Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
August 2014
Table of Contents
Part I Disclaimer 1
Part II General 2
1 Installing
...................................................................................................................................
the Program 3
2 Defining...................................................................................................................................
the Demo models 4
3 Defining...................................................................................................................................
new models 5
4 Hints ................................................................................................................................... 6
Index 124
Disclaimer
The STRAP programs have been written by a team of highly qualified engineers and programmers and
have been extensively tested. Nevertheless, the authors of the software do not assume responsibility for
the validity of the results obtained from the programs or for the accuracy of this documentation.
The authors remind the user that the programs are to be used as a tool for structural analysis, and that
the engineering judgment of the user is the final arbiter in the development of a suitable model and the
interpretation of the results.
General
The DEMO includes:
detailed instructions for defining the geometry and loads, viewing the results, designing steel &
concrete elements and creating engineering drawings for the DEMO models.
the files for several of the Demo models.
these DEMO models may be revised but revisions to the geometry and loading will not be saved.
The program should be installed in a separate folder (the installation program creates a new folder if
necessary). To change the program folder, click Browse .
the DEMO models are found in the folder \STRAP1\DEMO. If this folder is not the one displayed,
click in the toolbar and select it.
to select an existing model move the to the model name in the list and click the mouse to highlight
the line.
follow the detailed instructions in each of the Demo examples.
Then select one of the following methods for defining the new model:
Select a model from the STRAP library of standard structures. Define the geometry, loads
and load combinations. The model created by the wizard may be revised later using any of
the STRAP geometry and load options.
Create the orthogonal grid lines as the basis for the new model. Nodes and elements are not
defined in this option.
The program displays a blank screen. Define the geometry and loads from scratch using any
of the STRAP geometry and loading definition options.
Note:
if you have installed the "STRAP 12 nodes version" only models with up to 12 nodes may be
defined, saved and solved.
2.4 Hints
Help
STRAP provides the user with extensive on-line Help that may be displayed at any time. There are two
ways to display Help while running the program:
press the key: Help for the current option will be displayed.
click the Help option in the menu bar at the top of the screen and select Contents in the pull-down
menu: The Table of Contents of the Help for the entire program is then displayed on the left side of
the Help window; select any topic in the list.
Toolbar
Note the row of small icons below the menu bar at the top of the screen. Clicking an icon provides
access to many of the program options. Place the on an icon to display a ‘hint’ explaining its function.
Undo
If you made a mistake, simply click (Undo) in the toolbar; the program deletes the previous
definition step.
Zoom
Click in the tool bar or select Zoom in the menu bar.
Try the Number of Windows option. This option creates a ‘split screen’ showing different views of the
model. Each view can be rotated to a different angle, have a different zoom and display different
information. Any of the windows may be the ‘active’ one; move the into a window and double click
the mouse. When you define part of the geometry in the active window all of the other windows are
updated simultaneously.
Display
Click the Display option in the menu bar at the top of the screen to display various information about
the model - node, beam and property group numbers, support location and type, spring location, etc.
Verify node coordinates by selecting Define/revise dimension lines; the program displays the
distances between nodes that you select. The lines may be vertical, horizontal or parallel to any pair of
nodes.
Print graphics
Select the Output option on the menu bar and click on Print drawing. The current display is printed to
the scale and with the title that you define.
File management
The program provides complete file management capabilities (backup, restore, delete, etc.); select the
Files option in the menu bar in the program’s initial screen - .
Demo examples
3.1 Plane frame - 1
Define the following plane frame using a Model wizard.
Preliminary Menu
Arrange the menu as follows:
Model wizard:
Click
Click UB in the section type list and 406x140x39 in the section list.
Define dead, live and wind loads and load factors for combinations.
The model wizard creates standard load cases from the basic load data. For the plane frame wizard,
nine cases are created - Press to display more details.
Note that loads defined by a wizard in the Demo version are not saved and cannot be displayed.
Loads for this frame are also defined in Demo 4.
The program now creates the model according to the parameters and displays it on the screen with
the following Dialog Box at the bottom:
Press Esc (or right-click the mouse) to end the revision of dimensions.
Click the OK button to leave the Model Wizard. The program now enters the regular geometry
module.
Geometry
click in the menu bar to display the node numbers
To define the bracing, click the icon in the bottom side menu
Click the icon in the Beam options menu at the side of the screen
move the into the Dialog box at the bottom of the screen and set Prop.= 3; click .
move the adjacent to node 3 so that the node is highlighted with a ; click the mouse
move the adjacent to node 9 so that the node is highlighted with a ; click the mouse
the program creates a beam linking nodes 3 and 9.
In a similar manner, create a beam linking nodes 4 and 8.
Click the icon in the Copy options menu at the side of the screen
move the adjacent to node 3 so that the node is highlighted with a ; click the mouse
Similarly select nodes 4, 8 and 9
after the node 9 has been selected, click the mouse again without moving the crosshair (or click
in the Dialog box at the bottom of the screen).
Select the reference node: move the adjacent to node 3 so that the node is highlighted with a ;
click the mouse
Select the new location of the reference node:
select node 8.
click the icon, select property type EQ.D.ANG and select 150x150x10
You have now completed the definition of the geometry and the loads. To select another Demo model:
click in the Tab bar (or File in the menu bar and STRAP model list in the menu).
Main Menu
Click new model in the toolbar (or double-click Demo - Empty model in the model list if you have
installed the "STRAP 12 nodes version").
