Biomedical engineering

Turcott Garca Vivian Zeltzin

In this work the homework of the biomedical

subject of the first unit.

University Polytechnic of Cuautitlan Izcalli

Teacher: Luis Javier Sanchez Alvarran

Subject: Biomedical Engineering
Classroom: Italy
Group: 208
 Index

Physical definitions ..1

Salary of a recently graduated biomedical engineer..2

Linear regression3

Population Estimate INEGI..5

Krebs cycle..8

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)...10

Ballistocardiogram (BCG)..11

Electrical accidents in the operating room..12

Effects of electricity on the human body..15

Conclusion..19

Bibliography20
 Physical definitions

Electric current: Electrical current is called the electric charge flow through a material
subjected to a potential difference. Historically, it was defined as a flow of positive charges and
the conventional sense of flow of the current was fixed as a flow of charges from the positive to
the negative pole. However, it was later observed, thanks to the Hall Effect, that in the metals
the charge carriers are electrons, with negative charge, and they move in the opposite
direction to the conventional one. From the electric current, two magnitudes are defined:
current and current density. The value of the current flowing through a circuit is decisive for
calculating the section of the conducting elements thereof. (Fisica para todos)

Voltage: is the physical capacity of an electric circuit, because it drives the electrons to the
length of a conductor, that is, that the volt conducts the electrical energy with greater or lesser
power, because the voltage is the An electric mechanism between the two bodies, on the
basis that if the two points establish an electron flow contact can happen a transfer of energy
from both points, because the electrons are negative charges and are attracted by positively
charged protons, but also the electrons Are rejected from each other for having the same
burden. (concepto definicion, 2014)

Atom: Atom as the smallest particle in which an element can be divided without losing its
chemical properties. (energia nuclear, 2016)

Photon: In Physics the Photon is that particle of light that spreads in the void. The photon is the
particle responsible for the quantum manifestations of the electromagnetic phenomenon,
because it carries all forms of electromagnetic radiation, including gamma rays, x-rays,
ultraviolet light, infrared light, radio waves, Microwaves, among others. (definicion A ,B, C)

Electromagnetic induction: is the phenomenon that causes the production of an electromotive

force (f.e.m. or voltage) in a medium or body exposed to a variable magnetic field, or in a
moving medium with respect to a non-uniform static magnetic field. Thus, when said body is a
conductor, an induced current is produced. This phenomenon was discovered by Michael
Faraday in 1831, who expressed it by indicating that the magnitude of the induced voltage is
proportional to the variation of the magnetic flux (Faraday's Law). (Maxwell & Clerk, 1881)

Force: In physics, a force is an influence that causes a free body to undergo acceleration.
Force can also be described by intuitive concepts such as a push or pull that can cause an
object with mass to change its speed (which includes starting to move from a state of rest),
accelerating, that is to say flexible object to deform. A force has both magnitude and
direction, which is a vector of quantity. (Gonzlez, 2010)

1
 Salary of a recently graduated biomedical engineer

Biomedical engineering is a branch of engineering that is specialized in solving and attending

