Structural Analysis For Indeterminate Structures-Part II

NOLF
METHODS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

PART II
ANALYSIS OF INDETERMINATE STRUCUTRES
BY
NWOKORO FRANCIS. O
francis.nwokoro@nolfprojects.com
NOLF TRAINING
ANALYSIS OF INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................................2
1.0 THREE MOMENTS EQUATION FOR CONTINUOUS BEAMS .....................................................6
1.1 EXAMPLE 1......................................................................................................................................... 7

1.1.1 SOLUTION..................................................................................................................7
1.2 EXAMPLE 2......................................................................................................................................... 8
1.2.1 SOLUTION..................................................................................................................8
1.2.2 ANALYSIS OF SPAN 1.............................................................................................10
1.2.3 ANALYSIS OF SPAN 2.............................................................................................10
1.2.4 BM AND SF DIAGRAM BY SUPER-IMPOSITION ................................................11
1.3 EXAMPLE 3....................................................................................................................................... 12
1.3.1 SOLUTION................................................................................................................12
1.3.2 ANALYSIS OF SPAN 1.............................................................................................14
1.3.3 ANALYSIS OF SPAN 2.............................................................................................15
1.3.4 BM AND SF DIAGRAM BY SUPER-IMPOSITION ................................................16
1.3.5 SHEAR FORCE RESOLUTION FOR THE DIAGRAM...........................................17
1.4 EXAMPLE 4....................................................................................................................................... 18
1.4.1 SOLUTION................................................................................................................18
1.4.2 ANALYSIS OF SPAN 1.............................................................................................20
1.4.3 ANALYSIS OF SPAN 2.............................................................................................20
1.4.4 ANALYSIS OF SPAN 3.............................................................................................21
1.4.5 BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM........................................22
1.5 EXAMPLE 5....................................................................................................................................... 23
1.5.1 SOLUTION................................................................................................................23
1.5.2 ANALYSIS OF SPAN 1.............................................................................................24
1.5.3 ANALYSIS OF SPAN 2.............................................................................................25
1.5.4 ANALYSIS OF SPAN 3.............................................................................................26
1.5.5 BM & SF DIAGRAM BY SUPER-IMPOSITION .....................................................27
1.6 EXAMPLE 6....................................................................................................................................... 28
1.6.1 SOLUTION................................................................................................................28
1.6.2 ANALYSIS OF SPAN 1.............................................................................................29
1.6.3 ANALYSIS OF SPAN 2.............................................................................................30
1.6.4 ANALYSIS OF SPAN 3.............................................................................................31
1.6.5 BM & SF VALUES BY SUPER-IMPOSITION ........................................................32
1.7 EXAMPLE 7....................................................................................................................................... 33
1.7.1 SOLUTION................................................................................................................33
1.7.2 ANALYSIS OF SPAN 1.............................................................................................35
1.7.3 ANALYSIS OF SPAN 2.............................................................................................35
1.7.4 ANALYSIS OF SPAN 3.............................................................................................36
1.7.5 ANALYSIS OF SPAN 4.............................................................................................36
1.7.6 BM & SF VALUES BY SUPER-IMPOSITION ........................................................37
2.0 DIAGRAM MULTIPLICATION BY VERESCHAGINS RULE.....................................................38
2.1 EXAMPLE 1....................................................................................................................................... 38

2.1.1 SOLUTION................................................................................................................38
2.1.2 THE VALUE OF 11 .................................................................................................39
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2.1.3 THE VALUE OF 1P ................................................................................................39

2.2 EXAMPLE 2....................................................................................................................................... 40
2.2.1 SOLUTION................................................................................................................40
2.2.2 THE VALUE OF 11 .................................................................................................41
2.2.3 THE VALUE OF 12 .................................................................................................41
2.2.4 THE VALUE OF 22 .................................................................................................42
2.2.5 THE VALUE OF 21 .................................................................................................42
2.2.6 THE VALUE OF 1P ................................................................................................42
2.2.7 THE VALUES OF 2P ..............................................................................................43
2.3 EXAMPLE 3....................................................................................................................................... 44
2.3.1 SOLUTION................................................................................................................44
2.3.2 THE VALUE OF 11 .................................................................................................45
2.3.3 THE VALUE 0F 12..................................................................................................45
2.3.4 THE VALUE 0F 22..................................................................................................45
2.3.5 THE VALUE 0F 21..................................................................................................46
2.3.6 THE VALUE OF 1P & 2P.....................................................................................46
2.4 EXAMPLE 4....................................................................................................................................... 47
2.4.1 SOLUTION................................................................................................................47
2.4.2 THE VALUE OF 11 .................................................................................................48
2.4.3 THE VALUE OF 12 .................................................................................................48
2.4.4 THE VALUE OF 22 .................................................................................................49
2.4.5 THE VALUE OF 21 .................................................................................................49
2.4.6 THE VALUE OF 1P & 2P.....................................................................................50
2.5 EXAMPLE 5....................................................................................................................................... 51
2.5.1 SOLUTION................................................................................................................51
2.5.2 THE VALUE OF 11 .................................................................................................51
2.5.3 THE VALUE OF 12 .................................................................................................52
2.5.4 THE VALUE OF 22 .................................................................................................52
2.5.5 THE VALUE OF 21 .................................................................................................53
2.5.6 THE VALUE OF 1P & 2P.....................................................................................53
2.6 EXAMPLE 6....................................................................................................................................... 54
2.6.1 SOLUTION................................................................................................................54
2.6.2 THE VALUE OF 11 .................................................................................................55
2.6.3 THE VALUE OF 12 .................................................................................................55
2.6.4 THE VALUE OF 22 .................................................................................................55
2.6.5 THE VALUE OF 21 .................................................................................................56
2.6.6 THE VALUE OF 1P & 2P.....................................................................................56
2.7 EXAMPLE 7....................................................................................................................................... 57
2.7.1 SOLUTION................................................................................................................57
2.7.2 THE VALUE OF 11 .................................................................................................58
2.7.3 THE VALUE OF 12 ..................................................................................................58
2.7.4 THE VALUE OF 22 .................................................................................................58
2.7.5 THE VALUE OF 21 .................................................................................................59
2.7.6 THE VALUE OF 23 & 32 .....................................................................................59
2.7.7 THE VALUE OF 33 .................................................................................................59
2.7.8 THE VALUE OF 31 & 13 ......................................................................................59
2.7.9 THE VALUE OF 1P , 2P & 3 P ..........................................................................60
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3.0 SLOPE AND DEFLECTION..................................................................................................................61
3.1.1 FIXED END MOMENTS ..........................................................................................61

3.1.2 CASE 1.......................................................................................................................61
3.1.3 CASE 2.......................................................................................................................62
3.1.4 CASE 3.......................................................................................................................62
3.1.5 CASE 4.......................................................................................................................63
3.1.6 CASE 5.......................................................................................................................63
3.1.7 CASE 6.......................................................................................................................64
3.1.8 CASE 7.......................................................................................................................65
3.1.9 CASE 8.......................................................................................................................65
3.1.10 FIXED END MOMENTS ..........................................................................................66
3.2 EXAMPLE 1....................................................................................................................................... 67
3.2.1 SOLUTION................................................................................................................67
3.2.2 JOINT B EQUILIBRUM...........................................................................................67
3.2.3 GENERATION OF THE SUPPORT MOMENTS ....................................................67
3.3 EXAMPLE 2....................................................................................................................................... 68
3.3.1 SOLUTION................................................................................................................68
3.4 EXAMPLE 3....................................................................................................................................... 69
3.4.1 SOLUTION................................................................................................................69
3.4.3 JOINT C EQUILIBRUM...........................................................................................70
3.5 EXAMPLE 4....................................................................................................................................... 72
3.5.1 SOLUTION................................................................................................................72
3.6 EXAMPLE 5....................................................................................................................................... 75
3.6.1 SOLUTION................................................................................................................75
3.7 EXAMPLE 6....................................................................................................................................... 77
3.7.1 SOLUTION................................................................................................................77
3.7.4 GENERATION OF THE SUPPORT MOMENT ......................................................78
3.8 EXAMPLE 7....................................................................................................................................... 79
3.8.1 SOLUTION................................................................................................................79
3.9 EXAMPLE 8....................................................................................................................................... 81
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3.9.3 JOINT D EQUILIBRUM...........................................................................................81

4.0 MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD ...............................................................................................83
4.1 EXAMPLE 1....................................................................................................................................... 83

4.2 EXAMPLE 2....................................................................................................................................... 84
4.3 EXAMPLE 3....................................................................................................................................... 85
4.4 EXAMPLE 4....................................................................................................................................... 87
4.5 EXAMPLE 5....................................................................................................................................... 89
4.6 EXAMPLE 6....................................................................................................................................... 90
4.7 EXAMPLE 7....................................................................................................................................... 91
4.8 EXAMPLE 8....................................................................................................................................... 92
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NOLF TRAINING
1.0 THREE MOMENTS EQUATION FOR CONTINUOUS BEAMS

Supposing we have a continuous beam as shown in the figure below and we are to solve for the
induced moments.
Lets introduce redundant moments M1, M2, M3 - - - - - Mn+K as shown.
W kN/m
n -1 n+k
n n+1 n+2
L1 L2 L3 Lk
M1 M2 M3 Mn+k =0
M n-1 =0
A B C D E
L1 L2 L3 Lk
In this way, the primary solution becomes four simply supported beams carrying its own externally
applied loads together with two redundant moment at each two end.
By dealing with the two redundant moments at each two ends the final solution of the problem will
be greatly reduced.
The three moment equation in given below for a continuous beam.
In
[
In In+1
] In+1 InLn [
Mn 1 Ln + 2Mn Ln + Ln + 1 + Mn+1 Ln+1 = - 6 Anan + An+1bn+1
In+1Ln+1 ]
For constant section, I is constant.
[ ]
Mn 1 Ln + 2Mn [ Ln + Ln + 1] + Mn+1 Ln+1 = - 6 Anan + An+1bn+1
Ln Ln+1
For three spans we have the equations.
[ ]
M0L1 +2M1 (L1 + L2) + M2L2 = -6 A1a1 + A2b2
L1 L2
[ ]
M1L2 + 2M2 (L2 + L3) + M3L3 = -6 A2a2 + A3b3
L2 L3
For four span M4 is introduced and three equations is needed to get the three moments (M1, M2 &
M3) etc.
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1.1 EXAMPLE 1 10 kN/m
A C
B
8m 12m
1.1.1 SOLUTION
i) We write the three moments equation for span 0 = 2. The degree of indeterminacy is 1 so only
one equation is required.
[L ]
M0L1 +2M1 (L1 + L2) + M2L2 = -6 A1a1 + A2b2
1 L2
ii) Next we draw the BM for this purpose (for external loads considering each case separately).
10 kN/m
M1
A C
B
8m 12m
1280
A1 = WL3/12 = 10 x 83/12 = /3,
A2 = WL /12 = 8 x 12 /12 = 1440,
3 3
a1 = b1 = 4, a2 = b2 = 6 , L1 = 8m , L2 = 12m
We solve the equations a shown

0 0
M0L1 +2M1 (L1 + L2) + M2L2 = -6
[ALa + ALb] 1 1
1
2 2
[3 8 12 ]
2M [8 + 12] = -6 1280 x 4 + 1440 x 6
1
[
40M1 = - 3 1280 + 4320
3 ]
40M1 = -5600
M1 = - 140 KNM
We can then introduce the nodal moments and solve for SF and BM.
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NOLF TRAINING
1.2 EXAMPLE 2
For the three spans below, the spans are loaded with an equal concentrated force P, at the mid-
span of the equal spans.
P1 =P P2 =P P3 =P
We have 4 vertical reactions and 1
A B C D horizontal reaction @ support 1
making it a total of 5 reactions. The
a1 b1 a2 b2 a3 b3 degree of indeterminacy
= 5 3 = 2. Hence, we need two
L1 L2 L3 equations to solve the problem.
1.2.1 SOLUTION
(I) The above beam is subjected to an unknown moment as shown.
P1 =P P2 =P P3 =P
M1 M2
A B C D
a1 b1 a2 b2 a3 b3
L1 L2 L3
(II) Next we write the three moments equations as follows.
[L L]
M0L1 +2M1 (L1 + L2) + M2L2 = -6 A1a1 + A2b2 - - - - - - -- - (i)
1 2
[L L]
M1L2 + 2M2 (L2 + L3) + M3L3 = -6 A a + A b - - - - - - -- - (ii)
2 2 3 3
2 3
(III) Next we draw the BM for this purpose
P P P
A B C D a1 = b1 = a2 = b2 = a3 = b3 = L/2
L1 = L2 = L3 = L (All spans are equal)
a1 b1 a2 b2 a3 b3 P1 = P2 = P3 = P
Moment Area An = 1/2 x L x PL = PL2
L1 L2 L3 4 8
PL
4
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(IV) Solve the equations From equation (i)

0
M0L1 +2M1 (L1 + L2) + M2L2 = -6
[ALa
1 1
1
+ A2b2
L2 ]
Since M0 = 0 we have
[ ]
2M1 (2L) + M2L = -6 PL2 x L + PL2 x L
8 2L 8 2L
[
4M1L + M2L = -6 PL2 + PL2
16 16 ]
4M1L + M2L = - 6PL2
8
4M1L + M2L = - 3PL2 - - - - - (III)
4
Also from equation (II)
4M2L + M1L = - 3PL2 - - - - - (IV)
4
We solve the simultaneous equations as follows:
4M1L + M2L = - 3PL2 - - - - - (III)
4
4M2L + M1L = - 3PL2 - - - - - (IV)
4
Eliminating M2 we have
-16M1L 4M2L = 3PL2
4M2L + M1L = -3PL2
4
-15M1L = 9PL2
4
M1 = 9PL2 = - 3PL
4 x -15L 20
Substituting M1 in any of the equation (III) or (IV)

We have that M2 = -3PL.
Substituting in - - - - - (III)
4 (-3PL) L + M2L = -3PL2

20 4
-3PL2 + M2L = -3PL2
5 4
M2L = 3PL2 3PL2 = 12PL2 15PL2 = - 3PL2
5 4 20 20
Hence, M2 = - 3PL
20
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NOLF TRAINING
(V) Introduce the nodal moments and solve for shear and span moment. The structure is given
below with the support moments. Since the moment is negative, we change their directions.
P1 M 1 = 3P L P2 M 2 = 3P L P3
20 20
A B C D
a1 b1 a2 b2 a3 b3
L1 L2 L3
1.2.2 ANALYSIS OF SPAN 1

P1
M1= 3PL
A 20
+
M1 =0
V0 L V10 V0L PL + 3PL = 0
2 20
V0L = PL 3PL
fv + = 0 2 20
V0 + V10 = P V0 = P 3P = 10P 3P = 7P
7P 2 20 20 20
V10 = P /20 V3 = V0 = 7P = 0.35P
V10 =
13P
/20 = 0.65P 20
At L/2 MX = V0L = 7PL = 0.175PL
2 40
P
M1 M2
C
L L
V12 2 2 V21
Mx + = 0 (At mid span) fv + = 0

L
At /2, - 3PL + PL + MX = 0 V 1 + V2 = P
20 4 By symmetry V12 = V21 = P/2
MX = PL 3PL
Since M1 = M2.
4 20
MX = 5PL 3PL = 2PL
20 20
PL
MX = /10 = 0.1PL
(Span 3 is symmetrical to span 1).
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1.2.4 BM AND SF DIAGRAM BY SUPER-IMPOSITION
P P P @11, PL 3PL = 10PL 3PL

4 40 40
7PL
A B C D (Same as 31) = /40
PL
L
2
L
2
L
2
L
2
L
2
L
2
@21, /4 3PL/20 = PL/10
L1 L2 L3 For the shear f orce between 3 and 31

Moment Sf = 0 0.175PL = -0.35P
PL + + +
Due to L
/2
4 external Between 31 and 2
load
Sf = 0.175PL (-0.15PL) = 0.65P
L
3PL 3PL 3PL /2
3PL
20 20 20
3PL Moment Between 2 and 21
40 40
M1 & M2 at
the Sf = -0.15PL 0.1PL= -0.5P
L
supports
/2
1
3PL 1 and 2 Between 2 and 1
3PL
40
- 3PL
20
20
- 3PL
20 3PL Sf = 0.1PL (-0.15PL) = 0.5P
PL 40
L
4
+ 7PL
40
+
PL
7PL + Super-Imposed /2
40
10
moments Between 1 and 11
Sf = -0.15PL 0.175PL = -0.65P
L
- 3PL
20
- 3PL
20
/2
1
+ 7PL + 7PL + BENDING Between 1 and 0
40 PL 40
10
MOMENT Sf = 0.175 0 = 0.35P
13P = 0.65P L
7P = 0.35P
P = 0.5P
2 20 /2
20
SHEAR
+
+ + FORCE
- -
-
7P = 0.35P
P = 0.5P 20
13P = 0.65P 2
20
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NOLF TRAINING
1.3 EXAMPLE 3
Here the three equal spans of a continuous beam is loaded with a uniformly distributed load of W
KN/ M.
W k N /m
A
B C
a1 b1 a2 b2 a3 b
L1 L2 L3
1.3.1 SOLUTION
I) The beam is subjected to moments as shown.