Preliminary Menu
Geometry
Nodes:
Define the nodes with two "Line - equal" commands:
click the icon in the bottom side menu
Note: the nodes may also be defined with the option, where the base line consists of
one segment only.
Restraints:
select in the bottom Side menu.
select
select the two bottom nodes (1 and 7):
Repeat for Node 7, but double-click or click after highlighting the node.
Beams:
Define all beams with a single command.
select
select
select Node 1 as the start of the grid baseline:
select Node 7 as the end of the base line and the top-right node (12) as the end of the height line.
The program draws a complete grid, including a beam between 1 and 7 ; to delete this beam -
select
select the beam to delete:
Properties:
select
Similarly define property group 2 (beams) with values A=0.2 and I3=0.02.
Property 1 was automatically assigned to all of the members when they were defined. To assign the
beams to property 2:
click Assign
click Close
Loads:
click in the tab bar.
select
select
select
select
select
select
Results:
Select in the side menu
select combinations
Define the combinations as follows:
Graphic results:
select the result type (moment, shear, etc) and the load case or combination; click OK . The
graphic results are superimposed on the geometry.
Tabular results:
click the icon
select the result type (moment, shear, etc) and the load case or combination; click OK .
You have now completed this Demo. To select another Demo model:
click in the Tab bar (or File in the menu bar and STRAP model list in the menu).
Demo 2 demonstrates STRAP’s powerful features of automatically generating a mesh of elements. The
user can define an area of any shape (which may also include holes) and specify the preferred size of
the elements. The program identifies existing supports (e.g. columns) and includes them in the mesh
nodes.
When defining a mesh area adjacent to an already defined mesh, the program will take care of a
smooth connection between the elements of the two areas.
Main Menu
Click new model in the toolbar (or double-click Demo - Empty model in the model list if you have
installed the "STRAP 12 nodes version").
Preliminary Menu
set the default Units to meter and kN, the Display width range from -5 to 60 and the Display height
range from -5 to 40 (if necessary).
set the Model type to Grid
Geometry
Nodes:
Define the grid of support nodes:
click the icon in the bottom side menu
The base line starts at coordinates (0,0); type 0 (the cursor automatically enters the X1= box) and
press [Enter]. The cursor moves to the X2= box; type 0 and press [Enter]. Press [Enter] or click the
button.
(Alternatively - move the on the screen so that the coordinates in the Dialog box are X1=0. and
X2=0.; click the mouse.)
The base line ends at coordinates (50,0); type 50 and press [Enter]. The cursor moves to the X2=
box; type 0 and press [Enter]. Press [Enter] three times or click the button.
(Alternatively - move the on the screen so that the coordinate in the Dialog box at the bottom of the
screen are X1=50 and X2=0.; click the mouse)
Define the nodes on the grid height line as Equally spaced and click OK .
The height line ends at coordinates (50,32.5); type 50 and press [Enter]. The cursor moves to the
X2= box; type 32.5 and press [Enter]. Press [Enter] three times or click the button.
(Alternatively - move the on the screen so that the coordinates in the Dialog box at the bottom of the
screen are X1=50 and X2=32.5 (or dX1=0 and dX2=32.5); click the mouse.)
Specify 5 segments and click the OK button; the program creates a grid of nodes and displays
them on the screen.
Note that nodes that are not attached to beams or elements are ignored by the program.
Supports:
Click the icon.
Click the icon in the Restraints option menu at the side of the screen.
the program creates the pinned supports ; click in the tool bar at the top of the screen to draw
them on the nodes.
Elements:
Define the mesh of elements:
click the icon
move the adjacent to node B1 so that the node is highlighted with a ; click the mouse. Similarly
select nodes B2, B3, B4 and B1 (again) to close the contour of the opening.
The program superimposes the preliminary mesh (6.0 x 4.0) on the area defined by the contour.
Click the OK button when the program asks Is the mesh OK?
You have now completed the definition of the geometry. To select another Demo model -
click in the Tab bar (or File in the menu bar and STRAP model list in the pull-down menu).
Main Menu
Click new model in the toolbar (or double-click Demo - Empty model in the model list if you have
installed the "STRAP 12 nodes version").
Preliminary Menu
Set the Model Type to Grid
Model wizard:
Click the Grid with elements button
Specify the parameters:
click OK
Restraints:
select
select
select
specify X2 rotation , click Select by window and create a window that encloses nodes 6, 12, 18,
24, 30.
select
specify X1 rotation and X2 rotation, click Individual nodes and select node 36.
Beams:
select
select
Define beams 26-30 as a line:
select Split at interm. node
Select node 1 as the start node of the line and node 6 as the end node of the line.
select
Springs:
select
select
define the spring constant:
You have now completed this Demo. To select another Demo model:
click in the Tab bar (or File in the menu bar and STRAP model list in the menu).
select
select
Define the contour by selecting nodes A, B, C,D and A again to close the contour.
The program superimposes the preliminary mesh (0.5 x 0.5) on the area defined by the contour:
select
Define the contour by selecting nodes E, F, G, H and E again to close the contour.
The program superimposes the preliminary mesh (0.25 x 0.25) on the area defined by the contour:
the program generates the new elements as shown in the Figure at the start of the example.
You have now completed this Demo. To select another Demo model:
click in the Tab bar (or File in the menu bar and STRAP model list in the menu).
In this Demo you will learn how to use STRAP’s more advanced features to quickly and easily define
this complex space frame.