to the problems related to the field of medicine, in that part in which doctors do not know how
to intervene: solving problems using the latest technology and methods More reliable
diagnostics
This race is in the ranking of Mexico, the United States and many places in the world as one of
the best races that can be studied along with other engineering, since this field has an
advance that in the last two decades has been shocking And fast, so it is increasingly required
more specialized staff in the handling and creation of this type of materials and that many
patients' opportunity to keep moving.
Since the person is in the race, there are other options that cannot work as a fellow, as well as
the relatively cheap labor company, while the young man learns a better way, however, his
scholarships or salaries usually approach The $ 5,000 Mexican pesos (about $ 390 dollars per
month), something that does not surprise much, but that the embargo, is the equivalent and a
minimum wage.
However, once you choose and you also have some experience in biomedical engineering,
you can get a selection of employment options by salary that double the income you have
while you are a fellow student; Thus we have an average of $ 9,000 to $ 15,000 Mexican pesos
monthly ($ 770 to $ 1150 US dollars) collaborating with doctors as physiotherapists. This salary
can involve several tasks: from maintaining different equipment, however, can also be
exercised by the laboratory representative to try to convince other hospitals to have certain
products.
However, once a certain level of experience has been achieved, intermediate executive ranks
can be accessed where salaries range from $ 30,000 to $ 50,000 Mexican pesos, always
depending on the ability of biomedical to be able to be released similar to Aeronautical
engineers. In the last step are the chiefs of laboratories and you can think of salaries between $
50,000 to $ 100,000 Mexican pesos per month, being responsible for other biomedical that can
get hurt.
There is also the possibility of mounting devices of this style, in several hospitals with a company
that delivers these services, in this case, have physical income where they can exceed
(depending on the location) more than $ 500,000 Mexican pesos, However, it depends a lot on
other factors. (How much does celebrity and career finance win, 2014)
It is common to note that proficient careers receive higher salaries at the entry level, typically
engineering, information technology, and geology, for example, typically receive
proportionately higher salaries as fresh graduates than other careers such as administrators and
economists. It is also interesting to note the great variation that exists in the salaries of more
independent careers, such as lawyers and doctors for example.

(Universo Laboral , 2013)

2
 Linear regression

What is a regression analysis?

A regression analysis generates an equation to describe the statistical relationship between one
or more predictors and the response variable and to predict new observations. Linear
regression generally uses the ordinary least squares estimation method, from which the
equation is obtained by minimizing the sum of square residuals.

What is simple linear regression?

Simple linear regression examines the linear relationship between two continuous variables: a
response (y) and a predictor (x). When the two variables are related, it is possible to predict a
response value from a predictor value with greater accuracy.

Regression offers the line that "best" fits the data. This line can then be used for:
Examine how the response variable changes as the predictor changes.
Predict the value of a response variable (y) for any predictor variable (x).

What is multiple linear regressions?

Multiple linear regressions examine the linear relationships between a continuous response and
two or more predictors. If the number of predictors is large, before adjusting a regression model
with all predictors, you should use step-by-step model selection techniques or the best subsets
to exclude predictors that are not associated with the answers.

What is the regression of ordinary minimum squares?

In the ordinary least squares regression (OLS), the estimated equation is calculated by
determining the equation that minimizes the sum of the squared distances between the data
points in the sample and the values predicted by the equation.

Answer vs. Predictor

With a predictor (simple linear regression), the sum of the squared distances from each point to
the line must be as small as possible.
OLS regression assumptions that must be met
The OLS regression provides the unbiased and most accurate estimates only when the following
assumptions are true:
The regression model is linear in the coefficients. Minimum squares can model curvature by
transforming variables (rather than coefficients). You must specify the correct functional shape
in order to properly model any curvature.

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Quadratic model

Here, the predictor variable, X, is squared in order to model the curvature. Y = bo + b1X + b2X2
Residues have a mean of zero. The inclusion of a constant in the model will cause the mean to
be zero.
All predictors do not correlate with residues.
Residues do not correlate with each other (serial correlation).
Residues have a constant variance.
No predictor variable correlates perfectly (r = 1) with a different predictor variable. It is also best
to avoid imperfectly high correlations (multicollinearity).
The waste is normally distributed.
Because the OLS regression will provide the best estimates only when all these assumptions are
met, it is very important to test them. Common methods include examining residue charts, using
non-fit tests, and verifying the correlation between predictors using the Variance Inflation
Factor). (Minitab)

4
 Poblacin Estimada INEGI

Periodo Nmero de personas

1910 15,160,369
1921 14,334,780
1930 16,552,722
1940 19,653,552
1950 25,791,017
1960 34,923,129
1970 48,225,238
1980 66,846,833
1990 81,249,645
1995 91,158,290
2000 97,483,412
2005 103,263,388
2010 112,336,538