M1 M2
A B C D
a1 b1 a2 b2 a3 b3
L1 L2 L3
II) We write the three moments equation for span 0 = 2 and 1 = 3
[L L]
M0L1 +2M1 (L1 + L2) + M2L2 = -6 A1a1 + A2b2 - - - - - - -- - (i)
1 2
[L L]
M1L2 + 2M2 (L2 + L3) + M3L3 = -6 A a + A b - - - - - - -- - (ii)
2 2 3 3
2 3
III) Next we draw the BM for this purpose (for external loads considering each case separately).
W kN/m
A D
B C
a1 b1 a2 b2 a3 b3
L1= L L2= L L 3= L
2
wL
8
a1 = b1 = a2 = b2 = a3 = b3 = L/2
A1 = A2 = A3 = WL3/12
L1 = L2 = L3 = L
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We solve the equations.
[L ]
M0L1 +2M1 (L1 + L2) + M2L2 = -6 A1a1 + A2b2
1 L2
Since M0 = 0 we have
[
2M1 (2L) + M2L = - 6 WL3 x L + WL3 x
12 2L 12
L
2L ]
[WL ]
3
4M1L + M2L = -6 + WL3
24 24
4M1L + M2L = -6WL3 = - WL3

12 2
Hence, 4M1L + M2L = -WL3 - - - - (III) and also by symmetry
2
4M2L + M1L = - WL3 - - - - - (IV)
2
Eliminating M1 we have
4M1L + M2L = -WL3/2
-16M2L 4M1L = 4WL3/2
-15M2L = 3WL3
2
M2 = 3WL3 x -1
2 15L
M2 = - WL2
10
Substituting M2 we get M1 as follows in - - - - (III)
4M1L + M2L = - WL3

2
4M1L + (-WL2) L = -WL3
10 2
4M1L = -WL3 + WL3

2 10
4M1L = - 5WL3 + WL3

10
4M1L = - 4WL3
10
M1 = - 4WL3 x 1 = WL2
10 4L -10
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NOLF TRAINING
(V) Next we introduce the nodal moments and solve for shear and span moments.
2
M1= W L M 2= W L
2
10 10
A B C D
a1 b1 a2 b2 a3 b3
L1 L2 L3
W kN/m 2
M2 = W L
10
A
X
V0 L V10
+
M1 =0
V0 x L WL2 + WL2 = 0
fv + = 0
2 10 V0 + V10 WL = 0
V0L = WL2 WL2 = 0 V10 = WL 2WL
2 10 5
V0L = 2WL V10 = 5WL 2WL = 3WL
5 5 5 5
Consider sector X X
W kN /m
MX
A QX
fv + = 0 V0 X Mx + = 0
V0 WX QX = 0
2WL
Also MX = 2WLX WX 2
QX = WX - /5 5 2
If QX = 0, WX =
2WL
/5 @ X = 2L/5
2L
MMAX = 2WL (2L/5) W (2L/5)2
X = /5 5 2
= 4WL2 4WL2
25 50
= 8WL2 4WL2
50
= 4WL2 = 2WL2
50 25
2L
MMAX = 2WL2 @ X = /5
25
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2
M 1= W L
2
M2 = W L
10 10
B C
X
V12 L V21
M2 + = 0
V12L WL2 WL2 + WL2 = 0
fv + = 0
2 10 10 V12 + V21 WL = 0
V12L = WL2 WL
2 /2 + V21 WL = 0
WL
V12 = WL V21 = WL /2 = WL/2
2
Consider sector X X
W kN/m
Mx + = 0 2
MX WL2 W X 2 + V12 X = 0 M 1= W L MX
10 2 10
MX = WL X W X 2 WL2 - - - - (I) B QX
2 2 10
V10 X
fv + = 0
-QX + V12 W X = 0
WL
QX = /2 - W X
At maximum BM, QX = 0
WL
/2 W X = 0
WL
WX = /2
L
X = /2
From - - - - (I)
MMAX = WL ( L ) W ( L )2 WL2
2 2 2 2 10
MMAX = WL2 WL2 WL2

4 8 10
= 10WL2 5WL2 4WL2
40
= WL2
40
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NOLF TRAINING
1.3.4 BM AND SF DIAGRAM BY SUPER-IMPOSITION
W kN/m
A D
B C
a1 b1 a2 b2 a3 b3
L1= L L2 = L L 3= L
2 3wL
2
wL 25
8
2
3wL
2 wL
wL2 wL2 wL2 25
25 10 10 10
wL2 wL2 wL
2
wL2
25 10 wL2 25
10 10
2
2wL
2 wL 2wL
2
L 40
25 2 2 25
wL wL 2
10 10
2
2wL
2 wL 2wL
2
25 40 25
2L
5
3wL
wL 5
2wL
2
5
wL 2wL
3wL 2 5
5
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1.3.5 SHEAR FORCE RESOLUTION FOR THE DIAGRAM
The shear force can also be determined directly from the BM Diagram using the methods shown
below
Between 3 and 2
For the concentrated moment wL
0 + WL2/10 = WL + 10
L 10
wL
For the Distributed Load, 2 +
- wL
2
WL + WL = -4WL = -2WL = V32
10 2 10 5
WL + WL = 6WL = 3WL = V23

10 2 10 5
Between 1 and 2
-WL/10 + WL/10 = 0 + 0
L
wL
For the distributed load 2 +
WL
V21 = - /2 - wL
2
WL
V12 = /2
Between 0 and 1
-WL2/10 0 = - WL wL
L 10
- 10
wL
For the distributed load 2 +
- wL
2
V01 = -WL + WL = -WL + 5WL
10 2 10 10
V01 = 2WL
5
V10 = -WL WL = - 6WL

10 2 10
V10 = - 3WL
5
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NOLF TRAINING
1.4 EXAMPLE 4
10kN/m
20kN 30kN
A B C D
1m 1m 3m 2m 2m
1.4.1 SOLUTION
i) We write the three moments equation for span 0 - 2 and 1 - 3
[L L]
M0L1 +2M1 (L1 + L2) + M2L2 = -6 A1a1 + A2b2
1 2
[L L]
M1L2 + 2M2 (L2 + L3) + M3L3 = -6 A a + A b
2 2 3 3
2 3
10kN/m
20kN M1 M2 30kN
A D
B C
1m 1m 3m 2m 2m
10KNm
11.25KNm
30KNm
1
A1 = /2 x 2 x 10 = 10,
3
A2 = WL2 /12 = 10 x 33/12 = 22.5,
A3 = 1/2 x 4 x 30 = 60
a1 = 1, b1 = 1, a2 = 1.5, b2 = 1.5, a3 = 2, b3 = 2
L1 = 2, L2 = 3, L3 = 4
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We solve the equations a shown

0
M0L1 +2M1 (L1 + L2) + M2L2 = -6
[ALa + ALb]
1 1
1
2 2
2M1 [2 + 3] + M2
[ 2
x 3 = -6 10 x 1 + 22.5 x 1.5
3 ]
10M1 + 3M2 = - 97.5 - - - - (I)
0
[ ]
M1L2 +2M2 (L2 + L3) + M3L3 = -6 A2a2 + A3b3
L2 L3
[
3M1 + 2M2 [3 + 4] = -6 22.5 x 1.5 + 60 x 2
3 4 ]
3M1 + 14M2 = -247.5 - - - - (II)
The simultaneous equations are given below
10M1 + 3M2 = -97.5 - - - - - (I)

3M1 + 14M2 = -247.5 - - - - - (II)
Multiplying by -3: -30M1 9M2 = 292.5

Multiplying by 10: 30M1 + 140M2 = - 2475
131M2 = -2182.5
M2 = -16.660KNM
M1 = - 4.752KNM
Next we introduce the nodal moments and solve for SF and BM.
20kN 10kN/m
4.752KNm 16.66KNm 30kN
A D
B C
1m 1m 3m 2m 2m
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NOLF TRAINING
1.4.2 ANALYSIS OF SPAN 1 20kN

M1 = 4.752kNm
A
V0 1m 1m V10
fv + = 0
V0 + V10 =20
X
+
M1 =0
V10 = 20 - V0 = 20 7.624
V10 = 12.376KN
Taking moments @ support 1 +
2V0 20 + 4.752 = 0 M0 =0
V0 = 15.248/2 = 7.624KN -V10 x 2 + 20 x 1 + 4.752 = 0
V10 = 24.752 /2 = 12.376KN
Consider Section X X
MX
A
QX
V0
Mx + = 0 fv + = 0
X
V0 X MX = 0 V 0 QX = 0
M X = V0 X QX = V0
MX = 7.624X QX = 7.624KN

M1 + = 0
10kN/m
- 3V21 4.752 + 16.660 + 10 x 32 /2 = 0
4.752kNm 16.660kNm 3V21 = 56.908,
V21 = 18.97KN
B C
X
V12
3m
V21
fv + = 0 (check)
+
M2 =0 V12 + V21 10 x 3 = 0
3V12 4.752 + 16.660 10 x 32 /2 = 0 V12 + V21 30 = 0
3V12 = 33.092, V12 = 11.03KN 11.03 + 18.97 30 = 0
Mx + = 0 10kN/m
-MX 4.752 + 11.03 X 10X 2 /2 =0 4.752kNm MX
2
MX = - 4.752 + 11.03 X 5X
B QX
fv + = 0 X
-QX 10X + 11.03 = 0
11.03kN
QX = 11.03 10X
(MMAX is @ X = 1.103m)
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NOLF TRAINING

+
30kN M3 =0
16.660kNm -16.660 30 x 2 + V23 x 4 = 0
B C V23 = 76.60/4 = 19.165KN
V23 2m 2m V32
+
M2 =0
X
fv + = 0
-16.660 + 30 x 2 V32 x 4 = 0 V23 + V32 30 = 0
V32 = 10.835KN 19.165 + 10.835 30 = 0
Consider Section X - X 30kN

16.660kNm MX MX
B
QX
QX 2-X 2m
V23 X
10.835kN
+
Mx + = 0 Mx =0
-16.66 + 19.165X MX = 0 MX + 30(2 - X ) 10.835 (4 X ) = 0
MX = 19.165X 16.66 MX + 60 30X 43.34 + 10.835X = 0
@ X = 2, MX 19.165X + 16.66 = 0
MX = 38.33 16.66 = 21.67KNM MX = 19.165X 16.66
fv + = 0 fv + = 0
-QX + 19.165 = 0 QX 30 + 10.835 = 0
QX = 19.165KN QX = 19.165KN
Consider section 2 (2 < X < 4)

MX
QX 4-X
10.835kN
Mx + = 0
MX 10.835 (4 X) = 0
MX = 43.34 10.835 X @ X = 0
MX = 43.34 21.67
MX = 21.67KNM
fv + = 0
QX 10.835 = 0
QX = 10.835KN
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NOLF TRAINING
1.4.5 BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM
10kN/m
20kN 30kN
A D
B C
1m 1m 3m 2m 2m
+ + +
10KNm
11.25KNm
16.66KNm 30KNm
10.706KNm 8.33KNm
4.752KNm
2.376KNm
16.66KNm
10.706KNm 8.33KNm
4.752KNm
-
2.376KNm -
10KNm + 0.543KNm
+
7.624KN 30KNm
21.67KNm
19.165kN
11.031kN
+
7.624kN + +
-
- 10.835kN
-
12.377kN
18.970kN
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NOLF TRAINING
1.5 EXAMPLE 5
8kN/m
40kN 20kN 20kN
A B C D
2m 4m 8m 2m 2m 2m
1.5.1 SOLUTION
i) We write the three moments equation for span 0 = 2 and 1 = 3
[L L]
M0L1 +2M1 (L1 + L2) + M2L2 = -6 A1a1 + A2b2
1 2
[L L]
M1L2 + 2M2 (L2 + L3) + M3L3 = -6 A a + A b
2 2 3 3
2 3
8kN/m
40kN M1 M2 20kN 20kN
A B C D
2m 4m 8m 2m 2m 2m
A1 A3
A2
40KNm 40KNm
53.3KNm
64KNm
A1 = 1/2 x 6 x 53.3 = 160,

A2 = WL3/12 = 8 x 83/12 = 341.333,
A3 = (6+2) x 40 = 160
a1 = 2.67, b1 = 3.33, a2 = 4, b2 =4, a3 = 3, b3 = 3
23 of 92
NOLF TRAINING
III) We solve the equations

0
M0L1 +2M1 (L1 + L2) + M2L2 = -6
[ALa
1 1
1
]
+ A2b2
L2
[
2M1 (6 + 8) + 8M2 = -6 2.67 x 160 + 341.333 x 4
6 8 ]
28M1 + 8M2 = -6 (71.2 + 170.67) = -1451.22
7M1 + 2M2 =-362.805 - - - - - (I)
FOR THE SECOND SPAN
[ ]
M1L2 +2M2 (L2 + L3) + M3L3 = -6 A2a2 + A3b3
L2 L3
[
8M1 + 2M2 (8 + 6) + 0 = -6 341.333 x 4 + 160 x 3
8 6
] = 170.67 + 80
8M1 + 28M2 = -1504
2M1 + 7M2 = - 376 - - - - - (II)
7M1 + 2M2 = - 362.805
2M1 + 7M2 = - 376
Eliminate M2 as follows
Multiply by -7 ; - 49M1 14M2 = 2536.635
Multiply by 2 ; 4M1 + 14M2 = -752
-45M1 = 1787.635
M1 = -39.725KNM
M2 = -376 2(-39.725) = - 42.364KNM
7
40kN
M1 = 39.725kNm +
A M0 =0
-V10 x 6 + 40 x 2 + 39.725 = 0
V0 2m 4m V10 V10 = 119.725/6 = 19.954KN
X
+
M1 =0
fv + = 0
V0 x 6 40 x 4 + 39.725 = 0 V0 + V10 40 = 0
V0 x 6 = 120.275 20.046 + 19.954 40 = 0
V0 = 20.046KN
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NOLF TRAINING
Consider section 1 (0 X 2)
40kN
MX
A MX M1 = 39.725kNm
QX B
V0 X QX 2-X 4m
+ 19.954kN
Mx =0 Mx +
=0
-MX + V0 X =0 MX 19.954 (6 X) + 40(2- X) + 39.725 = 0
MX = 20.046 X MX - 119.724 + 19.954X + 80 40X + 39.725 = 0
MX 20.046 X = 0
fv + = 0 MX = 20.046 X
-QX + V0 = 0
@ X = 2, MX = 40.092KNM
QX = V0
QX = 20.046KN
fv + = 0
QX + 19.954 40 = 0
QX 20.046 = 0
QX = 20.046
8kN/m +
M2 =0
39.725kNm 42.364kNm
V32 x 8 39.725 + 42.364 + 8 x 82/2 = 0
V32 x 8 = 258.639
B C
X V32 = 32.33KN
V23 V32
+ 8m
M3 =0 fv + = 0
V23 x 8 39.725 + 42.362 8 x 82 = 0 V23 + V32 8 x 8 = 0
2 31.67 + 32.33 64 = 0
V23 x 8 = 253.361
V23 = 31.67KN
Consider section X - X (0 X 8)
8kN/m
39.725kNm MX
B QX
+ 31.67kN
Mx =0 fv + = 0
2
-MX 39.725 8X /2 + 31.67X = 0 -QX + V23 8X = 0
2
MX = - 4 X + 31.67X 39.725 QX = - 8X + 31.67
@X=4 MX = -64 + 126.68 39.725
MX = 22.955KNM
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NOLF TRAINING
20kN 20kN
42.364kNm +
C D M4 =0
X
V34 x 6 20 x 4 20 x 2 42.364 = 0
2m 2m 2m V34 x 6 = 162.364
V34 V43 V34 = 27.061KN
+
M3 =0 fv + = 0
-V43 x 6 + 20 x 4 + 20 x 2 42.364 = 0 V34 + V43 40 = 0
V43 x 6 = 77.636 12.939 + 27.061 40 = 0
V43 = 12.939KN
Consider the Sections