Note: You are advised to run this DEMO after trying Plane frame - 1 7 .
Main Menu
Click new model in the toolbar (or double-click Demo - Empty model in the model list if you have
installed the "STRAP 12 nodes version").
Preliminary Menu
Set the Model Type to Space frame
Models wizard:
Click the Frame truss button
Specify the parameters:
click Skip all twice as we will not define section properties and loads in the Wizard.
Geometry
Copy the frame truss:
click in the toolbar to display the node numbers (it will be very convenient to switch the node
numbers on/off many times during the course of building this model; these instructions will not
mention it every time)
Click the icon in the bottom side menu.
The program creates the new trusses. Click the button in the toolbar twice and the button once
to rotate the model to the isometric view (or use the Dynamic Rotate option).
Define the new location of the reference node: click the at an existing node button
move the adjacent to node 5 (lower-right corner of the submodel) so that the node is highlighted
with a ; click the mouse.
Set Number of copies = 2 and click the OK button; the program creates and draws the truss.
Click the full drawing icon in the toolbar at the top of the screen.
We select ‘Add + rotate’ because the horizontal axis of the truss is X2 in the submodel but it is parallel
to X3 in the Main model.
Select reference nodes: move the adjacent to node 22 (at lower right end) so that the node is
highlighted with a ; click the mouse
Select nodes 1 and 6
Define the new location of the reference nodes in the Main model:
Select nodes 318 (the ridge of the bottom chord of the first frame), 18 (the ridge of the bottom chord
of the last frame) and 32 (the ridge of the top chord of the last frame) or type the node numbers in
the Dialog box at the bottom of the screen.
Select node 316 as the second instance of the first reference node.
The program creates the four transverse trusses on the left, including the ridge.
Click the at an existing node button and select node 346 (the bottom right node of the right leg).
Main Menu
Click new model in the toolbar (or double-click Demo - Empty model in the model list if you have
installed the "STRAP 12 nodes version").
Preliminary Menu
Nodes:
select
Define a cylindrical coordinate system:
select
Move the crosshair to R = 3.5, Ang = 0, H = 0.0 and click the mouse (or press [F6] and type
in the values).
Move the crosshair to R = 3.5, Ang= 300, H = 0.0 and click the mouse.
Specify 5 segments.
Nodes 7 to 18 are created (rotate the model to view all of the nodes).
select
Move the crosshair to R = 0.0, Ang. = 0, H = 6.0 and click the mouse (or press [F6] and type in the
values).
Node 19 is created.
Restraints:
select
select
Beams:
select
Define the columns:
select
Define beams 1-2 as a line:
select Split at interm. node
Select node 1 as the start node of the line and node 13 as the end node of the line; beams 1 and 2
are created.
In a similar manner, define beams 3-4 (between nodes 2-14), 5-6 (between nodes 3-15), 7-8
(between nodes 4-16), 9-10 (between nodes 5-17), 11-12 (between nodes 6-18).
Define the horizontal rings:
select
Define beams 13-17 as an arc:
select Split at interm. node and Arc of beams
Select node 7 as the start node of the arc, node 12 as the end node and any of nodes 8-12 as the
third node; beams 13-17 are created.
select
Define beam 18 between nodes 12 and 7.
In a similar manner, define the upper ring with beams 19-24.
select
Define beam 25 between nodes 13 and 19.
In a similar manner, define beams 26-30.
select
Move the crosshair until the rectangular blip highlights node 19; click the mouse.
Define properties:
select
select
Click IPE in the section type list and 240 in the section list.
Similarly, define Property group 2 as IPE 180 and Property group 3 as a 30x60 rectangular concrete
section.
Select property group 2 IPE 180 from the list .
click Assign
Select ring beams 13-18.
Similarly assign property group 2 to the vertical columns.
Define Releases:
select
You have now completed this Demo. To select another Demo model:
click in the Tab bar (or File in the menu bar and STRAP model list in the menu).
Note:
this example explains how to define the geometry; for dynamic analysis and interpretation of the
results, refer to Dynamic analysis - walls 101 .
the model is used for dynamic analysis only:
the slabs thickness = 200 mm; rigid links provide in-plane rigidity.
columns are not defined because their contribution to the lateral stiffness is negligible.
Main Menu
Click new model in the toolbar (or double-click Demo - Empty model in the model list if you have
installed the "STRAP 12 nodes version").
Preliminary Menu
Set the Model Type to Space frame
Geometry
Nodes:
Define the wall reference nodes 1, 2, 3, 4 at ground level (X3=0.0):
click the icon
Node 2: Move the crosshair to X1 = 24.0, X2 = 20.0, X3 = 0.0 and click the mouse.
Node 3: Move the crosshair to X1 = 24.0, X2 = 0.0, X3 = 0.0 and click the mouse.
Node 4: Move the crosshair to X1 = 9.15, X2 = 13.85, X3 = 0.0 and click the mouse.
Click
Supports:
Copy:
Copy the nodes to all 10 floors:
Walls:
Click the icon
Define the properties and dimensions of Wall 1; the wall consists of one segment only and we will
the second segment is offset DX=0, DY=3000 from the end of the first segment. The cursor is
already in the DY= box; type 3000 and press [Enter]; the second segment is added to the display:
Click Close
Segment 4: Segment 5:
Specify Wall and DX = 2000 Specify Coupling beam and DX = 1000
Segment 6: Segment 7:
Specify Wall and DX = 1000 Specify Wall and DY = 2000
Segment 8:
This segment ends at the start of segment 1
move the to the start of Segment 1 so that it is highlighted with the ; click the mouse.