Entidad Poblacin total

Nacional 112,336,538
Aguascalientes 1,184,996
Baja California 3,155,070
Baja California Sur 637,026
Campeche 822,441
Coahuila de Zaragoza 2,748,391
Colima 650,555
Chiapas 4,796,580
Chihuahua 3,406,465
Ciudad de Mxico 8,851,080
Durango 1,632,934
Guanajuato 5,486,372
Guerrero 3,388,768
Hidalgo 2,665,018
Jalisco 7,350,682
Mxico 15,175,862
Michoacn de Ocampo 4,351,037
Morelos 1,777,227
Nayarit 1,084,979
Nuevo Len 4,653,458
Oaxaca 3,801,962
Puebla 5,779,829
Quertaro 1,827,937

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Quintana Roo 1,325,578
San Luis Potos 2,585,518
Sinaloa 2,767,761
Sonora 2,662,480
Tabasco 2,238,603
Tamaulipas 3,268,554
Tlaxcala 1,169,936
Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave 7,643,194
Yucatn 1,955,577
Zacatecas 1,490,668

(Instituto Nacional de Estadistica Y Geografia, 2010)

Estadsticas de Mortalidad

Periodo Defunciones
1994 419,074
1995 430,278
1996 436,321
1997 440,437
1998 444,665
1999 443,950
2000 437,667
2001 443,127
2002 459,687
2003 472,140
2004 473,417
2005 495,240
2006 494,471
2007 514,420
2008 539,530
2009 564,673
2010 592,018
2011 590,693
2012 602,354
2013 623,599
2014 633,641
2015 655,688

6
Entidad Defunciones generales
Nacional 655,688
Aguascalientes 5,636
Baja California 17,152
Baja California Sur 3,175
Campeche 4,714
Coahuila de Zaragoza 16,167
Colima 4,408
Chiapas 26,519
Chihuahua 22,416
Ciudad de Mxico 59,484
Durango 8,975
Guanajuato 30,170
Guerrero 20,645
Hidalgo 14,595
Jalisco 43,141
Mxico 77,813
Michoacn de Ocampo 25,473
Morelos 11,236
Nayarit 6,187
Nuevo Len 25,087
Oaxaca 24,334
Puebla 34,517
Quertaro 9,034
Quintana Roo 5,738
San Luis Potos 14,163
Sinaloa 15,357
Sonora 16,507
Tabasco 12,666
Tamaulipas 18,700
Tlaxcala 6,110
Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave 52,354
Yucatn 13,282
Zacatecas 8,838
Extranjero 1,095

(Instituto Nacional de Estadistica y Geografia, 2015)

7
 Krebs cycle

The Krebs Cycle is a metabolic process present in each of the living cells that use oxygen for
their subsistence. Through the cellular respiration process, the Krebs cycle recreates a complete
system of assimilation of proteins and fats transforming the organic matter into chemical
energy, this process happen in an ambiguous way, as it is carried out as a process of selection
between the productive and not favorable for the body. It should be noted that this is one of
the most important processes of protein assimilation, with direct repercussions on the
instantaneous physical state of the body, as it happens with homeostasis. (Concepto
Definicion)

Steps:

1. Citrate synthase: acetyl (group of 2 carbons), from the degradation of complex molecules
binds to Coenzyme A to enter the cycle. Acetyl-CoA transfers the acetyl to the oxalacetate (4-
carbon molecule) to form a citric acid molecule (6 carbons, 6C). This step is catalyzed by
citrate synthase and consumes one molecule of water in the process. The citrate that is formed
is able to prevent the activity of citrate synthase, so that until the citrate is not finished, it does
not continue to be generated.

2. The citrate is then converted to cis-Aconitate (that the same enzyme catalyzes the change
to isocitrate) by aconitase. The isocitrate (6 carbons) is an isomeric form of citrate, but serves as
a substrate for the next enzyme.