42.364kNm 20kN 20kN MX
42.364kNm MX C QX
B
QX
X 2m 2m X
27.061kN 27.061kN
+ +
Mx =0 Mx =0
- MX + 27.061 X 42.364 = 0 - MX + 27.061 (4+ X) - 42.364 20 (2+ X) 20X = 0
MX = 27.061 X 42.364 MX = 108.244 + 27.061X 42.364 40 20X 20X
MX = 12.939 X + 25.88
fv + = 0
QX = 27.061KN fv + = 0
QX = 12.939KN
+
Mx =0
- MX + 27.061 (2 + X) - 42.364 20X = 0 42.364kNm 20kN M
X
MX = 54.122 + 27.061X 20 X 42.364 C QX
MX = 7.061X + 11.758
2m X
fv + = 0 27.061kN
Also QX = 7.061 (i.e. QX = - 20 + 27.061)
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NOLF TRAINING
1.5.5 BM & SF DIAGRAM BY SUPER-IMPOSITION
8KN/M Sf Values
40kN M1 M2 20kN 20kN
@ Support 4
A B C D
for the moment 25.88KN
SF = 0 25.88 = -12.94KN
2m 4m 8m 2m 2m 2m 2
For 11.758KNM and 25.88KNM
4m
SF = 25.88 11.758 = 7.064KN
2
For 11.758KNM & 42.436KNM
40KNm 40KNm SF = 11.758 (-42.436) = 27.061
53.3KNm 2
64KNm For the distributed load
-42.436 (-39.725) = -0.339
39.725KNm 41.045KNm
42.436KNm 8
28.342KNm SF = 32 0.339 = 31.66KN and -32
14.12KNm
0.339 = 32.34KN
13.20KNm
For 39.725 & 40.092
SF = -39.725 40.092 = 19.954KN
39.725KNm 41.045KNm
42.436KNm
4
28.342KNm
For 40.092 and Zero
14.12KNm
13.20KNm
- - SF = 40.092 0 = 20.046KN
40KNm
2
+ +
53.3KNm +
22.955KNm 11.758KNm
25.88KNm
40.092KNm
31.67KN
27.061KN
20.046KN
7.064KN
12.939KN
19.954KN
32.33KN
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NOLF TRAINING
1.6 EXAMPLE 6
50kN 50kN 60kN

20kN/m
A B C D
EI 2EI EI
3 3
8m 2m 2m 2m 3m 3m
For span 1 K0-1 = EI = 1

EI
Span 2 K1-2 = EI = 1.5

2
/3EI
Span 3 K2-3 = EI = 2
1
/3EI
1.6.1 SOLUTION
i) We write the three moments equation
In
[
In In+1
]
In+1 InLn [
Mn 1 Ln + 2Mn Ln + Ln + 1 + Mn+1 Ln+1 = - 6 Anan + An+1bn+1
In+1Ln+1 ]
50kN 50kN 60kN

20kN/m
M1 M2
A B C D
8m 2m 2m 2m 3m 3m
80KNm
90KNm
100KNm 100KNm
A1 = WL3/12 = 20 x 83/12 = 853.333

A2 = 1/2 (6+2) x 100 = 400
A3 =1/2 x 6 x 90 = 270
28 of 92
NOLF TRAINING
From the above equation.

M0 L1 + 2M1 8 + 6 +
I1 [
1 (2/3) ] [
M2 x 6 = - 6 853.333 x 4 + 400 x 3
(2/3) 8x1 6 x 2/3 ]
34M1 + 9M2 = - 4360 - - - - (I)
0
M1 x 6 + 2M2 6 + 6
(2/3) [
(2/3)(1/3) ]
+ M3 L3 = -6
I3 [400 2
6x / 3 6x /]
x 3 + 270 x 3
1
3
9M1 + 2M2 (9 + 18) = - 4230

9M1 + 54M2 = - 4230
MI + 6M2 = - 470 - - - - - (II)
34M1 + 9M2 = - 4360 - - - - (I)

M1 + 6M2 = - 470 - - - - - - (II)
From - - - - (II) M1 = - 470 - 6M2
Substituting in - - - - - (I)
34 (- 470 - 6M2) + 9M2 = - 4360
-15980 - 204M2 + 9M2 = - 4360
-195M2 = 11620
M2 = - 59.59KNM
M1 = - 470 - 6M2 = - 470 + 357.54
M1 = -112.46KNM

M1 = 112.46kNm
20kN/m
A B
8m
V0 V10
+
X M2 =0
Taking moments @ support 2
-V0 x 8 + 20 x 82 + 112.46 = 0
+
M1 =0
2
V10 x 8 = 640 + 112.46 = 752.46
Taking moments @ support 1 V10 = 94.058KN
V0 x 8 82 x 20 + 112.46 = 0
2
V0 x 8 = 640 112.46 = 527.54 fv + = 0
V0 = 65.943KN
V0 + V10 8 x 20 = 0
65.943 + 94.058 160 = 0
29 of 92
NOLF TRAINING
Consider section X-X
20kN/m
MX
A QX
X
V0
+
Mx =0
fv + = 0
-MX 20X 2
/2 + V0 X = 0 V0 20 X QX = 0
MX = -10X 2 + 65.943X
QX = 65.943 20X
When X = 4
MX = 103.772KNM

50kN 50kN
112.46kNm 59.59kNm
B C
V12 V21
2m 2m 2m
+
M2 +
=0 M1 =0
Taking moments @ support 2 Taking moments @ support 1
V12 x 6 50 x 4 50 x 2 112.46 + 59.59 = 0 -V21 x 6 + 50 x 4 + 50 x 2 112.46 + 59.59 = 0
V12 x 6 300 52.87 = 0 V21 x 6 = 247.13
V12 x 6 = 352.87 V21= 41.188KN
V12 = 58.812KN
f v +=0
V12 + V21 50 50 = 0
58.812 + 41.188 100 = 0
Consider section 1, 0 X 2
+
Mx =0
112.46kNm MX
-MX + 58.812 X 112.46 = 0
B
MX = 58.812 X 112.46 QX
fv + = 0
X
- QX + 58.812 = 0 58.812kN
QX = 58.812KN
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NOLF TRAINING
Consider section 2, 0 x 2
+
Mx =0
50kN
-MX + 58.812 (2 + X) 50 X 112.46 = 0
112.46kNm MX
MX = 117.624 + 58.812 X 50 112.46
B
MX = 8.812 X + 5.164 QX
fv + = 0 2m X
-QX 50 + 58.812 = 0 58.812kN

QX = 8.812KN
60kN
59.59kNm
C D
V23 V32
3m 3m
+
M2 =0 M3 +
=0
Taking moments @ support 2 Taking moments @ support 3
-V32 x 6 + 60 x 3 59.59 = 0 V23 x 6 60 x 3 59.59 = 0
V32 = 120.41/6 = 20.068 V23 = 239.59/6 = 39.932KN
fv + = 0
V23 + V32 60 = 0
20.068 + 39.932 60 = 0
Consider section 1, 0 x 3
59.59kNm MX
C QX
X
39.932kN
+
Mx =0 f v +=0
-MX + 39.932 X 59.59 = 0 - QX + 39.932 = 0
MX = 39.932 X 59.59 QX = 39.932KN
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NOLF TRAINING
1.6.5 BM & SF VALUES BY SUPER-IMPOSITION

50kN 50kN 60kN Sf values
20kN/m
@ Support 4 and 3
A B C D Sf = 0 60.206
3
8m 2m 2m 2m 3m 3m = -20.068KN
4m Sf = 60.206 (-59.59)
3
= 119.796 = 39.932
3
80KNm @ Support 3 and 2
90KNm
100KNm 100KNm Sf = -59.59 22.787
2
m = -41.188KN
KN
46
11 2. Nm Sf = 22.787 5.164
6K
.83
94 m 2
Nm KN
3K 13
56
.2 77 .2
Nm = 8.812KN
9K
.5
5 9
5K
Nm Sf = 5.164 (-112.46)
.79
29
2
= 58.812KN
m
KN
46
1 2. m
1 KN
36
4.8
9
Nm
Nm 3K
3K .21
.2 77
56 Nm
9K
.5
59 Nm
5K
- .79
29
-
+
5.164KNm +
22.787KNm
+ 60.206KNm
103.772KNm
58.812KN
65.943KN
39.932KN
+ 8.812KN
+
+ +
-
- -
20.068KN
41.188KN
94.058KN
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NOLF TRAINING
1.7 EXAMPLE 7
10 kN/m
A E
B C D
4m 4m 2m 2m
1.7.1 SOLUTION
i) We write the three moments equation for span 0 - 2, 1 - 3 and 2 - 4
[L L]
M0L1 +2M1 (L1 + L2) + M2L2 = -6 A1a1 + A2b2 - - - - (I)
1 2
[L L]
M1L2 + 2M2 (L2 + L3) + M3L3 = -6 A a + A b
2 2 - - - - (II)
3 3
2 3
[L L]
M2L3 + 2M3 (L3 + L4) + M4L4 = -6 A a + A b
3 3 - - - - (III)
4 4
3 4
10 kN/m
M1 M2 M3
A B C D E
+ +
+ +
5kNm 5kNm
20 kNm 20 kNm
A1 = A2 = WL3/12 = 53.333,
A3 = A4 = 6.667
a1 = b1 = a2 = b2 = 2m,
a3 = b3 = a4 = b4 = 1m,
L1= L2 = 4m, L3 = L4 = 2m
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NOLF TRAINING
II) Next we generate the equations and solve them.
[
M0 L1 + 2M1 (4 + 4) + M2 x 4 = -6 53.333 x 2 + 53.333 x 2
4 4 ] = -320
16M1 + 4M2 = - 320 - - - - (I)
4M1 + M2 = - 80
[
4M1 + 2M2 (4+2) + 2M3 = -6 53.333 x 2 + 6.667 x 1
4 2
] = -180
4M1 + 12M2 + 2M3 = -180 - - - - (II)
2M1 + 6M2 + M3 = -90
[
2M2 + 2M3 (2+2) + M4L4 = -6 6.667 x 1 + 6.667 x 1 = - 40
2 2 ]
2M2 + 8M3 = - 40 - - - - (III)
M2 + 4M3 = - 20
The equations are given below
4M1 + M2 = - 80 - - - - - (I)
2M1 + 6M2 + M3 = - 90 - - - - (II)
M2 + 4M3 = - 20 - - - - - (III)
From - - - - - (I)
M2 = - 4M1 80 Substitute in - - - - (II) and (III)
2M1 + 6 (- 4M1 80) + M3 = -90
2M1 24M1 480 + M3 = -90
-22M1 + M3 = 390 - - - - - (IV)
Also,
- 4M1 80 + 4M3 = -20
- 4M1 + 4M3 = 60
- M1 + M3 = 15 - - - - (V)
Eliminate M3 as follows
22M1 M3 = - 390
-M1 + M3 = 15
21M1 = - 375
M1 = -17.857KNM
M2 = -4 (-17.857) - 80 = - 8.572KNM
M3 = 15 + M1 = 15 17.857 = -2.857KNM
M1 = - 17.857KNM
M2 = - 8.572KNM
M3 = - 2.857KNM
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NOLF TRAINING
1.7.2 ANALYSIS OF SPAN 1 +

10 kN/m M1 =0
M2 = 17.857kNm
V0 x 4 10 x 42 + 17.857 = 0
A 2
V0 x 4 = 62.143
X
V0 V10 V0 = 15.536KN
4m
M0 +
=0 fv + = 0
Taking moments @ support 0 V0 + V10 40 = 0
-V10 x 4 + 10 x 42 + 17.857 = 0 15.536 + 24.464 40 = 0
2
V10 x 4 = 97.857
V10 = 24.464KN
Consider section 1
+ 10 kN/m
Mx =0 MX
-MX + 15.536 X 10X 2
/2 = 0
A QX
MX = 15.536 X 5X 2
X
fv + = 0 15.536kN
15.536 10 X QX = 0
QX = 15.536 10X
M1 = 17.857kNm M2 = 8.572kNm
B C
X
V12 V21
+ +
M1 =0 4m M2 =0
Taking moments @ support 1 V12 x 4 10 x 42 + 8.572 17.857 = 0
-V21 x 4 + 10 x 42 + 8.572 17.857 = 0 2
2 V12 x 4 = 89.285
V21 x 4 = 70.715 V12 = 22.321 KN
V21 = 17.678KN
f v +=0
Consider section x x V12 + V21 + 10 x 4 = 0
22.321 + 17.679 + 40 = 0
+
Mx =0
-MX + 22.321X - 10X 2 /2 17.857 = 0
MX = 22.321X 5X 2 17.857
fv + = 0
-QX + 22.321 10X = 0, QX = 22.321 10X
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NOLF TRAINING
+
10 kN/m M3 =0
8.572kNm MX -V32 x 2 + 10 x 22 8.572 + 2.857 = 0
2
C QX V32 x 2 = 14.285
V32 = 7.143KN
X
+
M2 =0 12.857kN
V23 x 2 10 x 22 8.572 + 2.857 = 0
2 fv + = 0
V23 x 2 = 25.715 V23 + V32 2 x 10 = 0
V23 = 12.857KN 12.857 + 7.143 20 = 0
Consider section x x
+
Mx =0 10 kN/m
- MX + 12.857 X 10X /2 8.572 = 0
2
8.572kNm MX
MX = 12.857 X 5X 2 8572
C QX
fv + = 0
X
-QX + 12.857 10X = 0
QX = 12.857 10X
12.857kN

10 kN/m
2.857kNm
D
2
+
M3 V43 V34 x 2 10 x 2 2.857 = 0
X
=0 V34
2m 2
V34 x 2 = 22.857
-V43 x 2 + 10 x 22 2.857 = 0 V34 = 11.428
2
V43 x 2 = 17.143 f v +=0
V43 = 8.572KN V32 + V43 2 x 10 = 0
11.428 + 8.572 20 = 0
Consider section x x
+ 2.857kNm
Mx =0 MX
-MX + 11.428 X 10X /2 2.857 = 0
2
QX
D
MX = 11.428 X 5X 2 2.857
X
fv + = 0 11.428kN
-QX + 11.428 10X = 0, QX = 11.428 10X
36 of 92
NOLF TRAINING
1.7.6 BM & SF VALUES BY SUPER-IMPOSITION

10 kN/m
A E
B C D
4m 4m 2m 2m
+ +
+ +
Nm
5 7K m
.8 KN
17 15
Nm
Nm .2
9K 13 2K
2 57 Nm
8.
9 8. 5K
71 Nm m
5. 7K N
85 9K
2. 42
1.
m
7KN
5 m
.8 KN
17 1 5
m .2 Nm
9KN 13 2K
92 57 Nm
8. 8. 5K m
1
5.
7
7KN m
. 85 9KN
- 2 42
- 1.
+ 0.715KNm +
+ 6.785KNm 3.571KNm
11.072KNm
15.536KNm 22.321KNm
12.857KNm
11.428KNm
7.143KNm 8.572KNm
17.679KNm
24.464KNm
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NOLF TRAINING
2.0 DIAGRAM MULTIPLICATION BY VERESCHAGINS RULE

The integral in the Mohrs formula for deflections will be much easier to evaluate if we use the
method of diagram multiplication proposed by A. N. Vereschagin of Russia.
Vereschagins rule states that, if one of the diagrams being multiplied together is bounded by a
straight line and the other is arbitrary in shape, then the integral can be found as a product of the
area of the arbitrary diagram and the ordinate of the rectilinear diagram, taken at the Centroid of the
former.
2.1 EXAMPLE 1
10 kN/m
A C
B
8m 12m
2.1.1 SOLUTION
I) The compatibility equation for the ONE hinge introduced is given below and since the degree of
indeterminacy is 1 only one compatibility equation is needed.
11X1 + 1P = 0
10 kN/m
M1
A C
B
8m 12m
M 1due to X1
1KNM
II) We get the values of 11 and 12 by diagram multiplication.
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NOLF TRAINING
2.1.2 THE VALUE OF 11
Applying similar triangle