Segment 9:
This segment starts at the mid-point of segment 4 and ends at the mid-point of segment 8
Move the adjacent to segment 8 so that it is highlighted with the ; click the mouse. Specify the
location of the end point of segment 9 at the mid-point of section 8, as explained above for the start
point.
Section 3 is now complete; Click Close.
click
select the wall section:
click icon
the wall may be flipped or rotated:
Floor slabs:
The floor slabs are modeled by dummy elements since the model will be solved only for dynamic loads.
The elements are necessary in order to define the masses, but the size of the elements is not
important.
We will define the slab at X3=3.00 and copy it to the other 10 levels.
click the Isometric View icon
Click on Remove in the menu bar at the top of the screen
Select Limit display to a plane
Select any three nodes at X3 = +3.00
Define the nodes at the X1=0 corners of the slab
click the icon
Click
Select the four corner nodes and end the selection by clicking the first corner again.
Select the four corner nodes of Wall Section no. 3 and end the selection by clicking the first corner
again.
click
select Property group 1:
click Assign
select the entire mesh:
Click OK to continue
Rigid links:
Define Rigid links in the slab plane:
Rotate the model so that it is displayed on the X1-X3 plane; select in the tool bar, click
X1-X3 plane and click End .
Select the nodes in the entire model, except the support nodes at X3=0.0 (use Select by window ).
You have now completed this Demo. To select another Demo model:
click in the Tab bar (or File in the menu bar and STRAP model list in the menu).
refer to Dynamic analysis - walls 101 for the dynamic analysis of this model.
Main Menu
Click new model in the toolbar (or double-click Demo - Empty model in the model list if you have
installed the "STRAP 12 nodes version").
Preliminary Menu
Set the Model Type to Space frame
Option 1 : Equations
click the icon in the bottom side menu
Refer to the program Help for a detailed explanation of the sphere parameters U,V and R.
Two sets of nodes are generated along line 1-10 and 36 nodes are generated at the top of the dome.
To delete the superfluous nodes, select and Unify all nodes
Option 2 : Copy
This method makes extensive use of the Copy option using a cylindrical coordinate system..
To create the dome, define the wedge 1-10-12 (shaded in the Figure) and then copy it 35 times using
the Copy – rotate option.
select
select
click OK to rotate the model so that the X2 height axis is perpendicular to the screen.
select
press [F6] and type in the cylindrical coordinates:
define the line start R = 5.0 Ang =0.0 H = 0.0
(node 1) at:
define the line end (node R = 5.0 Ang H = 0.0
10) at: =90.0
set the number of segment = 9 (10° each)
select
define node 11 at: R = 0.0 Ang =0.0 H = 0.0, i.e. at the system origin. This node is required for
the following Copy + rotate command.
click
select
select
define a cylindrical system as explained above, but with Global X3 as the system height axis
click OK to rotate the model so that the X3 height axis is perpendicular to the screen.
select
define node 12 at: R = 5.0 Ang =10.0 H = 0.0
click
to facilitate node selection, click Rotate in the menu bar and rotate the model to: X = -10 , Y = -10 , Z
= 0.-
select
select the nodes and specify their new location using at an existing node :
node 10 to node 12
node 1 to node 1
node 11 to node 11
specify the copy parameters:
select
select the nodes and specify their new location using at an existing node :
node 10 to node 12
node 2 to node 13
node 1 to node 1
specify the copy parameters:
You have now completed this Demo. To select another Demo model:
click in the Tab bar (or File in the menu bar and STRAP model list in the menu).
3.10 Submodel
Define the following multi-story building using the submodel option.
the vertical elements - columns and walls - comprise
the "Main model" part of the structure.
the beams and slabs are defined as a submodel; six
"instances" of this submodel are attached to the Main
model.
Main Menu
Highlight Demo – Submodel in the model list.
Click in the tab bar.
click the icon in the toolbar to rotate the model to the X2-X3 plane (floor slab perpendicular to the
screen).
select
click Select by window and create a box around the floor line (do not include the bottom nodes of the
columns and walls).
Define the "Connections points" where the submodel is connected to the Main model. The program
already identified the nodes where the slab is connected to the columns and walls and created fixed
connection points, but we will change them to pinned.
select
select
Copy the vertical elements five times to create the upper floors
display the main model
select
click Select all nodes ; the program will copy only the vertical elements because only those are
displayed in "Main model".
select one of the base nodes as the reference point and the top of its column as the new reference
point location:
Note that the floor slab is connected to the wall only at the "connection points" and not at all of the noes
along the segments. This can be rectified by defining rigid links connecting these nodes to the
connection points:
select
select
You have now completed this Demo. To select another Demo model:
click in the Tab bar (or File in the menu bar and STRAP model list in the menu).
This Demo demonstrates STRAP’s unique “Chess load” option that automatically generates the critical
loading cases from basic Dead load and Live load cases (a & b in the drawings).
The program by itself identifies the continuous beams and applies the dead load and live load to the
appropriate spans and with the correct load factors. The program is smart enough to identify
intermediate nodes if defined and ignore them when applying the load.
define the dead loads shown in Figure (a) in load case 1
define all live loads shown in Figure (b) in load case 2
use the program Chess loads option to automatically create load cases (c), (d) and (e).