3. The isocitrate dehydrogenase will oxidize the isocitrate to oxoglutarate (6C). In this process,
reducing power is generated, which will be stored in an NAD + that will be reduced to NADH.
This enzyme transforms the isocitrate into oxalsuccinate. This change modifies the
electronegativity of the molecule, producing a decarboxylation, the rupture of a carboxyl
group (it is eliminated as CO2) when losing this carbon is denominated alpha-ketoglutarato or
oxoglutarato (with 5 carbons) .

4. -Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase will convert -ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA (the succinyl

has 4 carbons) by oxidative decarboxylation, another carboxyl group is lost. This process is
carried out in three steps, performed by 3 subunits of the enzyme. In this process a lot of energy
is generated, part of it will serve to join a molecule of CoA and the rest is stored as reducing
power in NAD +, which becomes NADH.

5. Succinyl-CoA will be hydrolyzed by succinyl-CoA synthetase to give succinyl. This enzyme

breaks the bond between conenzimaA and succil. The cosustrato of this reaction is the GDP
(guann diphosfato) that will take advantage of the energy of the reaction to join an inorganic
phosphorus (Pi) and to form GTP.

6. Succinate (4C) is converted into fumarate (4C) by succinate dehydrogenase, the oxidation
of the molecule, the reducing power that is generated is stored in the FADH2 which stores less
energy than NAD +, since this oxidation is not So energetic.

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7. Fumarate by fumarase is converted to L-malate by hydration with a -OH group from a water
molecule.

8. The malate is oxidized by malate dehydrogenase to oxalacetate, generating a last molecule

of a NADH. At the end of this step we again obtain oxalacetate (4C), which can be used by
the first enzyme of the cycle to regenerate energy.

The Krebs cycle generates reducing power that will be converted into ATP, the energy storage
molecule in the electron chain, read more of it here (coming soon). In summary in the process
two molecules of CO2, 3 molecules of NADH, 1 molecule of GTP and 1 of FADH2 are generated
for each acetyl that enters the cycle.

(Contreras, 2014)

9
 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)

For more than fifty years, DARPA has held to a singular and enduring mission: to make
pivotal investments in breakthrough technologies for national security.

The genesis of that mission and of DARPA itself dates to the launch of Sputnik in 1957, and a
commitment by the United States that, from that time forward, it would be the initiator and not
the victim of strategic technological surprises. Working with innovators inside and outside of
government, DARPA has repeatedly delivered on that mission, transforming revolutionary
concepts and even seeming impossibilities into practical capabilities. The ultimate results have
included not only game-changing military capabilities such as precision weapons and stealth
technology, but also such icons of modern civilian society such as the Internet, automated
voice recognition and language translation, and Global Positioning System receivers small
enough to embed in myriad consumer devices. DARPA explicitly reaches for transformational
change instead of incremental advances. But it does not perform its engineering alchemy in
isolation. It works within an innovation ecosystem that includes academic, corporate and
governmental partners, with a constant focus on the Nations military Services, which work with
DARPA to create new strategic opportunities and novel tactical options. For decades, this
vibrant, interlocking ecosystem of diverse collaborators has proven to be a nurturing
environment for the intense creativity that DARPA is designed to cultivate. DARPA comprises
approximately 220 government employees in six technical offices, including nearly 100 program
managers, who together oversee about 250 research and development programs.

DARPA goes to great lengths to identify, recruit and support excellent program managers
extraordinary individuals who are at the top of their fields and are hungry for the opportunity to
push the limits of their disciplines. These leaders, who are at the very heart of DARPAs history of
success, come from academia, industry and government agencies for limited stints, generally
three to five years. That deadline fuels the signature DARPA urgency to achieve success in less
time than might be considered reasonable in a conventional setting.