A C
B Z0/2x8/3 = 1/8
8m 12m
Z0 = Z1 = 2/3
8 12
11 = Area of (A) x Z0 + Area 0f (B) x Z1
3 3
11 = 8/2 x 1 x 2/3 + 12/2 x 1 x 2/3
A + B 11 = 8/3 + 12/3 = 20/3
OR
1
11 = /3 a b x L11
11 = 1/3 x 1 x 1 x 20 = 20/3
Z0 Z1
2.1.3 THE VALUE OF 1P
10 kN/m AM1 = WL3/12 = 10 x 83/12 =

1280
/3,
M1
AM2 = WL3/12 = 8 x 123/12 = 1440,
A C Applying similar triangles
B
Z1 = Z2 = 1/2
4m 4m 6m 6m 1P = AM1 x Z1 + AM2 + Z2
1280
1P = /3 x 1/2 + 1440 x 1/2
+ 1 2
+ 1P =
1280
/3 x 1/2 + 1440 x 1/2
640
1P = /3 + 720 = 2800/3 =
Z1 Z2 OR
1P = 2P = 1/3af1L1 + 1/3af2L2
1P = 1/3 x 1 x WL2 x L + 1/3 x 1 x WL2 x L
8 8
1P = WL13 + WL23
24 24
1P = 10 x 83 + 10 x 123 = 22400 = 2800
24 24 24 3
(III) Next we put the values in the compatibility equations and solve for X1 .
11 X1 + 1P = 0
20 X1 + 2800 = 0
3 3
20 X1 + 2800 = 0
20 X1 = - 2800
X1 = - 140 KNM
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NOLF TRAINING
2.2 EXAMPLE 2
P1 =P P2 =P P3 =P
A B C D
L L L L L L
2 2 2 2 2 2
L1 L2 L3
2.2.1 SOLUTION
I) We first introduce two hinges for the problems as the degree of indeterminacy is 2.
Where X1 and X2 are the unit moments.
P1 =P P2 =P P3 =P
X1 X2
A B C D
L L L
II) We form our compatibility equations
11X1 + 12X2 + 1P = 0
21X1 + 22X2 + 2P = 0
III) The BM of the applied loads are drawn separately for each simply supported beam.
P P P
A B C D
L L L
M 1due to X1
1KNM
M 2due to X2
1KNM
PL
4
Mq due to
Applied Load
M = Mq + MK XK
Q = Qq + QK XK
N = Nq + NK XK
II) We now get the values of the deflections

11, 12, 21, 22, 1 and 2 by diagram multiplication.
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NOLF TRAINING
2.2.2 THE VALUE OF 11 11 means deflection of X1 at point 1.

L11
The diagram will multiply itself
P P M(X) Mdx = Am x M1(X1)
A B C (Mohrs integral)
Am = 1/2 b x height = 1/2 x L x 1 = L/2

L L L L
3 3 For portion (A) and (B)
B M(X) = The moment generated by the
A +
1KNM fictitious moment a = 1KNM
Centroid
Using similar triangles for (A)
Z0/(2L/3) = 9/L = 1/L
Z0 Z1 Z0 = 2L/3 x 1/L = 2/3
1KNM
For portion (B)
Z1/(2L/3) = 1/L
Z1= 2/3
OR
11 = AM M(X) = Area of (A) x Z0 + Area of (B) x Z1 11 = 1/3ab x length,
= L/2 x 2/3 + L/2 x 2/3 where the length L12 = L1 + L2 = L + L = 2L
= L/3 + L/3 a = b = 1KNM
= 2L/3 11 = 1/3 x 1 x 1 x 2L
11 = 2L/3
L12 Only (B) will multiply
P P P Applying similar triangles
A B C D Z0/(L/3) = 1/L
Z0 = L/3 x 1/L
L L L Z0 = 1/3
L
3
Am for (B) = 1/2 x L x 1 = L/2
B 12 = 1/3 x L/2 = L/6
OR
12 = 1/6 x a x b x length (L12)
= 1/6 x 1 x 1 x L = L/6
Z0
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NOLF TRAINING

L2 2
Applying similar triangles
P P
Z0/(2L/3)= 1/L Z0 = 2/3
A B C
Z1/(2L/3) = 1/L Z1= 2/3
L L L L 22 = Area of x Z0 + Area of (D) x Z1

3 3
22 = L/2 x 2/3 + L/2 x 2/3
C + D
1KNM 22 = 2L/3
OR
22 = /6 x a x b x L22 = 1/6 x 1 x 1 x 2L
1
1KNM Z0 Z1 22 = 2L/3

L 21
P P P Only will multiply.
A B C D 12 = 21 following Maxwells law of
reciprocal deflection.
L L L Z0/(L/3) = 1/L Z0 = 1/3
L
3 21 = Area of x Z0
12 = L/2 x 1/3 = L/6
C + OR
21 = 1/6 x a x b x L21
21 = 1/6 x 1 x 1 x L = L/6
Z0
2.2.6 THE VALUE OF 1P
Apply similar triangles

P P P
Z1 = 1/L , Z1 = 1/2 = Z2
L
A B C D /2
1P = AM1 x Z1 + AM2 x Z2
AM1 = AM2 = 1/2 x L x PL/4 = PL2/8
L L L
1P = PL2/8 x 1/2 + PL2/8 x 1/2
L
2
L
2
L
2
L
2
L
2
L
2 = PL2/8
OR
3
+1 + 2
[ ]
PL + 1P = adL 1 + X1 x 2
4 6 L
1P = 1 x PL/4 x L (1 + 1/2) x 2
6
[ ]
= PL2 x 3 x 2
Z1 Z2 24 2
= (PL2) x 2 = PL2
16 8
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NOLF TRAINING
2.2.7 THE VALUES OF 2P
P P P Z1 = Z2 = 1/2
2P = AM2 x Z1 + AM3 x Z2
A B C D
AM2 = AM3 = PL2/8
2P = PL2 x 1/2 + PL2 x 1/2
L L L 8 8
2P = PL2/8
L L L L L L
2 2 2 2 2 2
3
PL +1 + 2 +
4
Z1 Z2
(V) Next we put the values in the compatibility equations and solve for X1 and X2.
11 X1 + 12 X2 + 1P = 0
21 X1 + 22 X2 + 2P = 0
11 = 2L/3, 12= L/6, 21 = L/6, 22 = 2L/3

1P = PL2/8, 2P = PL2/8
Substituting in the equations we have
2L
/3 X1 + L/6 X2 + PL2/8 = 0
L
/6 X1 + 2L/3 X2 + PL2/8 = 0
Multiplying both equations by 24/L
16X1 + 4X2 = -3PL - - - - (I)
4X1 + 16X2 = -3PL - - - - (II)
Eliminate X2 as follows
Multiplying by - 4
-64X1 16X2 = 12PL
4X1 + 16X2 = - 3PL
-60X1 = 9PL
X1 = - 9PL = - 3PL
60 20
From - - - - - - - (I)
4X2 = -16X1 3PL
= -16 x - 3PL 3PL
20
= 12PL - 3PL
5
= 12PL 15PL = - 3PL
5
X2 = - 3PL x 1 = - 3PL
5 4 20
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NOLF TRAINING
2.3 EXAMPLE 3
W kN/m
A D
B C
L L L
2.3.1 SOLUTION
I) The compatibility equation for the two hinges introduced are

11X1 + 12X2 + 1P = 0
21X1 + 22X2 + 2P = 0
X1 X2
A B C D
L1= L L2 = L L 3= L
M 1due to X1
1KNM
M 2due to X2
1KNM
2
wL
8
Mq due to
Applied Load
II) We get the values of 11, 12, 21, 22, 1 and 2 by diagram multiplication.
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NOLF TRAINING

L 11
Applying similar triangle
Z0/2L/3 = a/L = 1/L
A C
B Z0 = Z1 = 2/3
L L L L 11 = Area of (A) x Z0 + Area 0f (B) x Z1
3 3
11 = L/2 x 2/3 + L/2 x 2/3
A + B 11 = L/3 + L/3 = 2L/3
1KNM
Centroid OR
1
11 = /3 a b x L11
1KNM Z0 Z1 11 = 1/3 x 1 x 1 x 2L = 2L/3
2.3.3 THE VALUE 0F 12

L12 W kN/m
Z0 = 1, Z0 = 1/3
A D L
/3
B C
12 = Area of (B) x Z0
L L L 12 = L/2 x 1/3 = L/6
L
3 OR
1
B 12 = /6 x a x b x L12
12 = 1/6 x 1 x 1 x L
12 = L/6
Z0

L22 Applying similar triangles
Z0 = Z1 = 2/3
A C 22 = Area of x Z0 + Area of (D) x Z1
B 22 = L/2 x 2/3 + L/3 x 2/3
L L L L 22 = 2L/3
3 3
OR
1
C + D 22 = /6 x a x b x L22
1KNM 22 = 1/6 x 1 x 1 x 2L
22 = 2L/3
1KNM Z0 Z1
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NOLF TRAINING

L 21 W kN/m
Here Z0 = 1/3
A D 21 = Area of X Z0
B C
21 = L/2 x 1/3 = L/6
L L L
L
3
C +
OR
1
21 = /6 x a x b x L21
21 = 1/6 x 1 x 1 x L
Z0 21 = L/6
2.3.6 THE VALUE OF 1P & 2P

W kN/m
A D AM1 = AM2 = AM3 = WL3/12

B C Applying similar triangles
Z1 = 1/L
L L L Z1 = Z2 = Z3 = Z4 = 1/2
L
2
L
2
L
2
L
2
L
2
L
2 1P = AM1 x Z1 + AM2 + Z2
2
1P = WL3 x 1/2 + WL3 x 1/2
3
wL + 1 + 2 + 12 12
8
1P = WL /123
Z1 1P = 2P = WL3/12
Z0
OR
1P = 2P = 1/3af1L1 + 1/3af2L2
1P = 1/3 x 1 x WL2 x L + 1/3 x 1 x WL2 x L
Z2 Z3 8 8
1P = WL3 + WL3
24 24
1P = WL3
The compatibility equation becomes 12
2L
/3 X1 + L/6 X2 + WL3/12 = 0
L
/6 X1 + 2L/3 X3 + WL3/12 = 0
Multiply both equations by 6/L
4X1 + X2 = -WL2/2 - - - - - (I)
X1 + 4X2 = -WL2/2 - - - - - (II)
In - - - - (I) X2 = -4X1 WL2/2, Substituting in - - - - (II)
X1 + 4 (4X1 WL2/2) WL2/2
X1 16X1 - 2WL2 = -WL2/2
-15X1 = 2WL2 WL2/2
X1 = -3WL2 = -3WL2 = -WL2
2 x 15 30 10
X1 = -WL2
10
X2 = -4X1 WL2/2
= 4WL2 WL2
10 2
= 4WL2 5WL2 = -WL2
10 10
X2 = -WL2
10
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NOLF TRAINING
2.4 EXAMPLE 4
10kN/m
20kN 30kN
A B C D
1m 1m 3m 2m 2m
2.4.1 SOLUTION
I) The compatibility equation for the hinges are given below

11X1 + 12X2 + 1P = 0
21X1 + 22X2 + 2P = 0
II) The BM for the fictitious moment and the applied load are represented below.
10kN/m
20kN X1 X2 30kN
A D
B C
1m 1m 3m 2m 2m
M 1due to X1
1KNM
M 2due to X2 1KNM
Mq due to
10KNm
Applied Load
11.25KNm
30KNm
III) Next we get the values of 11, 12, 21, 22, 1 and 2.
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NOLF TRAINING
11 means deflection of X1 @ point 1

L11
10kN/m
20kN Using similar triangles
A Z0 = 1
B C (2/3 x 2) 2
Z 0 = 2 /3
1m 1m 3m
Z1 = 1
2
3
3
3 (2/3 x 3) 3
Z 1 = 2 /3
+ A B Area of (A) = 1 /2 x 2 x 1 = 1
Area of (B) = 1/2 x 3 x 1 = 3/2
11 = Area of (A) x Z0 + Area of (A) x Z1
Z0 Z1 11 = 1 x 2/3 + 3/2 x 2/3 = 5/3

OR
1
11 = /3 a b L11 and a = b = 1, L11 = 2 + 3 = 5
11 = 1/3 x 1 x 1 x 5 = 5/3
L12 12 means deflection of X1 @ point 2

Only (B) will multiply.
10kN/m
20kN 30kN Using similar triangles
A D Z0 /1 = 1/3
B C
Z0 = 1/3
1m 1m 3m 2m 2m Area of (B) = 1/2 x 3 x 1 = 3/2
3 12 = Area of (B) x Z0
3
12 = 3/2 x 1/3 = 1/2
B
OR
1
12 = /6 a b L12
Z0 and a = b = 1, L12 = 3
12 = 1/6 x 1 x 1 x 3 = 3/6 = 1/2
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NOLF TRAINING
22 22 means deflection of X2 @ point 2

10kN/m The diagram will multiply itself
30kN
Using similar triangles
B D
C Z0 = 1
(2/3 x 3) 3
3m 2m 2m Z0 = 2/3
3 4 Z1 = 1
3 3
(2/3 x 2) 2
C D
Z1 = 2/3
Area of (C) = 1/2 x 1 x 3 = 3/2
Area of (D) = 1/2 x 1 x 4 = 2
Z1 22 = Area of (C) x Z0 + Area of (D) x Z1

Z0
22 = 3/2 x 2/3 + 2 x 2/3 = 7/3
OR
1
22 = /3 a b L22
and, a = b = 1, L22 = 3 + 4 = 7
11 = 1/3 x 1 x 1 x 7 = 7/3
L 21
10kN/m
20kN 30kN
A D
B C
1m 1m 3m 2m 2m
3
3
C +
Z0
According to Maxwells law of reciprocal

Deflection 21 = 12
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NOLF TRAINING

10kN/m Applying similar triangles
20kN 30kN
A D Z 0 /1 =, Z0 =
B C 1
Z1 /1.5 = /3 , Z1 =
1m 1m 3m 2m 2m Z2 /1.5 = 1/3 , Z2 =
1
Z 3 /2 = /4, Z3 =
+ 1P = AM1 x Z0 + AM2 x Z1
+ +
1P = bh x Z0 + 2/3 bh x Z1
10KNm
11.25KNm 1P = x 2 x 10 x +
30KNm 2
/3 x 3 x 11.25 x
Z0 Z1 1P = 5 + 11.25 = 16.25
OR
x
1P = 1/6 adL1 [1 + /L] + 1/3 a f L2
Z2 Z3 1P = 1/6 x 1 x 10 x 2 [1 + ] +
1
/3 x 1 x 11.25 x 3
1P = /6 x 3/2 + 11.25
20
1P = 5 + 11.25 = 16.25
2P = AM2 x Z2 + AM3 x Z3
2P = 2/3bh x Z2 + bh x Z1
2P = 2/3 x 3 x 11.25 x + x 4 x 30 x
2P = 11.25 + 30 = 16.25
OR
x
2P = 1/6 adL1 [1 + /L] + 1/3af L2
2P = 1/6 x 1 x 30 x 4 [1 + ] + 1/3 x 1 x 11.25 x 3
1P = 20 x 3/2 + 11.25
1P = 30 + 11.25 = 41.25
The compatibility equation given below now becomes
11X1 + 12X2 + 1P = 0
21X1 + 22X2 + 2P = 0
5
/3 X1 + X2 + 16.25 = 0
X1 + 7/3 X3 + 41.25 = 0
Multiplying both equations by 6
10X1 + 3X2 = - 97.5 - - - - - (I)
3X1 + 14X2 = - 247.5 - - - - - (II)
Multiplying (I) by - 3 - 30X1 9X2 = 292.5
Multiplying (II) by 10 30X1 + 140X2 = - 2475
131X2 = - 2182.5
X2 = -16.660KNM
X1 = - 4.752KNM
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NOLF TRAINING
2.5 EXAMPLE 5
8kN/m
40kN 20kN 20kN
A B C D
2m 4m 8m 2m 2m 2m
2.5.1 SOLUTION