Main Menu
highlight Demo - Chess loads in the model list
Click the tab.
Loads
Load case 1 - dead loads:
enter the load case tile; type Dead loads and click the OK button
click in the bottom side menu.
Specify Select only beams parallel to a beam and click the Select all beams button
Select the “parallel” beam (the load will be applied only to beams parallel to this one); move the
adjacent to any horizontal beam so that the beam is highlighted with a ; click the mouse.
Type in the uniform load =-21 (check that Direction: FX2) and click OK to continue.
The program creates the loads and draws them on the screen. Click the icon.
enter the load case tile; type Live loads and click the OK button
proceed as described for Load case 1, except enter a uniform load = -13
Chess loads:
Click the icon in the main menu.
The program correctly assumes that load case 1 contains all of the dead loads and that load case 2
contains all of the live loads. Correct the maximum/minimum load factors if necessary; click OK to
continue.
The program displays the series of generated load cases; click to continue after each
case.
Click the icon in the main menu and select the load case to be displayed, or
select Output in the top menu bar, then Display load commands and select the load case to be
displayed.
You have now completed the definition of the loads. To select another Demo model -
click in the Tab bar (or File in the menu bar and STRAP model list in the pull-down menu).
Note that the Moving Load option applies only to loads defined as Global Loads.
The Figure below shows an arbitrary element grid for which three load cases must be defined. In all
three cases the loads are identical, but the live load in each case is offset 2.0 m from the live loads in
the previous case.
Main Menu
Click new model in the toolbar (or double-click Demo - Empty model in the model list if you have
installed the "STRAP 12 nodes version").
Preliminary Menu
Set the Model Type to Grid
Models wizard:
Click the Grid with elements button
Define a 3m x 7m (minimum) plane grid of elements
Option 1
Loads:
select
enter the load case title
select
select
define the load parameters:
select:
select
define the load parameters:
select
select the load case just defined
define the moving load parameters:
Note that all three load cases contain the dead loads.
Option 2
Define the dead loads in load case 1.
Define the global loads in load case 2.
Generate the moving loads as load cases 3 and 4, as outlined above.
Solve the model.
select
select
click End
You have now completed this Demo. To select another Demo model:
click in the Tab bar (or File in the menu bar and STRAP model list in the menu).
The graphic results for elements can be displayed in any one of three ways:
Results at element centres
display the model geometry with the numerical value of the result written at the centre of each element.
Contour map
display the model geometry with a contour map of the results superimposed. Each line of the contour
map gives the location of a specified value of the result.
Results along a line
display the results plotted along a section through the model.
For example:
Main Menu
highlight Demo - Results - elements in the model list
click in the tab bar at the top of the screen
Results
Results at element centres:
click the OK button; the program displays the results as shown in Figure (a).
Click in the toolbar to zoom in on any part of the model (Figure (a) shows the lower-left corner).
Contour map:
click the OK button; the program displays the results as shown in Figure (b).
click the OK button; the program draws moment diagrams along the sections as shown in Figure
(c).
The example will demonstrate the use of the Combinations options to create a series of combinations
1.2D+1.2W+1.2L (BS8110), each combining the wind load case with one of the staggered load cases.
Using this feature when applicable can reduce the work required to create large numbers of loading
combinations.
Main Menu
Define the group:
highlight Demo - Results - combinations in the model list
click in the tab bar
Results
Combinations:
click in the bottom side menu
Click the first -UNDEFINED- group in the list, type in a group name and click the OK button
click the Generate a combination for each load in the group button
click anywhere else in the menu; the program creates the title "9*1.2+g1 *1.2" in the title column.
click the OK button. The program generates ‘n’ load combinations, where ‘n’ = the number of
staggered load cases defined.
Tabular results:
click the icon
click the OK button; the program displays a table showing the moment, shear and axial force at
both beam ends as well as the maximum span result.
Click Exit in the menu bar of the table window to return to the main menu
Graphic results:
Specify:
and Combination; select any combination from the pull-down list box
click the OK button; the program superimposes the result diagram on the model geometry.
move the adjacent to beam 5 (start of line) so that it is highlighted with a ; click the mouse.
Similarly select beam 8 (end of line); the program draws envelope diagrams for all result types for the
selected line of beam.
Identical beams:
Column 11-12-13 specified as an identical group
Column 15-16-17-specified as an identical group
18
Column 19-20-22 specified as an identical group
Bracing 23 and 24specified as an identical group
Intermediate supports:
Members 4,7,8: "Continuous" support for +z major axis bending, major and minor axis buckling.
The support is provided by the floor slab.
Combined beams:
Members 11,12: Beam 3 provides buckling support only for the major axis of this column, i.e. members
11 and 12 act as a single unit for minor axis buckling. Define major axis buckling and -z
bending supports at the common node.
Main Menu
highlight Demo - Steel - hot rolled in the model list
click in the tab bar at the top of the screen
Steel Design
select the British section table and click OK (the first time that the postprocessor is run on the
model).
Note the default parameters listed at the bottom of the screen. They automatically apply to all
members in the model.
Section types:
The program can select the lightest section from a list (type or group) or check a specified section.
Specify Limit selection to section type and select UB; click the OK button
Specify Limit selection to section type and select UC; click the OK button
Set Select only beams parallel to a beam, click Select all beams and select any column
member.