Program managers address challenges broadly, spanning the spectrum from deep science to
systems to capabilities, but ultimately they are driven by the desire to make a difference. They
define their programs, set milestones, meet with their performers and assiduously track progress.
But they are also constantly probing for the next big thing in their fields, communicating with
leaders in the scientific and engineering community to identify new challenges and potential
solutions.

Program managers report to DARPAs office directors and their deputies, who are responsible
for charting their offices technical directions, hiring program managers and overseeing
program execution. The technical staff is also supported by experts in security, legal and
contracting issues, finance, human resources and communications. These are the people who
make it possible for program managers to achieve big things during their relatively short
tenures. At the Agency level, the DARPA Director and Deputy Director approve each new
program and review ongoing programs, while setting Agency-wide priorities and ensuring a
balanced investment portfolio. DARPA benefits greatly from special statutory hiring authorities
and alternative contracting vehicles that allow the Agency to take quick advantage of
opportunities to advance its mission. These legislated capabilities have helped DARPA continue
to execute its mission effectively. (DARPA)

10
 Ballistocardiogram (BCG)
History
Ballistocardiogram measures the movements of the body which are caused by the hifts in the
center of mass of the blood and to a lesser extent of the heart (N.T, 1974). The first BCG
recording was published in 1877 but the modern ballistocardiography in considered to have
begun in 1936 by Isaac Starr when he built a new type of bed BCG measurement device. Since
then various type of bed and chair type BCG measurement devices have been constructed. A
lot of scientific work was done around BCG in 1940-1975 but some of it was performed without
proper knowledge of physiology and physics which gave a somewhat questionable reputation
to BCG. As the recording and particularly the understanding of the electrocardiography, ECG
improved and ECG had a better specificity, the use of BCG decreased dramatically in the
1970'ies. BCG and related studies are nowadays practiced in the research community
surrounding the Cardiovascular System Dynamics Society (CSDS). Improved sensor technology
has attracted more interest in BCG in recent years.

BCG waveform
In the early days the measurement devices measured so-called displacement BCG and
sometimes velocity BCG, its first derivative. Nowadays the equipment usually measures the
acceleration BCG which is the second derivative of displacement BCG. This is so, because the
modern sensor for BCG measure force which is mass times acceleration. The theoretical BCG
waveform can see in the picture and its practical counterpart in Figure 2. Smith recommends
that the filters in the measurement process should have a pass band of 0.3-50 Hz [1}, but
practically all power in the signal is below 20 Hz and at 0.5 Hz one still records quite a lot of
respiratory components.

(Viarri, 2008)

11
 Electrical accidents in the operating room

Electric current

An electric current corresponds to a displacement of a set of free electrons through a

conductor that opposes a certain resistance (R), as an effect of an electromotive force or
voltage (U). The intensity (I) is the amount of electricity (Q) that the conductor traverses per unit
of time.

Effects of electric currents

It is necessary to distinguish the effects of the application of a current on a given tissue from the
effects on the human organism.

Effects on biological tissues

According to the type of electric current and the crossed tissue, three effects can be observed:

The thermal effect: derives from the Joule effect and prevails alternating high-frequency (AF)
currents. The heating depends on the specific impedance of the tissue passed through, the
current intensity and the time of application.

The faradic effect is exerted on the cells (muscles, nerves) whose electrical activity is altered
by the low and middle frequency currents (10 Hz to 10 kHz).

The electrolytic effect: causes, in the traversed tissue, a displacement of the ions. It
predominates with continuous currents and alternating low-frequency currents (BF)

Effects on the human organism

The thermal and cardiac effects of the currents give origin to most of the electrical accidents
observed in an operating room.

Thermal effects

A burn may occur when the current amount per unit area, or current density, is> 100 mA / cm 2)
that the capillary blood flow capacity is exceeded to dissipate the heat. Normally the
temperature above which a hard burning appears is 42 C. This value is reduced, and
therefore the risk of burn increases, in case of reduction of circulation at the point of contact
(vasoconstriction, deshock state, etc.) or hypothermia, all of which are common circumstances
during the period operative.