11X1 + 12X2 + 1P = 0
21X1 + 22X2 + 2P = 0
8kN/m
40kN X1 X 2 20kN 20kN
A B C D
2m 4m 8m 2m 2m 2m
1KNM
1KNM
A 1 = 160 A 3 = 160
A 2 = 1024
3
40KNm 40KNm
53.3KNm
64KNm
L11
8kN/m The diagram will multiply itself
40kN
A B C
Z0 = 1
2m 4m 8m (2/3 x 6) 6
2
6 8 Z0 = /3
3 3
Z1 = 1
+ A B
(2/3 x 8) 8
Z1 = 2/3
Area of (A) = 1/2 x 6 x 1 = 3
Area of (B) = 1/2 x 8 x 1 = 4
Z0 Z1 11 = Area of (A) x Z0 + Area of (A) x Z1
11 = 3 x 2/3 + 4 x 2/3 = 14/3
OR
11 = 1/3 a b L11 and a = b = 1, L11 = 6 + 8 = 14
11 = 1/3 x 1 x 1 x 14 = 14/3
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NOLF TRAINING

L12
8kN/m
40kN 20kN 20kN Only (B) will multiply.
A B C D Using similar triangles
Z0 /(8/3) = 1/8
2m 4m 8m 2m 2m 2m Z0 = 1/3
8
3
B Area of (B) = 1/2 x 8 x 1 = 4

12 = 4 x 1/3 = 4/3
Z0
OR
1
12 = /6 a b L12 and a = b = 1, L12 = 8
12 = 1/6 x 1 x 1 x 8 = 8/6 = 4/3

L 22
8kN/m
20kN 20kN Using similar triangles
B C D Z0 = 1
(2/3 x 8) 8
Z0 = 2/3
8m 2m 2m 2m
Z1 = 1
8 6
3 3 (2/3 x 6) 6
Z1 = 2/3
+ A B Area of (C) = 1 /2 x 1 x 8 = 4
Area of (D) = 1/2 x 1 x 6 = 3
22 = Area of (C) x Z0 + Area of (D) x Z1
Z0 Z1 22 = 4 x 2/3 + 3 x 2/3 = 14/3
OR
1
22 = /3 a b L22
and, a = b = 1, L22 = 8 + 6 = 14
22 = 1/3 x 1 x 1 x 14 = 14/3
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NOLF TRAINING

L 21
21 = 1/6 a b L21
8kN/m
40kN 20kN 20kN
21 = 1/6 x 1 x 1 x 8 = 8/6 = 4/3
A B C D
Also according to Maxwells law of
2m 4m 8m 2m 2m 2m reciprocal deflection 12 = 21
8
3
Z0

8kN/m Applying similar triangles
40kN 20kN 20kN
A B C D Z0 /2.67 = 1/6 , Z0 = 2.67
6
Z1 /4 = 1/8 , Z1 =
2m 4m 8m 2m 2m 2m 1
Z 2 /4 = /8 , Z2 =
1
Z3 /3 = /6, Z3 =
A 1 = 160 A 2 = 1024 A 3 = 160
+ 3 + +
1P = AM1 x Z0 + AM2 x Z1
40KNm 40KNm
53.3KNm 2.67 1024
64KNm 1P = 160 x 6
+ 3
x
2.67m
1P = 71.2 + 170.667
Z0 Z1 1P = 241.876
Also
2P = AM2 x Z2 + AM3 x Z3
Z2 Z3
1024
2P = 3
x + 160 x
2P = 250.667
11X1 + 12X2 + 1P = 0
21X1 + 22X2 + 2P = 0
14
/3 X1 + 4/3 X2 + 241.867 = 0
4
/3 X1 + 14/3 X2 + 250.667 = 0
Multiplying both equations by 3 we have:

14X1 + 4X2 = - 725.601 - - - - - (I)
4X1 + 14X2 = - 752.001 - - - - - (II)
Multiplying (I) by - 7/2 - 49 X1 14X2 = 2539.604
4X1 + 14X2 = - 752.001
- 45X2 = - 1787.603
X1 = - 39.725KNM
X2 = - 42.362KNM
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NOLF TRAINING
2.6 EXAMPLE 6
50kN 50kN 60kN
20kN/m
A B C D
EI 2EI EI
3 3
8m 2m 2m 2m 3m 3m
2.6.1 SOLUTION

11X1 + 12X2 + 1P = 0
21X1 + 22X2 + 2P = 0
50kN 50kN 60kN

20kN/m
M1 M2
A B C D
EI 2EI EI
3 3
8m 2m 2m 2m 3m 3m
M 1due to X1
1KNM
M 2due to X2
1KNM
Mq due to
Applied Load
80KNm
90KNm
100KNm 100KNm
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NOLF TRAINING
L11 Using similar triangles

50kN 50kN Z0 = 1
20kN/m (2/3 x 8) 8
A B C Z0 = 2/3
EI 2EI
3 Z1 = 1
8m 2m 2m 2m (2/3 x 6) 6
8 6 Z1 = 2/3
3 3
Area of (A) = 1/2 x 8/EI x 1 = 4/EI
+ A B
Area of (B) = 1/2 x 6/(2/3 EI) x 1 = 9/2EI
= 4/EI x 2/3 + 9/2EI x 2/3
= 8/3EI + 3/EI = 17/3EI
Z0 Z1 OR
11 = 1/3 a b L11
and a = b = 1, L11 = 8/EI + 6/(2/3 EI) = 17/EI
11 = 1/3 x 1 x 1 x 17/EI = 17/3EI
L12
50kN 50kN 60kN
12 means deflection of X1
20kN/m
@ point 2. Only (B) will multiply.
A B C D Z0 = 1/3
EI 2EI EI
3 3 Area of (B) = 1/2 x 6/(2/3 EI) x 1 = 9/2EI
8m 2m 2m 2m 3m 3m
6
3 12 = 9/2EI x 1/3 = 3/2EI
B OR
1
12 = /6 a b L12
and a = b = 1, L12 = 6/(2/3 EI)
Z0
12 = 1/6 x 1 x 1 x 6/(2/3 EI) = 3/2EI

L 22
50kN 50kN 60kN
B C D Z0 = 2/3, Z1 = 2/3
2EI EI
3 3 Area of (C) = 1/2 x 6/(2/3 EI) x 1 = 9/2EI
2m 2m 2m 3m 3m
6 6
Area of (D) = 1/2 x 6/(1/3 EI) x 1 = 18
/2EI
3 3
+ A B = 9/2EI x 2/3 + 18/2EI x 2/3 = 9/EI
OR
1
Z1 11 = /3 a b L22 and, a = b = 1,
Z0
L22 = 6/(2/3 EI) + 6/(1/3 EI) = 27
/EI
1 27 9
11 = /3 x 1 x 1 x /EI = /EI
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NOLF TRAINING

L 21
50kN 50kN 60kN
20kN/m
A B C D
EI 2EI EI
3 3
8m 2m 2m 2m 3m 3m
6
3
Z0
21 = 1/6 a b L21
21 = 1/6 x 1 x 1 x 6/(2/3 EI) = 3/2EI
Also according to Maxwells law of reciprocal deflection 12 = 21

50kN 50kN 60kN
20kN/m
M1
M2
A B C D Z0 /4 = 1/8 , Z0 =
EI 2EI
3
EI
3
Z1 /3 = 1/6 , Z1 =
8m 2m 2m 2m 3m 3m
Z2 /3 = 1/6 , Z2 =
Z3 /3 = 1/6, Z3 =
1P = AM1 x Z0 + AM2 x Z1
A 1 = 853.333 A 3 = 270
A 2 = 400 853.333
+ + 400 2
+ 1P = EI x + /( /3 EI) x
80KNm 726.667
100KNm 100KNm
90KNm 1P = EI
Also
Z0 Z1 2P = AM2 x Z2 + AM3 x Z3
400 270
2P = 2/3 EI x + 1/3 EI x
Z2 Z3 705
2P = EI

11X1 + 12X2 + 1P = 0
21X1 + 22X2 + 2P = 0
17 726.667
/3EI X1 + 3/2EI X2 + EI
=0
3
/2EI X1 + 9/EI X2 + 705
EI
=0
Multiplying (I) by 6EI 34X1 + 9X2 = - 4360 - - - - - - -(I)
Multiplying (II) by 2/3EI X1 + 6X2 = - 470 - - - - - - - (II)
From - - - (ii) X1 = - 6X2 - 470 substitute in - - - - - (i)
-195X2 = 11620
X2 = - 59.59KNM
X1 = - 112.46KNM
56 of 92
NOLF TRAINING
2.7 EXAMPLE 7
10 kN/m
A E
B C D
4m 4m 2m 2m
2.7.1 SOLUTION

11X1 + 12X2 + 13X3 + 1P = 0
21X1 + 22X2 + 23X3 + 2P = 0
31X1 + 32X2 + 33X3 + 3P = 0
10 kN/m
X1 X2 X3
A E
B C D
4m 4m 2m 2m
M 1due to X1
1KNM
M 2due to X2
1KNM
M3 due to X3 1KNM
A 3 =6.667
A 4 =6.667
A 1 = 53.333 A 2 = 53.333
5kNm 5kNm
20 kNm 20 kNm Mq due to
Applied Load
III) Next we get the values of 11, 12, 21, 22, 13, 23, 31, 32, 33, 1 and 2.
57 of 92
NOLF TRAINING

L11 Using similar triangles
10 kN/m
Z0 = 1
(2/3 x 4) 4
A Z0 = 2/3
B C
Z1 = 1
4m 4m
(2/3 x 4) 4
4 4 2
3 3 Z1 = /3
+ A B Area of (A) = 1/2 x 4 x 1 = 2

Area of (B) = 1/2 x 4 x 1 = 2
11 = 2 x 2/3 + 2 x 2/3
Z0 Z1 11 = 8/3
OR
11 = 1/3 a b L11
and a = b = 1, L11 = 8/EI + 6/(2/3 EI) = 17/EI
11 = 1/3 x 1 x 1 x 17/EI = 17/3EI
L12
10 kN/m Z0 = 1/3
Area of (B) = 1/2 x 4 x 1 = 2
A
B C D
12 = 2 x 1/3 = 2/3
4m 4m 2m
4 OR
3
1
12 = /6 a b L12
B
and a = b = 1, L12 = 4
12 = 1/6 x 1 x 1 x 4 = 4/6 = 2/3
Z0

L 22 Using similar triangles
10 kN/m Z0 = 2/3
Z1 = 2/3
B C D
Area of (C) = 1/2 x 4 x 1 = 2
4m 2m
4 2 Area of (D) = 1/2 x 2 x 1 = 1
3 3
A B
+ 22 = 2 x 2/3 + 1 x 2/3 = 6/3 = 2
OR
1
22 = /3 a b L22
Z0 Z1
and, a = b = 1, L22 = 4 + 2 = 6
11 = 1/3 x 1 x 1 x 6 = 2
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NOLF TRAINING
L 21
2.7.5 THE VALUE OF 21 10 kN/m
A
B C D
4m 4m 2m
4
3
Z0
1
21 = /6 a b L21
21 = 1/6 x 1 x 1 x 4 = 4/6 = 2/3
Also according to Maxwells law of reciprocal deflection 12 = 21
2.7.6 THE VALUE OF 23 & 32
L 23
10 kN/m Z0 = 1/3
Area of (D) = 1/2 x 2 x 1 = 1
23 = Area of (D) x Z0
B C D E
23 = 1 x 1/3 = 1/3
4m 2m 2m
OR
2 1
3 23 = /6 a b L23
D
and a = b = 1, L23 = 2
23 = 1/6 x 1 x 1 x 2 = 2/6 = 1/3
Z1

L 33
10 kN/m
Z0 = 2/3
Z1 = 2/3
C D E
Area of (E) = 1/2 x 2 x 1 = 1
2m 2m
Area of (F) = 1/2 x 2 x 1 = 1
2 2
3 3 33 = Area of (C) x Z0 + Area of (D) x Z1
E F
+ 33 = 1 x 2/3 + 1 x 2/3 = 4/3
OR
Z0 Z1 33 = 1/3 a b L33
and, a = b = 1, L33 = 4
33 = 1/3 x 1 x 1 x 4 = 4/3
2.7.8 THE VALUE OF 31 & 13
31 = 13 = 0 as both has no match line and cannot be multiplied
59 of 92
NOLF TRAINING
2.7.9 THE VALUE OF 1P , 2P & 3 P

10 kN/m Applying similar triangles
Z0 /2 = 1/4 , Z0 =
1
A E Z1 /2 = /4 , Z1 =
B C D 1
4m 4m 2m 2m Z2 2/ = / 4 , Z2 =
1
Z3 /1 = /2, Z3 =
A 3 =6.667 1
Z4 /1 = /2, Z3 =
A 1
+ + 4 =6.667 Z5 /1 = /2, Z3 =
A 1 = 53.333 A 2 = 53.333
+ + 5kNm 5kNm 1P = AM 1 x Z0 + AM2 x Z1
20 kNm 20 kNm 1P = 53.333 x + 53.333 x
1P = 53.333
Z0 Z1
Also
2P = AM2 x Z2 + AM3 x Z3
Z2 Z3 2P = 53.333 x + 6.667 x
2P = 60/2 2P = 30
And
Z4 Z5 3P = AM3 x Z4 + AM4 x Z5
3P = 6.667 x + 6.667 x
3P = 6.667
8
/3 X1 + 2/3 X2 + 0 + 53.333 = 0
2
/3 X1 + 2 X2 + 1/3 X3 + 30 =0
1 4
0 + /3 X2 + /3 X3 + 6.667 = 0
Multiplying (I) by 3/2 4X1 + X2 = - 80 - - - - - - - - - - - - - (I)
Multiplying (II) by 3 2X1 + 6X2 + X3 = - 90 - - - - - - - - - (II)
Multiplying (II) by 3 X2 + 4X3 = - 20 - - - - - - - - - - - - - (III)
From - - - (i) X2 = - 4X2 - 80 substitute in - - - - - (i) and (ii)
2X1 + 6 (- 4X2 - 80) + X3 = - 90
-22 X1 + X3 = 390 - - - - - - - - (iv) Also
- 4X1 - 80 + 4X3 = - 20
- 4X1 + 4X3 = 60
- X1 + X3 = 15 - - - - - - - - (v) Eliminate X3 as shown
22 X1 - X3 = 390 - - - - - - - - (iv)
- X1 + X3 = 15 - - - - - - - - (v)
21 X1 = - 375
X1 = - 17.875 KNM
X2 = - 4(- 17.875) - 80 = - 8.572 KNM
X3 = 15 + (- 17.857) = - 2.875 KNM
60 of 92
NOLF TRAINING
3.0 SLOPE AND DEFLECTION

Frame structures usually consist of a prismatic member which can be treated as beams elastically
constrained at the ends.
Under load such members deflect by very small angles such as ab and ba shown in the figure
below. It would be helpful to establish analytical relationships between
(I) These angles of rotation i.e. ab and ba
(II) The end moments Mab and Mba and
(III) The lateral loading
The relationships used here are generally known as the Slope-Deflection equation
2A
Mab = 2EI/L (2ab + ba) /L2 (2b a)
2A
Mba = 2EI/L (2ba +ab) + /L2 (2a b) Mab Mba
A B
For Sway beams 0 ab 0 ba
2A
Mab = 2EI/L (2ab + ba - 3/L) /L2 (2b a)
2A
Mba = 2EI/L (2ba + ab - 3/L) + /L2 (2a b)
2A 2A
The function - /L2 (2b a) and /L2 (2a b) are the Fixed End Moments (FEM)
3.1.1 FIXED END MOMENTS
One of the major applications of Slope and Deflection equations is in the determination of Fixed
End Moments that has varied application in structural analysis.
3.1.2 CASE 1 P
MAB= 0 MBA Here we have a concentrated load at the

A B midspan of a single spanned beam pinned at
L L one end and fixed at the other.
2 2
L
The slope and deflection equations are given for the support moments.
MAB = 0 = 2/L (2ab + ba) 2A/L2 (2b a) P
L 2
But a = b = /2 and A = PL /8, ba = 0
MAB = 0 = 2/L (2ab) 2/L2 x PL2/8 (L L/2)
A B
0 = 4ab/L (P/4 x L/2) = 4ab/L PL/8 , 0 ab 0 ba =0
Hence ab = PL/8 x L/4 = PL2/32 L
2
L
2
2 2
MBA = /L (2ba + ab) + 2/L (2a b)
PL
MBA = 2/L (0 + PL2/32) + PL/8 4
MBA = PL/16 + PL/8
MBA = PL + 2PL = 3PL Moment PL2
16 16 Area = 8
3PL
Fixed End Moments @ support B = Mba = /16
61 of 92
NOLF TRAINING
3.1.3 CASE 2
w/unit Length
MAB= 0 MBA Here we have a uniformly distributed load of
A B w/unit length over a single span beam of length
(L), with one pinned support at one end and fixed
L at the other end.
The slope and deflection equations are given below.
2A
MAB = 0 = 2/L (2ab + ba) /L2 (2b a)
But a = b = L/2, A = WL3/12, ba = 0 A B