Identical:
Click the icon in the side menu
Click the Individual beams button and select the two diagonal members.
Supports:
Combined beams:
Combine members 11 and 12 to form a single design unit and specify the major axis support provided
by beam 3.
Select beams 11 and 12: click on beam 11, click on beam 12 and then click on beam 12 again to
end the selection.
Compute:
click the icon and click the OK button; the program now selects the lightest section
according to the user defined parameters. All load combination are checked for axial, bending,
shear, LTB and combined stress capacity and for slenderness and deflection limitations.
The program displays a table showing for each member the section selected, the critical combination,
the slenderness, deflection and the capacity ratios (actual/capacity) for each of the design checks.
click Exit in the menu bar.
Graphic results:
click Results in the menu bar.
click Display selected sections in the menu bar. The program superimposes the names of the
selected sections on the model geometry.
click the OK button; the program superimposes the capacity percentage on the model geometry.
Note the colour coding of the members and the text.
The program designs cold formed sections according to one of the following codes:
AISI Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members:
2001 Edition of the AISI Standard “North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel
Structural Members” and Supplement 2004 to the 2001 Edition.
CSA S136-1994
Eurocode 3- Part 1.3 - 1996
BS5950 - Part 5 - 1998 - "Code of practice for design of cold-formed thin gauge sections"
Note:
the user may use the standard section tables included in the program or define his own sections.
structures with both cold-formed and hot-rolled sections may be designed by the program.
Identical beams:
members 23-24 specified as an identical group.
members 7-8-9-10-11-12-21-22 specified as an identical group.
members 1-2-3-4-5-6 specified as identical group.
Intermediate supports:
Members 7-8-9-10-11-12:support for +Z major axis bending ,
minor axis buckling.
Members 23-24: support for +Z major axis bending.
minor axis buckling.
Combined beams:
Members 1-2-3; 4-5-6: Define major axis buckling at the common nodes.
Main Menu
Create cold formed sections:
Select Utilities in the menu bar.
Steel Table
Select File in the menu at the top of the screen.
Select Edit cold form table file.
Select Edit in the menu bar at the top of the screen.
Select Add section type in the pull down menu.
Main Menu
Highlight Demo - Light gauge in the model list.
Click in the menu bar at the top of the screen.
Steel design
Default parameters:
Note the current default parameters listed at the bottom of the screen. To change a parameter, click the
icon in the side menu.
specify the cold-formed design Code:
Click OK
Sections:
Specify Limit section to section type and select C+Lips; click the OK button
Specify both nodes in the Window/polygon and click
Create a window about the truss.
Click the Individual beams button and select the two column members.
Identical:
Click the Individual beams button and select the two columns (members 23,24)
Click the Individual beams button and select the beam members 21,22 and 1.
Note that each beam forms a separate identical group. (use the “Draw” option)
Supports:
Click the Individual beams button and select the beams 7-8-9-10-11-12.
Specify Distance from beam start = 4.5
Click the Individual beams button and select the columns 23, 24.
Specify Distance from beam start = 3.0
Combined beams:
Combine members 1-2-3 and 4-5-6 to form a single design unit:
Click the icon in the side menu
Specify the following supports at the common nodes:
Compute:
Click the OK button; the program now selects the lightest section according to the user defined
parameters and slenderness and deflection limitations.
The program displays a table showing for each member the section selected, the critical
combination, the slenderness, deflection and the capacity ratios (actual/capacity) for each of the
design checks.
Click Exit in the table menu bar.
Results:
Select Results in the menu bar
Select Display detailed results in the pull-down menu.
Move the adjacent to column 23 so that the column is highlighted with a ; click the mouse.
Parameters:
The beam and slab are unpropped during construction.
Bay width = 3.0 m
Effective flange width = 2(L/8) =2.25 m < 3.00 m
IPE steel grade = S355
Studs connectors: design shear resistance Prd x Kt = 50 kN
Concrete: C25/30; fck =25 N/mm2, Ecm = 31000 N/mm2, density = 25 kN/m3
Loads:
Construction stage:
Permanent slab self-weight = 2.58 kN/m2
: deck self-weight = 0.08 kN/m2
beam self-weight - applied by program
Imposed: Construction load = 0.75 kN/m2
Composite stage:
Permanent slab/deck/beam self-weight
: Partitions, ceiling, etc = 1.25 kN/m2
Imposed: 2.50 kN/m2 , comprised of :
- short-term = 1.75 kN/m2
- long- term = 0.75 kN/m2
Load factors:
Dead - γG = 1.35
Imposed - γQ = 1.50
Main Menu
Click new model in the toolbar (or double-click Demo - Empty model in the model list if you have
installed the "STRAP 12 nodes version").
Preliminary Menu
select
Loads:
Define 5 load cases:
Construction stage:
1. load case self-weight of beam (applied by program)
SW1: Self-weight of deck and slab = (2.58+0.08)*3 = 7.98 kN/m
2. load case IL1: construction load = 0.75 * 3 = 2.25 kN/m
Composite stage:
3. load case Self-weight of partitions, ceilings, etc = 1.25*3 = 3.75 kN/m
SW2:
4. load case IL2: long-term imposed load = 0.75 * 3 = 2.25 kN/m
5. load case IL3: short-term imposed load = 1.75 *3 = 5.25 kN/m
select
select
select
Results:
Select in the side menu
select combinations
Define the combinations as follows:
Steel postprocessor:
click
General tab:
Composite tab
Select Loads in the top Menu bar and Load types for composite sections in the menu.