Heart effects

Cardiac risk during the application of an electric current to a human organism is headed by
ventricular fibrillation (VF). The intensity of the current susceptible to determine a VF is a function
of its point of application. Unmacroshock (50-100 mA order intensity and 50 Hz frequency) is
required if the contact is produced on the skin or on an organ located at a distance from the
heart; Just unmicroshock

12
Of 100 A when the con- tact is performed directly on the heart. The calculated defibrillation
threshold in cardiac surgery patients is variable from subject to subject, and may decrease to
50 A when the electrode is in contact with the endocardium. For comparison, a pacemaker
generates a current of between 0.1 and 10 mA.

Risk factor's

There are factors related to the current (intensity, frequency) and its application characteristics
(duration, path) that modify the risk.

Intensity

Table I shows the clinical effects of the electric current as a function of its intensity. Normally the
skin opposes to the current a high resistance, in the order of 100 000, which decreases
considerably (1 000) if it is wet. This situation is frequent in the operating room: use of liquid
antiseptics, presence of blood or urine. The decrease in cutaneous impairedness is
accompanied by an increase in the intensity [I = U / R] of the current. It is therefore preferable
to use low voltages, so that when the resistance of the battery is reduced, the current can not
exceed a given, potentially dangerous threshold.

Frequency

The heart is especially sensitive to currents of frequencies between 40 and 200 Hz that exert their
pharaoh's effects. Above 100 kHz only the risk of burn remains. At equal intensity, a continuous
current is less dangerous than an alternating current; An alternating current of 100 mA has
effects similar to those of a 3 A continuous current. However, it can not be concluded that the
continuous currents are harmless.

Duration of the application

The thermal risk [W = RI2t] and the heart rate increase with contact loss. If prolonged, VF may
be produced through ventricular extrasystoles that decrease the fibrillation threshold. When it is
brief, the risk depends on the time of its occurrence in relation to the cardiac cycle (partial
refractory period corresponding to the T-wave of the electrocardiogram). During anesthesia, a
contact may go completely unnoticed and can be revealed by cardiac manifestations or by
the finding of a burn, usually after the procedure.

Journey

Cardiac risk increases when the heart is in the path of the current or when it is directly applied
to the myocardium

Equipment

Medical equipment must be approved for use in the operating room.There are two
classifications for the devices. The first concerns the isolation of the apparatus (classes I, II and
III) and the second relates to the way the patient is connected to it (types B, BF, CF and H). The
types B, BF and CF are also defined in terms of maximum admissible leakage currents. Class I

13
devices In addition to transformer insulation, these devices have their enclosure grounded, and
must be connected to a grounded wall outlet, otherwise their safety devices are inoperative.
Class II devices These devices, which are also fitted with an isolation transformer, do not need to
be earthed. This second degree safety is replaced by double insulation, ie reinforced insulation.
These devices can be connected to any type of 220 V socket, with or ground fault. Class III
devices They are not connected to the 220 V network, but to a TBTS. Type B devices Intended
for internal or external applications in the patient, except in the case of direct cardiac
applications (eg syringe infusion pump). Type BF devices They have floating inputs, without
reference to ground (eg, electrocardiographic devices). CF type devices Essentially for direct
cardiac applications (eg, intracardiac pressure taking). Type H devices Your protection
measures are similar to home appliances; Should not be used for patient applications.
Measures to ensure the electrical safety of patients in the operating room include measures
related to biomedical devices and devices as well as measures applicable to users. Among the
different measures, the insulation of the power supply and the patient constitute, together with
the grounding of the devices, the primary elements of electrical safety. The anesthesiologist-
rescuer contributes to the prevention of electrical accidents Respecting and respecting the
rules of electrical safety and using approved equipment whose maintenance must be
performed by qualified personnel. (Colavolpe & Duch, 1995)

14
 Effects of electricity on the human body

When some part or parts of the human body come into contact with two points or objects
between which there is a potential difference (voltage), the passage of an electric current
through the body is established that can produce very different effects, from a slight Tingling to
death, muscle contractions, difficulties or respiratory arrest, falls, burns, ventricular fibrillation,
and cardiac arrest. This is known as electric shock.