2 0 ab 0 ba =0
0 = /L (2ab) /L x WL /12 (L /2)
2 2 3 L
0 = 4ab/L WL/6 (L/2) L

2
L
2
0 = 4ab/L WL2/12
ab = WL2/12 x L/4 = WL3/48 wL2
8
MBA = 2/L (2ba + ab) + 2A/L2 (2a b)
2 2
Moment wL3
= /L (ab) + WL /12 Area = 12
= (2/L x WL2/48) + WL2/12
= WL2/24 + WL2/12
= WL2 + 2WL2
24
= 3WL2
24
= WL2
8
Fixed End Moments @ support B = MBA = WL2/8
3.1.4 CASE 3
MAB w/unit Length Here we have a uniformly distributed load of w/unit

MBA
length over a single span beam of length (L), fixed at
A B both ends.
The slope and deflation equations are given below. w/unit Length
2 2A 2
MAB = /L (2ab + ba) /L (2b a)
A B
But a = b = L/2, A = WL3/12, ab = ba = 0 0 ba =0
2A 0 ab =0
MAB = - /L2 (2b a)
2 L L
MAB = - /L2 (WL3/12) (L L/2) 2 2
2
MAB = -2WL x L = - WL wL2
12 2 12 8
2A 2
MBA = /L (2a b) Moment wL3
2
MBA = /L2 x WL3/12 (L L/2) Area = 12
MBA = 2WL x L = WL2
12 2 12
62 of 92
NOLF TRAINING
3.1.5 CASE 4 P
MAB
The slope and deflation equations are given below. MBA
MAB = 2/L (2ab + ba) 2A/L2 (2b a) A B

L 2
But a = b = /2, A = PL /8, ab = ba = 0
L L
2 2
MAB = - 2A/L2 (2b a) L
MAB = 2/L2 x PL2/8 (L L/2) P

2P
MAB = - /8 x L/2 = -PL/8
MBA = 2A/L2 (2a b)
A B
0 ab =0 0 ba =0
MBA = /L x PL /8 (L /2)
2 2 2 L
L L
2P L 2 2
MBA = /8 x /2
PL PL
MBA = /8 4
3.1.6 CASE 5 Moment PL2

Area = 8
First we need to get the Centroid of the moment area due to P.
Consider the two portions (1) and (2).
Area of (1) = 1/2 x a x h
ah
= /2
Area of (2) = 1/2 x a x h
bh
= /2
Area of the moment about A (Considering the Centroid of each portions) for Area (1), the Centroid =
2a a +b
/3 from A and for Area (2), the Centroid = /3 from A as shown and that of the moment Area acts
at the unknown a1. P
ah 2a bh b hL 1
/2 x /3 + /2 x ( /3 + a) = /2 x a
(a2h/3 + b2h/6 + bah/2) (2/hL) = a1
a1 = 2a2/3L + b2/3L + ba/L A B
0 ab =0 0 ba =0
a1 = 2a2 + b2+ 3ba
a b
3L 2a a b 2b
3 3 3 3
1 2 2 2
a = a + b + 2ba + a + ba
3L cd
1 2 Pab = h
a = (a + b) + a (a + b) as L=a+b
a+h
3L
1 2
a = L +aL I
3L aI b
1
a = L (L + a) = L + a Moment Pab
3L 3L Area = 2 h = Pab
1 1
L
Now a + b = L
So, b1 = L a1 = L L + a = 3L - L a = 2L a
3 3 3
b1 = 2L a
3
63 of 92
NOLF TRAINING
For the figure we write the equations as follows.

MAB = 2/L (2ab + bar) 2A/L2 (2b1 a1)
a a
= -2A/L2 (2 (2L /3) L + /3)
= -2 Pab (4L 2a L a) but A = Pab
2xL 3 2
= - Pab (3L 3a)
L2 3 P
= - Pab (L a) but L = a + b MAB
L2 MBA
= - Pab (a + b a)
L2 A B
MAB = - Pab 2
0 ab =0 0 ba =0
L2
a b
Also, MBA = 2A (2a1 b1)
2
L
L2 2 3 [
MBA = 2 x Pab 2 (L + a) (2L a)
3 ]
MBA = Pab (2L + 2a 2L + a) = Pab (3a)
L2 3 L2 3
MBA = Pa2b = Pba2
L2 L2
3.1.7 CASE 6
P P Here we have two equally spaced concentrated
MAB= 0 MBA forces on a single spanned beam fixed and
A B pined at the ends.
L L L
3 3 3
L
The slope and deflation equations are given below. P P

2 2A 2
MAB = 0 = /L (2ab + ba) /L (2b a)
a = b = L/2, A = 2PL2/9, ba = 0 A B
2 2 2 2 0 ab 0 ba =0
0 = /L (2ab) /L (2PL /9) (2b a)
L L L
2PL 3 3 3
0 = 4ab/L 4P/9 x L/2 = 4ab/L /9
2PL PL
ab = /9 x L/4 = PL2/18 3
2A
MBA = 2/L (2ba + ab) + /L2 (2a b) a= L2 b= L2
2
MBA = 2/L (0 + PL2/18) + ( /L2 x 2PL2/9 x L/2) Moment 2PL2
PL Area = 9
MBA = /9 + 2PL/9
3PL
MBA = /9
PL
MBA = /3
64 of 92
NOLF TRAINING
3.1.8 CASE 7
MAB
MBA
A B
0 ab =0
Here we have a single span fixed beam subject to sway of magnitude .

2A 6EI
MAB = 2EI/L (2ab + ba - 3/L) /L2 (2b a) = 2EI/L x -3/L = - /L2
2A 6EI
MBA = 2EI/L (2ba + ab - 3/L) /L2 (2a b) = 2EI/L x -3/L = - /L2
3.1.9 CASE 8
P Here we have a concentrated load on an

arbitrary point of a simple span beam fixed at
MAB= 0 MBA
one end and pined at the other.
A B
a b
L
P
2A
MAB = 0 = 2/L (2ab + ba) /L2 (2b1 a1)
= 4ab 2 x Pab (2(2L a) (L + a)) A B

L L2 2 3 3 0 ab 0 ba =0
Pab 2
= 4ab/L /L x b (as L = a +b) a b
2 2
= 4ab/L Pb /L
ab = Pab2 Pab
4L L
2A
MBA = /L (2ba + ab) + /L2 (2a1 b1)
2
Moment Pab
2 2 2 2 Area = 2
MBA = /L (0 + Pab /4L) + Pba /L
= Pab2/2L2 + Pba2/L2 aI = L + a b I = 2L - a
= Pab + Pba 2 2 3 2
2L2
MBA = Pab (b + 2a)
2L2
65 of 92
NOLF TRAINING
3.1.10 FIXED END MOMENTS
P P
MBA = 3PL MBA = Pab(b+2a)
MAB = 0 16 MAB= 0 2L2
A B A B
a b
L L
2 2
L L
2 6EI 6EI
w/unit Length MBA = wL M AB = MBA =
MAB = 0 8 L2 L2
A B A B
0 ab =0
L
L
2
MBA = wL 2 Ma(2b + a) Ma(2b - a)
12 w/unit Length MBA = wL MBA = MBA =
12 L2 L2
M
A B A B
L a b
P 2
MBA = PL MBA = PL MBA = wL w/unit Length
8 8 30 2
MBA = wL
20
A B A B
L
L L
2 2
L
w/unit Length
Pab2 P
2
2 MBA = wL 2
MBA = MBA = Pba 12 MBA = wL
L2 L2 12
A B A B
0 ab =0 0 ba =0
L
a b
d
P P d d 2
2 2 MBA = wd (a 2 b + (b - 2a) d )
MBA = PL 2
L 12
MAB= 0 3
A B A B
a b
L L L L
3 3 3
2
L M AB = wd (ab2 + (a - 2b) d )
L2 12
66 of 92
NOLF TRAINING
3.2 EXAMPLE 1
For the two spans below, the spans are loaded with a uniformly distributed load of 10kN/m.
10 kN/m
A C
B
8m 12m
3.2.1 SOLUTION
The slope and deflection equations considering the FEM for the assembly are given below.
The FEM for both sides equals WL2
8
2
2
FEMBA = 10 x 8 = 80 FEMBC = 10 x 12 = 180
8 8
MAB = 0, a = - b/2
MAB = 2/L (2a + b) + 0 = 0 2a + b = 0 a = - b /2
MCB = 0, c = - b/2
MBA = 2/8 (2b + a) + 80
= 1/4 (2b + - b/2) + 80 = 3b /8 + 80
MBC = 2/12 (2b + c) - 180
= 1/6 (2b + - b/2) - 180 = b /4 - 180
MBC = b /4 - 180
3.2.2 JOINT B EQUILIBRUM
MBA + MBC = 0
3b /8 + 80 + b /4 - 180 = 0
5b = 100
8
b = 160
3.2.3 GENERATION OF THE SUPPORT MOMENTS
The support moments are generated as shown below.

MAB = 0 also MCB = 0
MBA = 3b /8 + 80
MBA = 3 x 160 + 80 = 140kNm
8
MBC = 160/4 - 180
MBc = 40 - 180 = - 140kNm
67 of 92
NOLF TRAINING
3.3 EXAMPLE 2
For the two spans below, the spans are loaded with a uniformly distributed load of 10kN/m.
10 kN/m
B C
A
12m 6m
3.3.1 SOLUTION
10 x 62
FEMAB = FEMBA = 10 x 122 = 120 FEMBC = = 45
8
12
MAB = 2/L (2a + b) + 120 = 0 But a = 0
MAB = 2/12 (b) + 120 = b /6 + 120
MBA = 2/12 (2b + a) - 120 But a = 0
= 1/6 (2b) - 120 = b /3 - 120
MCB = 0, c = - b/2
MBC = 2/6 (2b + c) + 45
= 1/3 (2b + - b/2) + 45
MBC = b /2 + 45
MBA + MBC = 0
b /3 - 120 + b /2 + 45 = 0
5b = 75
6
b = 90

90
MAB = b /6 + 120 = /6 + 120 = 135 kNm
MBA = b /3 - 120 = 30 -120 = - 90 kNm

90
MBC = b /2 + 45 = /2 + 45 = 90kNm
MCB = 0
68 of 92
NOLF TRAINING
3.4 EXAMPLE 3
P1 =P P2 =P P3 =P
A B C D
L L L L L L
2 2 2 2 2 2
L1 L2 L3
For the three equal spans below, the spans are loaded with an equal concentrated force P, at the
midspan of the equal spans.
3.4.1 SOLUTION
MAB = 0, a = -b/2
MAB = 2/L (2a + b) + 0 = 0
2a + b = 0
a = - b /2
3PL
MBA = 2/L (2b + a) + /16
2 PL
MBC = /L (2b + c) /8
PL
MCB = 2/L (2c + b) + /8
3PL
MCD = 2/L (2c + d) /16
MDC = d = -c/2
MBA + MBC = 0
2 3PL PL
/L (2b + a) + /16 + 2/L (2b +c) /8 = 0
Multiplying by 16L
32 (2b + a) + 3PL2 + 32 (2b +c) 2PL2 = 0
32 (2b + a + 2b + c) = -PL2
But a = -b/2
2b b/2 + 2b + c = - PL2
32
Multiplying by 2
4b b + 4b + c = - PL2
16
7b + 2c = - PL2 - - - - - - - - -(i)
16
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NOLF TRAINING
3.4.3 JOINT C EQUILIBRUM
MCB + MCD = 0
2L (2c + b) + PL/8 + 2/L (2c + d) 3PL/16 = 0
Multiplying by 16L
32 (2c + b) + 2PL2 + 32 (2c + d) 3PL2 = 0
32 (2c + b + 2c + d) = PL2
But d = -c/2
2c + b + 2c c/2 = PL2
32
Multiplying by 2
4c + 2b + 4c c = PL2
16
7c + 2b = PL2 - - - - - - - - -(i)
16
We now solve the simultaneous equations
7b + 2c = -PL2/16 - - - - - (I)
7c + 2b = PL2/16 - - - - - - (II)
We eliminate b as follows
Multiplying by -2 = -14b 4c = 2PL2/16
Multiplying by 7 = 14b + 49c = 7PL2/16

45c = 9PL2
16
c = PL2
80
Substituting b = - PL2
80
a = -b/2 = PL2
160
d = -c/2 = - PL2
160
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NOLF TRAINING

MAB = 0 also MDC = 0
MBA = 2/L (2b + a) + 3PL/16
= 2/L (2b b/2) + 3PL/16 (as a = -b/2)
= 2/L x 3b/2 + 3PL/16
= 3b/L + 3PL/16
= -3PL/80 + 3PL/16 (Substituting b = -PL2/80)
= -3PL + 15PL = 12PL = 3PL
80 80 20
MBA = 3PL
20
MBC = /L (2b + c) PL/8
2
= 2/L (-2PL2/80 + PL2/80) PL/8 (Substituting b = -PL2/80)

= 2/L (-PL2/80) PL/8
= -PL/40 PL/8
= -PL 5PL = -6PL = - 3PL
40 40 20
MBC = - 3PL
20
MCB = 2/L (2c + b) + PL/8

= 2/L (2PL2/80 + PL2/80) + PL/8 (Substituting c = PL2/80)
PL
= /40 + PL/8 = 6PL/40 = 3PL/20
MCB = 3PL
20
3PL
MCD = 2/L (2c + d) /16
3PL
= 3c/L /16
3PL
= /80 3PL/16 (Substituting c = PL2/80)
= 3PL 15PL = -12PL = - 3PL
80 80 20
MCD = - 3PL
20
71 of 92
NOLF TRAINING
3.5 EXAMPLE 4
The three equal spans are loaded with a uniformly distributed load w/unit length.
W k N /m
A D
B C
a1 b1 a2 b2 a3 b3
L1 L2 L3
3.5.1 SOLUTION
The slope and deflation equations are given below.