Loads on composite beam may be applied at two different stages:
to the non-composite steel beam
to the composite steel and topping beam, either as a short-term load or as a long term
load
Arrange the menu as follows, assigning each load case to a different stage:
You have now completed this Demo. To select another Demo model:
click in the Tab bar (or File in the menu bar and STRAP model list in the menu).
Beams and columns are designed separately; each has its own default parameters. The continuous
beams and columns must be defined by the user
Main Menu
highlight Demo - Concrete - beams & columns in the model list
click in the tab bar at the top of the screen
Concrete design
Note:
Note the Height axis = X2 parameter. The program assumes by default that all members parallel to
this axis are columns and that all members perpendicular to this axis are beams.
beam default parameters are listed at the bottom of the screen. They automatically apply to all beams
in the model. Different parameters will be displayed if you select in the bottom side
menu.
Beams:
select in the side menu
Parameters:
Define:
Define the continuous beams in the model. The program assumes that beams are perpendicular to the
“Height axis” and can create them automatically.
Compute:
Specify For all defined beams and click the OK button. The program calculates moment and
shear reinforcement for all of the beams and displays a summary table listing the results.
click Exit in the table menu bar
Results:
select Results in the menu bar at the top of the screen and select Display detailed results in the
pull-down menu (or click in the toolbar)
move the adjacent to any beam so that the beam is highlighted with a ; click the mouse.
Columns:
Select in the side menu
Default parameters:
Specify
Click the tab
Specify the column lap and link details
Define:
Define the continuous columns in the model. The program assumes that columns are parallel to the “
Height axis” and can create them automatically.
Compute:
Specify For all defined columns and click the OK button. The program calculates
reinforcement for all of the columns and displays a summary table listing the results.
click Exit in the table menu bar
Results:
select Results in the menu bar at the top of the screen and select Display detailed results in the
pull-down menu (or click in the toolbar).
move the adjacent to any column so that the beam is highlighted with a ; click the mouse.
Column table:
Click Edit
and -
The table is displayed with diamond-shaped additional links. Let’s revise the links to rectangular ones.
Click the Link types button and select Use rectangular links where possible
click Select all beams to revise all the columns in the model
Geometry:
Loads:
Dead: Beams and slab - self weight
Slab - 4.0 kN/m2
Live: Slab - 1.5 kN/m2
Combinations:
1.35*Dead + 1.50 * Live
1.00*Dead + 0.20 * Live
Main Menu
Highlight Demo - Concrete - slab detailing.
Click in the tab bar
Concrete design
Define the slab “spaces”:
The slab can be divided into several subspaces by 'dividing lines'. Each dividing line represents a
boundary for slab reinforcement:
different dividing lines may be defined for top and bottom reinforcement
different parameters may be defined for each space
reinforcement terminates at a dividing line (with optional overlap length)
dividing lines may be defined along element boundaries or at beam locations
Select in the bottom side menu
The slab is divided into two subspaces for top and bottom reinforcement by specifying the start and end
Specify the default type for the slab reinforcement. There are two main types:
Bars: the program details the diameter and spacing required in both directions in a series of
overlapping rectangles that cover the slab surface
Meshe prefabricated fabric; the program calculates the number of bars required in either direction.
s:
Click OK
The reinforcement is aligned by default parallel with the X1 and X2 axes. In the right space in our
model the bars should be placed parallel to the contour.
Click OK
Select any two nodes parallel to the long
dimension of the space to define the direction
of the reinforcement and select any element
in the space using the Individual elements
option to identify the space.
Click New drawing and revise the drawing title in the drawing list.
Click Edit
click on any element in the slab (this option allows you to select a particular level in larger models).
move the to the correct location on the drawing and click the mouse. The program draws the
reinforcement drawing (zoomed portion shown here for clarity):
Click
Click
the program shows that the cover is adequate (refer to the color code in the menu):
Click Edit and follow instructions above, but select Bottom reinforcement
Bar schedule:
move the to the correct location on the drawing and click the mouse. The program draws the bar
schedule (zoomed portion shown here for clarity):
You may now revise any of the parameters and check the drawing; note that you do not have to erase
the drawing and add it again - the program calculates new detailing according to the parameter change
and automatically updates the drawing.
For example, revise the top reinforcement (Drawing no.1) to “Mesh” reinforcement.
click OK
Click and highlight the second row in the table - Drawing no. 2 - and click Edit ; the drawing is now
displayed with meshes instead of regular reinforcement:
Finally, display a summary of the reinforcement and parameters for each space and the for the model:
click Data tables in the menu bar and Display data table in the menu
You have now completed this Demo. To select another Demo model:
click in the Tab bar (or File in the menu bar and STRAP model list in the menu).
Main Menu
highlight Demo - Dynamic analysis - walls in the model list
click on in the tab bar.
Weights
The results for all wall segments are displayed on the screen.
You have now completed this Demo. To select another Demo model:
click in the Tab bar (or File in the menu bar and STRAP model list in the menu).
General
Divide the bridge into lanes and then divide each lane into strips perpendicular to the axis of the lane.
Solve the model: the program automatically applies a unit load to each strip in a separate load case
(no. of load cases = no. of strips). The program uses the results of those cases to calculate worst
case effects by means of superposition.
Define lane loads: specify the vehicle loads and the distributed loads required by the codes on each
of the lanes.
