Assignment 2

1. What navigation system does an aircraft use to land? Explain all the
navigation systems available.

-ILS

Operates in the VHF portion of the electromagnetic spectrum

System consists of a runaway localizer, a glide slope signal, and marker

beacons for position location

Localizer equipment produces a radio course aligned with the center of

an airport runaway. The on course signals result from the equal
reception of two signals; Blue sector (150 Hz) and yellow sector (90 Hz)

The glide slope : assists pilot in making the correct angle of descent

Glide slope signals are radiated from two antennas located adjacent to
the touchdown point of the runway.

Info from both localizer and glide slope receivers is presented to the
CDI;

MARKER BEACONS

In connection with the instrument landing system.

signals which indicate the position of the aircraft along the approach to
the runway

-VOR

Electronic navigation system.

It produces 360 usable radials or courses, any one of which is radial path
connected to the station.

Operation is in the vhf portion of the radio spectrum.

Frequency range 108 MHz-117.95 MHz

WORKING OF VOR

Info from the VOR receiver is displayed on the CDI (Course Deviation
Indicator).

The vertical needle is used as the course indicator.

Vertical needle also indicates when the aircraft deviates from the course
and

The direction of the aircraft must be turned to attain the desired course.
WORKING OF VOR THROUGH CDI

To-from indicator presents the direction to or from the station along the
omni radial.

When the localizer signals are selected on the receiver, the indicator
shows the position of the localizer beam relative to the aircraft and the
direction the aircraft must be turned to intercept the localizer.

During VOR operation the VOR radial to be used is selected by rotating

the OBS (omni-bearing selector).

OBS is graduated in degrees from 0 to 360.

-DME

Constant visual indication of the distance the aircraft is from a ground

station

NOT a true indication of point to point distance as measured over the

ground

Indicates the slant range between the aircraft and the ground station

Transceiver transmits a pair of spaced pulses to the ground station

Ground station responds with a pulse transmission on a separate

frequency to send a reply to the aircraft

Time elapsed is time between the challenges and are measured;

Time travel is the distance separating plane and station.

Distance is indicated in nautical miles by a cockpit instrument

Transmitting frequencies are in 2 groups

- 962 MHz to 1024 MHz

- 1151 MHz to 1212 MHz

Receiving frequency is between 1025 to 1149 MHz

Aircrafts DME transceiver is tuned to the selected DME ground station

2. Find out and explain the below questions regarding gyroscope:

- Instruments that use gyro

Heading indicator, directional gyro indicator, attitude indicator, turn and
slip indicator

- Gyro principles with factors that affect each principle

a. Rigidity
i. Mass of the rotor
ii. Speed of rotation
iii. Distance at which the mass acts from the center
b. Precession
i. Strength and direction of the applied force
ii. Moment of inertia of the rotor
iii. Angular velocity of rotor

- Erection method used in the instruments

i. Pendulous Vane
ii. Ball type
iii. Electrical

3. Explain GPWS modes together with its aural and warning message

i. Excessive Descent Rate and Severe descent rate (Mode 1).

ii. Excessive terrain closure rate (Mode 2).

iii. Altitude loss after takeoff or go0around (Mode 3).

iv. Unsafe terrain clearance when not in the landing configuration (Mode 4)

v. Excessive deviation below an ILS glideslope (Mode 5)

vi. Altitude callouts (Mode 6)

vii. Windshear callouts (Mode 7)

Aural and warning messages

An obstacle conflict provides a CAUTION OBSTACLE, CAUTION OBSTACLE or

OBSTACLE AHEAD, OBSTACLE AHEAD message. The caution alert is given typically
60 seconds ahead of the terrain/obstacle conflict and is repeated every seven seconds as long
as the conflict remains within the caution area. When the warning ribbon is intruded (typically
30 seconds prior to the terrain/obstacle conflict), EGPWS warning lights activate and the aural
message TERRAIN, TERRAIN, PULL UP or OBSTACLE, OBSTACLE, PULL UP is
enunciated with PULL UP repeating continuously while the conflict is within the warning
area.
 4. Explain working principle for the Exhaust Gas Temperature for turbine
engine (EGT), types of metal sensor used, polarity and the standard colour
coded used for each metal.
i. Use thermocouple principle. It is basically used two dissimilar metal which
are wound at both ends. It form a closed loop with 2 junctions called as hot
junction and cold junction. When heat is applied to hot junction, a current
flows is produced due to temperature difference between two junctions.
Potential difference is generated.
ii. Metal sensor used are alumel and chromel.
iii. Polarity of chromel is positive terminal and alumel is negative terminal.
iv. Standard color for chromel is yellow and alumel is red.

5. Draw the pitot static connection to all the instruments related

6. Explain the
working
principle of
the differential
capsule
and

accelerometer pump on VSI

The instantaneous vertical-speed indicator incorporates acceleration

pumps to eliminate the limitations associated with the calibrated leak. For
example, during climb entry, vertical acceleration causes the pumps to
supply extra air into the diaphragm to stabilize the pressure differential
without the usual lag time. During the level flight and steady rate climbs
and descents, the instrument operates on the same principles as the
earlier conventional type.