MAB = 2/L (2a + b) + 0 = 0
2
/L (2a + b) = 0
2a = -b
a = -b/2
MBA = 2/L (2b + a) + WL2/8
MBC = 2/L (2b +c) WL2/12
MCB = 2/L (2c + b) + WL2/12
MCD = 2/L (2c + d) WL2/8

MDC = 2/L (2d + c) + 0 = 0
d = -c/2
MBA + MBC = 0
2
/L (2b + a) +WL2/8 + 2/L (2b + c) WL2/12 = 0
Multiplying by 24L
48 (2b + a) + 3WL3 + 48 (2b + c) 2WL3 = 0
48 (2b + a) + 48 (2b +c) = -WL3
2b +a +2b +c = -WL3
48
But a = -b/2
2b b/2 + 2b + c = -WL3/48
Multiplying by 2
4b b + 4b + 4c = -WL3/24
7b + 2c = - WL3 - - - - - - - (I)
24
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NOLF TRAINING
MCB + MCD = 0
2
/L (2c + b) + WL2 + 2/L (2c +d) WL2 = 0
12 8
Multiplying by 24L
48 (2c +b) +2WL3 + 48 (2c + d) 3WL3 = 0
2c +b + 2c +d = WL3/48
2c +2c c/2 + b = WL3/48
7c +2b = WL3/24 - - - - - - - (II)
7b +2c = -WL3/24 - - - - - - - (I)
7c + 2b = WL/24 - - - - - - - - (II)
7x 49c + 14b = 7WL3/24

-2 x - 4c 14b = 2WL3/24
5c = 9WL3/24
c = WL3/120
Substituting in - - - - - - (I)
7 (WL3/120) +2b = WL3/24
2b = WL3/24 7WL3/120
2b = 5WL3 7WL3 = - 2WL3
120 120
2b = -WL3/60
b = -WL3/120
73 of 92
NOLF TRAINING

MBA = 2/L (2b b/2) + WL2/8 (as a = -b/2)
= 2/L x 3b/2 +WL2/8
= 3b/L+ WL2/8 = 3/L (-WL3/120) + WL/8
= -WL2/40 +WL2/8
= -WL2 + 5WL2 = 4WL2
40 40
MBA = WL2
10
MBC = 2/L (2b +c) WL2/12

= 2/L (-2WL3-120 +WL3/120) WL2/12
= 2/L (-WL3/12) WL2/12
= - WL2/60 WL2/12
MBC = - WL2
10
MCD = 2/L (2c +d) WL2/8

= 3c/L WL2/8
= WL2/40 WL2/8 = -4WL2/40
MCD = - WL2
10
MCB = 2/L (2c + b) + WL2/12

= 2/L (2(WL3/120) WL3/120) +WL2/12
= 2/L (WL3/120) +WL2/12
= WL2/60 + WL2/12
= 5WL2 + WL2 = 6WL2
60 60
MCB = WL2
10
74 of 92
NOLF TRAINING
3.6 EXAMPLE 5
10kN/m
20kN 30kN
A B C D
1m 1m 3m 2m 2m
3.6.1 SOLUTION 3PL

The end moment for span BA = /16
MAB = 0 a = -b/2 = 3 x 20 x 2 = 7.5
MDC = 0 d = -c/2 16
The end moment for span BC = WL2 = 10 x 32
MBA = 2/L (2b + a) +7.5
12 12
MBC = 2/L (2b + c) 7.5 90
= /12 = 7.5
MCB = 2/L (2c + b) + 7.5
3PL
MCD = 2/L (2c + d) 22.5 The end moment for span CD = /16
3.6.2 JOINT B EQUILIBRUM = 3 x 30 x 4 = 22.5
16
MBA + MBC = 0
2
/L (2b + a) +7.5 + 2/L (2b +c) -7.5 = 0
2
/2 (2b b/2) + 2/3 (2b +c) = 0
Multiplying by 3
3 (2b b /2) + 2 (2b + c) = 0
9b /2 + 4b + 2c = 0
Multiplying by 2
9b + 8b + 4c = 0
17b + 4c = 0 - - - - - - - - (I)
MCB + MCD = 0
2
/L (2c + b) + 7.5 + 2/L (2c + d) 22.5 = 0
2
/3 (2c +b) +2/4 (2c -c/2) = 15
2
/3 (2c +b) + 3/4c = 15
Multiplying by 12
8(2c +b) + 9c = 180
25c + 8b = 180 - - - - - - - (II)
17b +4c = 0 - - - - - (i)
25c + 8b = 180 - - - - - (ii)
Eliminate c as follows
Multiply by 25 = 425b + 100c = 0
Multiply by -4 = -32b 100c = -720
393b = -720
b = -1.832
c = (17 x 1.832) /4 = 7.786
75 of 92
NOLF TRAINING

MBA = 2/2 (2b b/2) + 7.5 = 3b/2 + 7.5 = 4.752KNM
MBC = 2/3 (2b +c) 7.5 = 2/3 (2(-1.832) + 7.786) 7.5 = -4.752KNM
MCB = 2/3 (2c + b) +7.5 = 2/3 (2(7.786) 1.832) + 7.5 = 16.66KNM

MCD = 2/4 (2c- c/2) 22.5 = 3/4c 22.5 = 3 x 7.786 22.5 = -16.66KNM
4
MAB = 0, MDC = 0
MBA = 4.752KNM
MBC = - 4.752KNM
MCB = 16.66KNM
MDC = -16.66KNM
76 of 92
NOLF TRAINING
3.7 EXAMPLE 6
8kN/m
40kN 20kN 20kN
A B C D
2m 4m 8m 2m 2m 2m
The end moments for span BA = Pab (b + 2a)

3.7.1 SOLUTION
2L2
MAB = 0 a = -b/2 also MDC = 0 d = -c/2 = 40 x 8(8)
MBA = 2/L (2b +a) + 35.556 2 x 36
= 35.556
MBC = 2/L (2b +c) - 42.667 The end moments for span DC = WL2/12
MCB = 2/L (2c + b) + 42.667 = 8 x 82/12
MCD = 2/L (c +d) 40 = 42.667
PL
The end moments for span CD = /3
= 20 x 6 = 40
3
MBA + MBC = 0
2
/L (2b +a) +35.556 +2/L (2b +c) -42.667 = 0
2
/6 (2b +a) + 2/8 (2b +c) = 7.111
1
/2b +1/4 (2b +c) = 7.111
Multiplying by 4
2b +2b + c = 28.444
4b +c = 28.444 - - - - - - - (I)
MCB + MCD = 0
2
/L (2c + b) + 42.667 + 2/L (2c +d) - 4 = 0
1
/4 (2c + b) + 42.667 + 1/3 (2c c/2) 40 = 0
1
/4 (2c + b) + 42.667 + 1/2c 40 = 0
Multiplying by 4
2c + b + 2c = -10.668
4c + b = -10.668 - - - - - - (II)
We now solve the simultaneous equation
4b +c = 28.444 - - - - - - (I)
b + 4c = -10.668 - - - - - (II)
Multiplying by 4 = - 4b 16c = 42.672
= 4b + c = 28.444
-15c = 71.116
c = -4.741
b = -10.667 4 (-4.741) = 8.296
77 of 92
NOLF TRAINING
3.7.4 GENERATION OF THE SUPPORT MOMENT
MBA= 2/6 (2b +a) + 35.556

8.296
= /2 + 35.556 = 39.704KNM
MBC =2/8 (2b +c) 42.667

= 1/4 (2 x 8.296 4.741) 42.667
= 2.963 42.667
= 39.704KNM
MCB = 1/4 (2 x 4.741+ 8.296) + 42.667

= -0.297 + 42.667
= 42.371KNM
MCD = 2/6 (2c + d) 40

= c/2 40
4.741
=- /2 40 = -2.371 40
= -42.371KNM
The support moments are summarized below
MAB = MDC = 0
MBA = 39.704KNM
MBC = 39.7094KNM
MCB = 42.371KNM
MCD = 42.371KNM
78 of 92
NOLF TRAINING
3.8 EXAMPLE 7
50kN 50kN 60kN
20kN/m
A B C D
EI 2EI EI
3 3
8m 2m 2m 2m 3m 3m
3.8.1 SOLUTION The end moment for span BA = WL2

12
MAB = 0 a = -b/2 also MDC = 0 d = -c/2
MBA = 2EI/L (2b + a) + 106.667 = 20 x 82 = 106.667
MBC = 2/L x 2EI/3 (2c +b) 100 12
The end moment for span BC = PL
MCB = 2/L x 2EI/3 (2c +b) + 100 3
MCD =2/L x EI/3 (2c +d) 45
= 50 x 6 = 100
3.8.2 JOINT B EQUILIBRUM 3
MBA + MBC = 0 The end moment for span CD = PL
2EI 8
/L (2b +a) = 106.667 + 4EI /3L (2b + c) 100 = 0 = 60 x 6 = 45
EI
/4 (2b b/2) + 106.667 + 2EI/9 (2b + c) 100 = 0 8
3/8EIb + 106.667 + 2EI/9 (2b + c) 100 = 0
Multiplying by 72
27EIb + 7680.024 + 32EIb + 16EIc 7200 = 0
59EIb + 16EIc = -480.024 - - - - - (i)
MCB + MCD = 0
4EI
/3L (2c + b) + 100 + 2EI/3L (2c + d) - 45 = 0
2EI
/9 (2c +b) +100 + EIc /6 45 = 0
Multiplying by 18
4EI (2c + b) + 1800 + 3EIc 810 = 0
8EIc + 4EIb + 3EIc = -990
11EIc + 4EIb = -990 - - - - - - (ii)
59b + 16c = -480.024/EI - - - - - (I)
4b + 11c = -990/EI - - - - - - (II)
Eliminate c as follows
Multiply by -11 - 649b 176c = 5280.264/EI
Multiply by 16 64b + 176c = -15840/EI

-585b = -10559.736/EI
b = 18.051/EI
c = -96.564/EI
79 of 92
NOLF TRAINING
MBA = 3EIb + 106.667 = 3EI x 18.051 + 106 .667 = 113.436KNM

8 8EI
MBC = 2/9EI (2b + c) 100 = 2EI/9 (36.102/EI 96.564/EI) 100

= -13.436 100 = -113.436
MCD = EIc/6 45 = EI x - 96.564 45

6EI
= -16.094 45
= -61.094KNM
MCB = 2EI/9 (2c +b) + 100 = 2EI/9(-193.128/EI + 18.051/EI) + 100

= 2EI/9 (-175.077/EI) + 100
= -38.906 + 100
= 61.094KNM
80 of 92
NOLF TRAINING
3.9 EXAMPLE 8
10 kN/m
A E
B C D
4m 4m 2m 2m
MAB = 0 a = -b/2 also MDE = 0 e = 0= -d/2 End moment for MBA = WL2
MBA = 2/4 (2b + a) + 20 8
= 10 x 4 2 = 20
MBC = 2/4 (2b + c) 13.333 8
MCB = 2/4 (2c + b) + 13.333 End moment for MBC = WL2
12
MCD = 2/2 (2c + d) 3.333 = 10 x 4 2 = 13.333
MDC = 2/2 (2d + c) + 3.333 12
End moment for MCD = WL2
MDE = 2/2 (2d + e) 5 12
= 10 x 2 2 = 3.333
12
MBA + MBC = 0 End moment for MDE = WL2
1
/2 (2b b/2) +20 + 1/2 (2b + c) 13.333= 0 8
= 10 x 22 = 5
3
/4b + b + c/2+20 13.333 = 0 8
Multiply by 4
3b + 4b + 2c+80 53.332 = 0
7b + 2c = -26.668 - - - - - - (I)
MCB + MCD = 0
1
/2 (2c + b) +13.333+ 2/2 (2c + d) 3.333 = 0
1
/2 (2c + b) + 2c + d = = -10
Multiply by 2
2c + b + 4c + 2d = -20
b + 6c + 2d = -20 - - - - - - (II)
3.9.3 JOINT D EQUILIBRUM
MDC + MDE = 0
(2d + c) +3.333 + (2d d/2) 5 = 0
2d + c + 3.333 + 3d/2 5 = 0
Multiply by 2
7d + 2c = 3.334 - - - - - - (III)
81 of 92
NOLF TRAINING

7b + 2c = -26.668 - - - - - (I)
b + 6c + 2d = -20 - - - - - (II)
7d + 2c = 3.334 - - - - - - (III)
2
In - - - (I) b = - /7c 26.668/7 i.e b = -0.286c 3.81
Substitute in - - - - - (II) -0.286c 3.81 + 6c + 2d = -20
5.714c + 2d= -16.19 - - - - - (IV)
2c + 7d = 3.334
From - - - - - (IV) d = -2.857c 8.095, Substituting in - - - - - (III)
2c + 7 (-2.857c 8.095) = 3.334
2c 20c 56.665 = 3.334
-18c = 60
c = -3.333
d = -2.857 x -3.333 8.095 = 1.427
b = -0.286c 3.81 = -2.857
c = -3.333
d = 1.427
b = -2.857
The support moments are given below

MBA = 3/4b + 20
= 3/4 x -2.847 + 20
= 17.857KNM
MBC = 1/2 (2b + c) 13.333
= 1/2 (2 x -2.857 3.333) 13.333
= -4.524 13.333
= -17.857KNM
MCB = 1/2 (2c + b) + 13.333
= 1/2 (2 x -3.333 2.857) + 13.333
= -4.762 + 13.333
= 8.572KNM
MCD = 2c + d 3.333
= 2 x 3.333 + 1.427 3.333
= -6.666 3.333 + 1.427
= -8.572KNM
MDE = 3d/2 5
= 3 x 1.427 5
2
= -2.860KNM
MDC = 2d + c + 3.333
= 2 x 1.427 3.333 + 3.333
= 2.860KNM
82 of 92
NOLF TRAINING
4.0 MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD
4.1 EXAMPLE 1
For the beam below, the spans are loaded with a uniformly distributed load of 10kN/M on the two
spans. 10 kN/m
A C
B
8m 12m
I. The first thing is to get the stiffness of the spans given here as K
I
For span A - B, K = x /8
II. Next the summation of the stiffness K are obtained
III. The Distribution factor DF = K

K
IV. The Fixed End Moments are shown below.
8
10 x 82 2
FEMBA = = 80 FEMBC = 10 x 12 = 180
8 8
JOINT SPAN K K DF = K/K FEM
A A-B x 8 = 3/32 3
/32 - 0
B-A x 8 = 3/32 5
3
/5 = 0.6 - 80
B /32
B-C x 12 = 1/16 2
/5 = 0.4 +180
C C-B x 12 = 1/16 5
/32 - 0
V. The values of the D.F and the FEM are inserted in the Moment Distribution table shown below
along with their respective joints. The FEM at the pinned support is zero and distribution factor
is also zero.
JOINT AB BA BC CB
DF 0 0.6 0.4 0
FEM -80 180
BAL -60 -40
-140 140
MAB = -140KNM, MBC = 140KNM
83 of 92
NOLF TRAINING
4.2 EXAMPLE 2
For the beam below, the spans are loaded with a uniformly distributed load of 10kN/M on the two
spans.
10 kN/m
B C
A
12m 6m
I
For span A - B, K = /12 since it is fixed

K
IV. The Fixed End Moments are shown below.
8
10 x 122 2
FEMBA = = 120 FEMBA = 10 x 6 = 45
12 8

1 1
A A-B /12 /12 - 0
1 2
B-A /12 5 /5 = 0.4 - 120
B /24
B-C x 1/6 = 1/8 3
/5 = 0.6 + 45
C C-B x 1/6 = 1/8 1
/8 - 0
along with their respective joints. The FEM at the pinned support is zero for both sides as it
does not distribute nor receive moment. For the fixed support the distribution factor is 1 and
zero. It takes but it does not distribute moment.
JOINT AB BA BC CB
DF 0 0.4 0.6 0
FEM 120 -120 45 0
BAL 30 45 0
CO 15 0 0 0
BAL 0 0 0 0
135 -90 90
MAB = 135KNM, MBA = -90KNM, MBC = 90KNM
84 of 92
NOLF TRAINING
4.3 EXAMPLE 3
For the three equal spans below, the spans are loaded with an equal concentrated force P, at the
midspan of the equal spans.
P1 =P P2 =P P3 =P
A B C D
L L L L L L
2 2 2 2 2 2
L1 L2 L3
I
For span A - B, K = x /L since the support at A is pinned according to the Hardy Cross
I
Rule. For the internal span B - C, K = /L

K
IV. The Fixed End Moments are calculated using the tables given under Chapter 3 for any of the
given cases. The table showing all these are given below.
A A-B L L - 0
3 - 3PL
B
B-A L 7
/4L
/7 /16
1 4 + PL
B-C /L /7 /8
1 4 - PL
C
C-B /L 7
/4L
/7 /8
3 + 3PL
C-D L /7 /16
D D-C L L - 0
is also zero.
VI. Next is to add the fixed end moments, change the sign of the result and distribute this value
by multiplying the balance with the respective DF of the adjoining spans linked to the joint.
85 of 92
NOLF TRAINING
This is shown below
FOR JOINT B
- 3PL PL
/16 + /8 = - PL/16
- PL PL
Next we change the sign of the result /16 x -1 = /16
PL
For span B - C, /16 x 4/7 = PL
/28
PL
For span B - A, /16 x 3/7 = 3PL
/112
FOR JOINT C
PL
- /8 + 3PL/16 = PL
/16
PL PL
Next we change the sign of the result /16 x -1 = - /16
PL
For span C - B, - /16 x 4/7 = -
PL
/28
PL 3 3PL
For span C - D, - /16 x /7 = - /112
VII. The balance obtained is further divided it by 2 and Carried Over to the next row at the
adjacent corresponding column.
VIII. The iteration process is repeated again and again for the value carried over until the balance
becomes infinitesimal.
IX. The value on each column is added up from the FEM to the last value got for the balance.
This gives the value of the moment at the support
JOINT AB BA BC CB CD D
3 4 4 3
DF - /7 /7 /7 /7 -
- 3PL + PL - PL + 3PL
FEM /16 /8 /8 /16
+ 3PL + PL - PL - 3PL
BAL /112 /28 /28 /112
- PL + PL
CO /56 /56
+ 3PL + PL - PL - 3PL
BAL /392 /98 /98 /392
- PL + PL
CO /196 /196
+ 3PL + PL - PL - 3PL
BAL /1372 /343 /343 /1372
- PL + PL
CO /686 /686
+ 3PL + 2PL - 2PL - 3PL
BAL /4802 /2401 /2401 /4802
- PL + PL
CO /2401 /2401
+ 3PL + 4PL - 4PL - 3PL
BAL /16807 /16807 /16807 /16807
- 2PL + 2PL
CO /16708 /16708
+ 6PL + 8PL + 8PL - 6PL
BAL /117649 /117649 /117649 /117649
-1,976,722 PL + 141,198 PL - 141,198 PL +1,976,722 PL
Total Sum = 13,176,688 941,192 941,192 13,176,688
1,976,722 PL = 3PL 141,198PL = 3PL

