
1
=
1+S ( jgjl ) 9.45
where slip , S=2.5
The cross sectional areaoccupied by NH 3
g= A p
A 9.46
Cross sectional area occupied by H2O
Al A p A g
=
Velocity at lower point 0&1
Assuming D0
Area at the lower end becomes A0
Ap
V o=V 1 = j l ( )
Ao 9.47
Velocity at lower point 2
V 2= j
At the water entrance line
lo
Length of the water entrance line can be taken as

To calculate the pressure developed at different sections of the bubble pump
From Necklines equation
C o=1.2
Drift velocity
V gi =0.35
g ( l g ) D
L
=0.35 g . D 9.48
4 fc
k= where K is an experimentally determined constant , K =17
D
Re arranging the friction factor is given by
kD
f= 9.49
4L
2
H
L
=
1
2
j
gl
vg
[
2 vg

+ l k (1+ ) +2 +1
]
[ ]
vg
vl vl
1 9.50

vl
1+
s
x
h =
l
x+ ( 1x ) 9.51
g
Momentum equation from system pressure to point 0
v 20
p0= p sys+ l gH l 9.52
2

p1= p0 l v 0 ( v 1v 0 ) 9.53
p2= p1 H v 1 ( v 2v 1 ) 9.54
2
l D 0 v 1
Where homogenous density , H = D2 v
2
Two phase properties
( g j g + l j l )
TP = D 9.56
TP
TP =h g + l ( 1h ) ( 1+2.5 h )
Where
TP =g + l ( 1 )

Main Design

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Main Design

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Design of Solar absorption refrigeration of 5TR

Kibrom w. & Samson T. Page 1

1.1 Back ground

1.1.2 Vapor absorption refrigeration

Kibrom w. & Samson T. Page 2

1.2 Problem statement

1.4 Specific objective

Kibrom w. & Samson T. Page 3

In solar absorption refrigeration system using Ammonia-water as working fluids, a solar

For designing, the refrigeration system we have used:

Kibrom w. & Samson T. Page 4

Kibrom w. & Samson T. Page 5

A. Single-effect absorption system

C. Multi-effect absorption refrigeration cycle

Kibrom w. & Samson T. Page 6

effect generator. This system configuration is considered as a series-flow-double-effect

Kibrom w. & Samson T. Page 7

F. Half-effect absorption refrigeration cycle

Kibrom w. & Samson T. Page 8

J. Combined ejector-absorption refrigeration cycle

L. Self-circulation absorption system using LiBr/water

Kibrom w. & Samson T. Page 9

2.2 Applications of solar energy technology

A very promising application is refrigeration. Refrigeration encompasses household refrigerators,

Kibrom w. & Samson T. Page 10

There are two types of driers.

Kibrom w. & Samson T. Page 11

Commonly used solar cookers

Box type solar cookers

2.3 Solar absorption refrigeration

Kibrom w. & Samson T. Page 12

2.4 Thermal analyses

2.4.1 Working fluid for absorption refrigeration systems

Kibrom w. & Samson T. Page 13

2.4.2 Governing equations

Phases of the refrigerant and absorbent in the cycle

The circuit diagram

Kibrom w. & Samson T. Page 14

State 1: exit from generator and inlet to the bubble pump

Super heated ammonia

State 2: exit from bubble pump and inlet to condenser

Kibrom w. & Samson T. Page 15

T2=800c p2=8.1 bar

State 3: exit from condenser and inlet to expansion valve

T3=400c p3=15.57 bar

State 4: exit from expansion valve and to evaporator

T4=50c p4=5.17 bar

State 5: exit from evaporator and inlet to absorber

T5=250c p5=5.17 bar

State 6: exit from absorber

T6=400c p6=5.5 bar

h6= x hNH3+ (1-x) hH2O v6= xvNH3+ (1-x) vH2O

State 7: exit from bubble pump and inlet to the absorber

h7=588.7 KJ/kg v7=0.828 m3/kg

Kibrom w. & Samson T. Page 16

Energy balance at the evaporator

Mass flow rate of the refrigerant ammonia across the cycle

4=2 =3 =5=0.0164 Kg/s

At exit from absorber

Mass flow rate of solution from absorber

Mass flow rate of hot solution from generator

Heat rejected in the absorber