Create load cases: tell the program how to arrange the various lane loads to create the design load
cases.
Transfer results to STRAP: append a load case to the STRAP results files that contains an envelope
of the maximum results for vehicle load.
Create combinations of the vehicle results and the self-weight and temperature loads.
Main Menu
Highlight Demo – Bridge design - loads in the model list.
Click in the tab bar.
Bridge
Lanes:
The bridge consists of 2 parallel lanes, each 9 feet wide. They are defined by specifying the center line
axis and width.
select
select
Load distribution:
The generated loads may be applied to nodes, elements or selected beams.
Select Options in the menu bar.
Select Load direction to specify the Global direction of applied loads.
Bridge
Display influence lines:
Display influence lines for any STRAP beam ,element or node for any result type. For example, display
the influence line for M2 moment at the center of beam 111.
To select beam 111, highlight it with the and click the left button of the mouse.
The program displays the following influence line:
select
select
select
select
select
The program runs about one million comparisons for each beam in this model for computing the
envelope and takes a few minutes to complete the calculation.
Results:
Select in the tab bar.
Combinations
The model also contains other load types e.g. self-weight and temperature (already defined). Let's
now define factored loading combinations of these loads with the vehicle loads envelope.
select
You have now completed this Demo. To select another Demo model:
click in the Tab bar (or File in the menu bar and STRAP model list in the menu).
where:
The structure is defined as a space model; note that the program calculates cable losses according to
the curvature in both directions
The bridge deck section is created in the STRAP section generator program (CROSEC). The
section is found in file DEMO13.SEC
Live loads are generated by the STRAP Bridge design module based on standard vehicle loads
arranged on two lanes.
The model files as installed include the complete geometry, regular static loads, bridge loads and
combinations:
Geometry:
Loads:
Three load cases are defined:
1 = Dead load
2 = Asphalt
3 = Temperature
Bridge:
Results:
Group “GR1" : ‘Includes’ all six Bridge load cases (Generate a combination for each load in the group).
Combinations: 1 = 1*1.00
2 = 1*1.20
3 = 1*1.00 + 2*1.00 + + 1.2*GR1
4 = 1*1.20 + 2*1.20 + + 1.5*GR1
5 = 1*1.00 + 2*1.00 + 0.8*3 + 1.0*GR1
6 = 1*1.00 + 2*1.00 - 0.8*3 + 1.0*GR1
7 = 1*1.20 + 2*1.20 + 1.0*3 + 1.25*GR1
8 = 1*1.20 + 2*1.20 - 1.0*3 + 1.25*GR1
Main Menu
Highlight Demo – POSTTEN - beams.
Click in the tab bar
POSTTEN
Define the beam:
Parameters:
Define the default parameters for all beams in the model, including parameters for cables,
reinforcement, losses, time steps, etc. Note that different loss parameters may be assigned to
specific beams using the Design - losses option.
Click OK to continue
Stages:
Create a "stage table" when all cables are not prestressed at the same time or all loads are not applied
at the same time. Each stage is defined by the number of days from the start of construction.
Design:
Define cables and their trajectory in the beam.
The program displays upper and lower boundaries of eccentricity in which the centre-of-gravity of the
cables must lie. Note that the boundaries are calculated based on the estimated losses.
Click
The program has still not added the effects of the prestressing to the model (secondary moments)or
calculated the exact losses:
The program recalculates the upper and lower eccentricity boundaries. The cable path may not lie
within the boundary. To correct the trajectory:
Double-click cable 1
Click the icon in the side menu and use any of the options to move a segment.
You have now completed this Demo. To select another Demo model:
click in the Tab bar (or File in the menu bar and STRAP model list in the menu).
Load cases:
1. Dead load: 0.3 t/m2 + self-weight
2. Live load : 0.4 t/m2
Combinations:
Moment Reduction:
600x600 mm rectangles have been defined around all of the slab support columns
Main Menu
Highlight Demo – POSTTEN - Slabs.
Click in the tab bar
POSTTEN
Parameters:
Define the default parameters for all beams and slabs in the model, including parameters for cables,
reinforcement, losses, time steps, etc. Note that different loss parameters may be assigned to specific
beams/slabs using the Design - losses option.
click OK to continue
Stages
Create a "stage table" when all cables are not prestressed at the same time or all loads are not applied
at the same time. Each stage is defined by the number of days from the start of construction.
Design
Define cables and their trajectory in the beam.
The program displays upper and lower boundaries of eccentricity in which the centre-of-gravity of the
cables must lie. Note that the boundaries are calculated based on the estimated losses.
click the icon in the main side menu and click the tab.
click
Select two adjacent lines; the program connects them with a new segment and smooths the curve.
Repeat until one single cable is formed.
select the first straight segment (at the left support) and the last parabolic segment (to the left of the
center support).
Specify the mid-point of the cable as the reference coordinate; click by coordinate at the bottom
of the screen and move the to the following coordinates (or type in the coordinates directly):
The program copies all of the segments to the right half of the beam.
You have now completed this Demo. To select another Demo model:
click in the Tab bar (or File in the menu bar and STRAP model list in the menu).
Index -R-
Results 69, 71
-D-
Dynamic 101
-E-
Element mesh 19
-L-
Light gauge steel 78
Load combinations 71
-M-
Mesh 26
Moving loads 64
-N-
Node grid 19
-P-
Plane frame 7, 13
Plane grid 19, 23
Post-tensionning 111, 117