13,176,688 20 941,192 20
MAB = MBC = 3PL NB. For the development of the Mid span moments, Maximum span moments,
20 Bending Moment and Shear Force diagrams please refer to Chapter 1.
86 of 92
NOLF TRAINING
4.4 EXAMPLE 4
For the three equal spans below, the spans are loaded with an uniformly distributed load of W /unit
Length on all the three equal spans.
W k N /m
A D
B C
a1 b1 a2 b2 a3 b3
L1 L2 L3
I
For span A - B, K = x /L since the support at A is pinned according to the Hardy Cross
I
Rule. For the internal span B - C, K = /L
K
IV. The Fixed End Moments are calculated using the tables given under Chapter 3 for any of the
given cases. The table showing all these are given below.
A A-B L L - 0
- 2
3 WL
B-A L 7 /7
B /4L 8
B-C 1
/L 4
/7 + WL2
12
C-B 1
/L 4
/7 - WL2
7
C /4L 12
2
3 + WL
C-D L /7
8
D D-C L L - 0
is also zero.
VI. Next is to add the fixed end moments, change the sign of the result and distribute this value
by multiplying the balance with the respective DF of the adjoining spans linked to the joint.
VII. The balance obtained is further divided it by 2 and Carried Over to the next row at the
adjacent corresponding column.
VIII. The iteration process is repeated again and again for the value carried over until the balance
becomes infinitesimal.
IX. The value on each column is added up from the FEM to the last value got for the balance.
This gives the value of the moment at the support.
87 of 92
NOLF TRAINING
3 4 4 3
DF - /7 /7 /7 /7 -
-
WL2 +WL2 -WL2 +WL2
FEM 0 8 12 12 8 0
+
WL2 +WL2 - WL2 -
WL2
BAL 56 42 42 56
-WL2 + WL2
CO 84 84
+
WL2 +WL2 - WL2 -
WL2
BAL 196 147 147 196
2 2
-WL + WL
CO 294 294
+
WL2 +2WL2 -2WL2 -
WL2
BAL 686 1029 1029 686
- WL2 + WL2
CO 1029 1029
+
WL2 +4WL2 - 4WL2 -
WL2
BAL 2401 7203 7203 2401
-2WL2 +2WL2
CO 7203 7203
+
2WL2 +8WL2 - 8WL2 -
2WL2
BAL 16807 50421 50421 16807
- 4WL2 + 4WL2
CO 50421 50421
+
4WL
2
+16WL2 -16WL
2
4WL
- 2
BAL 117649 352947 352947 117649

- 8WL2 + 8WL2
CO 352947 352947
+
8WL2 +32WL2
-
-32WL2 8WL
2
BAL 823543 2470629 2470629 823543

-16WL2 +16WL2
CO 2470629 2470629
+
16WL2 +64WL2 - 64WL2 - 16WL2
BAL 5764801 17294403 17294403 5764801
- 32WL2 + 32WL2
CO 17294403 17294403
+
32WL2 +128WL2 -128WL2 - 32WL2
BAL 40353607 121060821 121060821 40353607
2 2 2
-32282988 WL + 145273446 WL - 145273446 WL +32282988 WL2
Total Sum = 1452729852 1452729852
322828856 322828856
- 32282988 WL2 = WL2 - 145273446 WL2 = WL

2
322828856 10 1452729852 10
MAB = MBC = WL2 NB. For the development of the Mid span moments, Maximum span moments,
10 Bending Moment and Shear Force diagrams please refer to Chapter 1.
88 of 92
NOLF TRAINING
4.5 EXAMPLE 5
For the beam below, the spans are loaded with a uniformly distributed load of 10kN/M on the mid
span and concentrated loads at the end spans as shown.
10kN/m
20kN 30kN
A B C D
1m 1m 3m 2m 2m
I
For span A - B, K = x /2
Next the summation of the stiffness K are obtained along with the Distribution factor.
II. The Fixed End Moments are shown below. The FEM for both sides equals WL2
8
FEMBA = 3PL = 3 x 20 x 2 = 7.5 FEMBC = 10 x 32 = 7.5
16 16 12
FEMCD = 3PL = 3 x 30 x 4 = 22.5
16 16

3
A A-B 1 3
x /2 = /8 /8 - 0
B-A 9
B x 1/2 = 3/8 17
/24 /17 = 0.5294 -7.5
B-C 1 8 7.5
/3 /17= 0.5294
C-B 1 17 9 -7.5
C /3 /24 /17= 0.5294
C-D 9
x /2 = 3/8
1
/17 = 0.5294 -22.5
3
D D-C x 1/2 = 3/8 /8 - 0
DF 0 0.5294 0.4706 0.64 0.36 0
FEM -7.5 7.5 -7.5 22.5
BAL 0 0 -9.6 -5.4
CO -4.8 0
BAL 2.54112 2.25888 0 0
CO 0 1.12944
BAL 0 0 -0.7228416 -0.4065984
CO -0.3614208 0
BAL 0.191191603 0.170229197 0 0
CO 0 0.085114598
BAL 0 0 -0.054473343 -0.030641255
CO -0.027236671 0
BAL 0.014408199 0.012828472 0 0
CO 0 0.006414236
BAL 0 0 -0.004105111 -0.002309125
CO -0.002052556 0
BAL 0.001085802 0.000966754 0 0
- 4.752194396 4.752194396 -16.66045122 16.66045122
MAB = 4,752KNM NB. For the development of the Mid span moments, Maximum span moments,
MBC = 16.660KNM Bending Moment and Shear Force diagrams please refer to Chapter 1.
89 of 92
NOLF TRAINING
4.6 EXAMPLE 6
8kN/m
40kN 20kN 20kN
A B C D
2m 4m 8m 2m 2m 2m
The DF, FEM and the distribution table is shown below

FEMBA = Pab (b +2a) = 40 x 8 x 8 = 35.556
2L2 16
FEMBC = WL = 8 x 82 = 42.667
2
12 12
FEMCD = PL = 20 x 6 = 40
3 3

1
A A-B x 1/6 = 1/8 /8 - 0
B-A x 1/6 = 1/8 2
0.5 -35.556
B /8
B-C 1 0.5 42.667
/8
C-B 1 0.5 -42.667
/8 2
C /8
C-D x 1/6 = 1/8 0.5 +40
3
D D-C x 1/6 = 1/8 /8 - 0
DF 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0
FEM -35.556 42.667 - 42.667 40
BAL -3.5555 -3.5555 1.3335 1.3335
CO 0.66675 -1.77775
BAL -0.333375 -0.333375 0.888875 0.888875
CO 0.4444375 -0.1666875
BAL -0.22221875 -0.22221875 0.08334375 0.08334375
CO 0.041671875 -0.111109375
BAL -0.020835938 -0.020835938 0.055554688 0.055554688
CO 0.027777344 -0.010417969
BAL -0.013888672 -0.013888672 0.005208984 0.005208984
CO 0.002604492 -0.006944336
BAL -0.001302246 -0.001302246 0.003472168 0.003472168
CO 0.001736084 -0.000651123
BAL -0.000868042 -0.000868042 0.000325562 0.000325562
CO 0.000162781 -0.000434021
BAL -8.13904E-05 -8.13904E-05 0.00021701 0.00021701
CO 0.000108505 -4.06952E-05
BAL -5.42526E-05 -5.42526E-05 2.03476E-05 2.03476E-05
- 39.70412429 39.70412429 - 42.37051751 42.37051751
MAB = 39.704 KNM NB. For the development of the Mid span moments, Maximum span moments,
Bending Moment and Shear Force diagrams please refer to Chapter 1.
MBC = 42.371KNM
90 of 92
NOLF TRAINING
4.7 EXAMPLE 7
50kN 50kN 60kN
20kN/m
A B C D
EI 2EI EI
3 3
8m 2m 2m 2m 3m 3m
FEMBC = WL2 = 8 x 82 = 106.667

12 12
FEMCD = PL = 50 x 6 = 100
3 3
FEMCD = PL = 60 x 6 = 45
8 8
3EI
A A-B x EI/8 = 3EI/32 /32 - 0
27
B-A x EI/8 = 3EI/32 59EI
/59 = 0.4576 -106.667
B 2EI 1 EI
/288 32
B-C /3 x /6 = /9 /59 = 0.5424 100
2EI 1 EI 24
C-B /3 x /6 = /9 33EI
/33 = 0.7273 -100
C /216 9
C-D x EI/3 x 1/6 = EI/24 /33 = 0.2727 +45
EI
D D-C x EI/3 x 1/6 = EI/24 /24 - 0
DF 0 0.4576 0.5424 0.7273 0.2727 0
FEM -106.667 100 -100 45
BAL 3.0508192 3.6161808 40.0015 14.9985
CO 20.00075 1.8080904
BAL -9.1523432 -10.8484068 -1.315024148 -0.493066252
CO -0.657512074 -5.4242034
BAL 0.300877525 0.356634549 3.945023133 1.479180267
CO 1.972511566 0.178317274
BAL -0.902621293 -1.069890274 -0.129690154 -0.048627121
CO -0.064845077 -0.534945137
BAL 0.029673107 0.03517197 0.389065598 0.145879539
CO 0.194532799 0.017585985
BAL -0.089018209 -0.10551459 -0.012790287 -0.004795698
CO -0.006395143 -0.052757295
BAL 0.002926418 0.003468726 0.038370381 0.014386914
CO 0.01918519 0.001734363
BAL -0.008779143 -0.010406047 -0.001261402 -0.000472961
CO -0.000630701 -0.005203024
BAL 0.000288609 0.000342092 0.003784159 0.001418865
-113.435177 113.435177 - 61.09240355 61.09240355
MAB = 113.435 KNM NB. For the development of the mid span moments, Maximum span moments,
MBC = 61.092KNM Bending Moment and Shear Force diagrams please refer to Chapter 1.
91 of 92
NOLF TRAINING
4.8 EXAMPLE 8
10 kN/m
A E
B C D
4m 4m 2m 2m

FEMBC = WL2 = 10 x 42 = 20
8 8
FEMBC = WL2 = 10 x 42 = 13.333
12 12
FEMBC = WL2 = 10 x 22 = 3.333
12 12
FEMBC = WL2 = 10 x 22 =5
8 8
JOINT SPAN K K DF = K/K
FEM
3
A A-B 1
x /4 = /16 3 /16 - 0
3
B-A x 1/4 = 3/16 7 /7 = 0.4286 -20
B /16 4
B-C 1 /7 = 0.5714 13.333
/4
1 1
C-B /4 3 /3 = 0.3333 -13.333
C /4 2
C-D 1 /3 = 0.6667 +3.333
/2
1 4
D-C /2 7 /7 = 0.5714 -3.333
D /8 3
D-E x /2 = 3/8
1 /7 = 0.4286 +5
3
E E-D x 1/2 = 3/8 /8 - 0
JOINT AB BA BC CB CD DC DE E
DF 0 0.4286 0.5714 0.3333 0.6667 0.5714 0.4286 0
FEM -20 13.333 -13.333 3.333 -3.333 5
BAL 2.8574762 3.8095238 3.333 6.667 -0.9525238 -0.7144762
CO 1.6665 1.9047619 -0.4762619 3.3335
BAL -0.7142619 -0.9522381 -0.47611905 -0.95238095 -1.9047619 -1.4287381
CO -0.238059525 -0.47611905 -0.95238095 -0.476190475
BAL 0.102032312 0.136027213 0.47611905 0.95238095 0.272095237 0.204095238
CO 0.238059525 0.068013606 0.136047619 0.476190475
BAL -0.102032312 -0.136027213 -0.068013606 -0.136047619 -0.272095237 -0.204095238
CO -0.034006803 -0.068013606 -0.136047619 -0.068023809
BAL 0.014575316 0.019431487 0.068013606 0.136047619 0.038868805 0.029155005
CO 0.034006803 0.009715744 0.019434402 0.068023809
BAL -0.014575316 -0.019431487 -0.009715744 -0.019434402 -0.038868805 -0.029155005
CO -0.004857872 -0.009715744 -0.019434402 -0.009717201
BAL 0.002082084 0.002775788 0.009715744 0.019434402 0.005552409 0.004164792
CO 0.004857872 0.001387894 0.002776204 0.009717201
BAL -0.002082084 -0.002775788 -0.001387894 -0.002776204 -0.005552409 -0.004164792
-17.8567857 17.8567857 -8.57135715 8.57135715 -2.8567857 2.8567857
MAB = 17.856 KNM
NB. For the development of the Mid span moments, Maximum span moments,
MBC = 8.571 KNM Bending Moment and Shear Force diagrams please refer to Chapter 1.
MBC = 2.857 KNM
92 of 92

Structural Analysis For Indeterminate Structures-Part II

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Structural Analysis For Indeterminate Structures-Part II

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NOLF

METHODS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

ANALYSIS OF INDETERMINATE STRUCUTRES

1.0 THREE MOMENTS EQUATION FOR CONTINUOUS BEAMS .....................................................6

1.1 EXAMPLE 1......................................................................................................................................... 7

2.0 DIAGRAM MULTIPLICATION BY VERESCHAGINS RULE.....................................................38

2.1 EXAMPLE 1....................................................................................................................................... 38

2.1.3 THE VALUE OF 1P ................................................................................................39

3.0 SLOPE AND DEFLECTION..................................................................................................................61

3.1.1 FIXED END MOMENTS ..........................................................................................61

3.9.3 JOINT D EQUILIBRUM...........................................................................................81

4.0 MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD ...............................................................................................83

4.1 EXAMPLE 1....................................................................................................................................... 83

1.0 THREE MOMENTS EQUATION FOR CONTINUOUS BEAMS

For three spans we have the equations.

1.1 EXAMPLE 1 10 kN/m

We solve the equations a shown

(I) The above beam is subjected to an unknown moment as shown.

(II) Next we write the three moments equations as follows.

(III) Next we draw the BM for this purpose

(IV) Solve the equations From equation (i)

Substituting M1 in any of the equation (III) or (IV)

4 (-3PL) L + M2L = -3PL2

1.2.2 ANALYSIS OF SPAN 1

Mx + = 0 (At mid span) fv + = 0

1.2.4 BM AND SF DIAGRAM BY SUPER-IMPOSITION

P P P @11, PL 3PL = 10PL 3PL

L1 L2 L3 For the shear f orce between 3 and 31

I) The beam is subjected to moments as shown.

We solve the equations.

4M1L + M2L = -6WL3 = - WL3

4M1L + M2L = - WL3

4M1L = -WL3 + WL3

4M1L = - 5WL3 + WL3

1.3.2 ANALYSIS OF SPAN 1

1.3.3 ANALYSIS OF SPAN 2

MMAX = WL2 WL2 WL2

1.3.4 BM AND SF DIAGRAM BY SUPER-IMPOSITION

1.3.5 SHEAR FORCE RESOLUTION FOR THE DIAGRAM

WL + WL = 6WL = 3WL = V23

V10 = -WL WL = - 6WL

i) We write the three moments equation for span 0 - 2 and 1 - 3

We solve the equations a shown

The simultaneous equations are given below

10M1 + 3M2 = -97.5 - - - - - (I)

Multiplying by -3: -30M1 9M2 = 292.5

1.4.2 ANALYSIS OF SPAN 1 20kN

1.4.3 ANALYSIS OF SPAN 2

1.4.4 ANALYSIS OF SPAN 3

Consider Section X - X 30kN

MX = 19.165X 16.66 MX + 60 30X 43.34 + 10.835X = 0

MX = 38.33 16.66 = 21.67KNM MX = 19.165X 16.66

Consider section 2 (2 < X < 4)

1.4.5 BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

i) We write the three moments equation for span 0 = 2 and 1 = 3

A1 = 1/2 x 6 x 53.3 = 160,

III) We solve the equations

1.5.3 ANALYSIS OF SPAN 2

1.5.4 ANALYSIS OF SPAN 3

Consider the Sections

1.5.5 BM & SF DIAGRAM BY SUPER-IMPOSITION

50kN 50kN 60kN

For span 1 K0-1 = EI = 1