Electrical shock can occur when touching live parts, such as bare metal cables or bars (direct
contact), or normally harmless objects whose voltage is due to faults and insulation faults
(indirect contact).

In order to understand the process it is necessary to point out that the low voltage distribution
network - the one that goes into our homes, offices, commercial premises, etc. - is three-phase
and the neutral is connected to ground.From the above scheme it can be inferred that if a
person comes into contact with one of the phases L1, L2, L3 and has his feet resting on the
ground (or touches any metallic mass, pipe, etc. that makes good contact with earth) The
circuit will be closed establishing a current that will cross its body, producing the shock. The
same will happen if you touch the metal housing of any appliance that has insulation defects.

The type of current, continuous (batteries and batteries) or alternating (mains).

In general, the low frequency alternating current (50-60 Hz) that is distributed through the
network can be up to 3 or 5 times more dangerous than continuous. Since this is the type of
current we are usually exposed to in homes, shops, offices, etc., we will focus on the risks
associated with the alternative.

The intensity and the time.

In general, the greater the intensity and / or time in which current flows through our body, the
more serious the consequences. The following table shows the effects generated by intensity

15
and time of exposure in an adult weighing more than 50 kg, assuming that the points of
contact are two extremities.

The tension and the resistance

The voltage (voltage) is not per se per se, but, according to Ohm's law, causes a current to pass
whose effects have already been described and whose magnitude also depends on the
resistance.The contact voltage, which is at the contact point before it occurs, is easy to
estimate or calculate. In the case of low voltage installations (domestic or industrial), in Europe
it is usually 230 V if the contact is between phase and neutral (or between phase and ground),
which is the most frequent case, and 400 V if Play two phases simultaneously.

The problem lies in determining the value of the resistance, since this in the case of the human
body depends not only on external or environmental conditions (degree of skin moisture,
contact pressure, state of the epidermis and contact zone, Etc.) but also the value of the
voltage. Therefore, we could say that the current depends doubly on the voltage, establishing
a directly proportional relationship between Ohm's law, and a dependence on resistance,
which is in the denominator of that law.Based on the resistance of one hand to the other in dry
skin conditions, an alternating current at mains frequency (50 Hz) and a contact surface of 50
to 100 cm2, NTP 400 from the National Institute of Safety and Hygiene In the Work establishes he

16
following values for the resistance (more properly impedance) of the human body.

The course of the stream

The severity of an accident depends on the current path through the body. A long trajectory, in
principle, will present greater resistance allowing less intensity to pass, but if it passes through
vital organs such as the heart, lungs, liver, etc., can cause much more serious injuries. The most
dangerous routes are those that affect the head (brain damage) or the chest
(cardiopulmonary arrest).

The values of intensity and time reflected in the "Table of Physiological Effects" correspond to a
path "left hand - two feet". For other paths a correction coefficient F called "heart current
factor" should be applied, which allows the calculation of the equivalence of the risk of currents
that cross the body following other routes.

17
The equivalent intensity is given by the formula:

Ieq = Iref/F

Being Iref the intensity corresponding to the left hand path - two feet and F the heart current
factor (Perez, 2014)

18
 Conclusion
In conclusion you can read that function has a biomedical engineer and how
important is his work, also the future that awaits an engineer in this country and in
others. It was also learned what types of hazards there are in a room of chirofano and
that It is so dangerous to handle fences without proper precaution, we know the
classifications of medical equipment, and the currents that a human can bear and that
is what happens in cases of a patient having the fate to touch a leakage current, in
Other words we learned a little of our career but still more to understand.

19
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