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ifference
Talmud piyyutim was published, in Mahzor Vitry, ed. Hurwitz, pp. 310-334. The
text presented here, on the basis of a unique manuscript, Ms. Jews' College,
.s subject London, No. 6, is entitled Perush alfabetin, in reference to the alphabetical
10 we at- achrosticha characteristic to most of the Aramaic piyyutim. The name of
an sugya the author is nowhere mentioned in the text. However, scholars dealing with
different it (Leopold Dukes, Leopold Zunz, Moritz Steinschneider, Adolf Jellinek,
'e offer a Solomon Schechter, Solomon Buber, Hermann Vogelstein and Paul Rieger,
e "Tosef- Umberto Cassuto and Judah Leib Maimon) established without any doubt
he unique that the author was a member of the prominent rabbinical family, Min-ha-
Anavim, in Rome. They were divided, however, as to the exact identity of
: with the the author. Some maintained that he was Zedekiah ben Abraham Min ha-
\. First we Anavim, the author of the Shibbolei ha-leket; others suggested Benjamin,
. Next we Zedekiah's brother, as the author. The present editor believes that there is
:n the end strong evidence to ascribe the commentary to be the work of Benjamin ben
ya, which Abraham Min ha-Anavim, who flourished in the thirteenth century in
litions are Rome. Rabbi Benjamin in his commentary makes very extensive use of rab-
binic materials: he quotes the Targumim, the Talmudim and many
b, and its Midrashim. The wording of the quoted texts differs frequently from the ver-
1 a similar sions known to us and occasionally Rabbi Benjamin quotes texts which are
tion in the completely unknown to us. In the course of his commentary he makes use
tgya in the of Latin and Italian words for the explanation of difficult expressions, ex-
Ith sugyot. amines the grammatical form of some of the difficult words and compares
various readings in the text of the piyyutim. He quotes his own masters as
authorities and rarely refers to other, non-Italian, authorities.
~AHAM In order to facilitate the understanding of the commentary, the text of
piyyutim was provided as an appendix to the present edition. One piyyut
(No. 12) has hitherto been completely unknown and its text is here partially
reconstructed on the basis of the quotations found in the commentary.

on thirteen
lers similar
:rman, and A CRITICAL STUDY OF YEVAMOT X WITH A
lary to add METHODOLOGICAL INTRODUCTION
ation of the by Shamma Friedman
d to be of a
latic events Introduction

he piyyutim In this study, our goals are an analysis of the various Talmudic strata,
! subject of
and a description of the structure of each sugya.
of Aramaic From a literary standpoint, Talmudic material can be seen as consisting
of three elements (excluding Tannaitic quotations):
A - Amoraitic passages; B - anonymous material, which provides a
framework for A; C - late glosses. The medieval commentators have in-
dicated this division in certain specific passages. Especially in the Tosajot,
the separation between A and B is often used, in order to remove contradic-
tions in the statements of the Amora; namely, the section containing the
problematic opinion was not part of the Amora's statement, but added
editorially afterwards. Although they used this technique essentially in
problematic passages, these authorities demonstrate that the division of the
text into these components is done essentially through stylistic considera-
tions.
An early emphasis of modern Talmudic scholarship was identifying late
glosses (C), thus implicitly treating A and B as a unit. Sihce the 1930's,
however, an effort has been made to separate A from B. The anonymous
framework of most (if not all) Talmudic passages is of later provenance than
the Amoraitic statements imbedded therein. A correct historical under-
standing of the latter requires that they be studied independently of B, thus
allowing the possibility of interpretations other than those used by B. This is
especially the case when an Amora's statement appears to be answering an
anonymous question, or ends in a lengthy explanation. The original state-
ment may have had a meaning other than that imposed by the present ques-
tion and explanation.
A proper critical study of the Amoraitic passages from a legal, historical
or linguistic standpoint requires a precise separation of A and B. Some
scholars have proposed that such an analysis be performed throughout the
Talmud, and not merely where problems have been raised.
Usually the isolation of A is obvious. Often, however, it is quite difficult,
in that B fuses with A, and is introduced between the words of the Amora's
statement.
The following stylistic and textual considerations aid in isolating A. The
probability of any given analysis increases when several of these indepen-
dent characteristics agree in determining the exact delineation of an
Amoraitic statement.
(1) In a passage consisting of Hebrew and Aramaic, the Amoraitic mimra
consists of the Hebrew only. (2) An explanatory, dependent clause is usual-
ly editorial. Clumsy syntax (3) or excessive sentence length (4) indicates an
anonymous addition, as does (5) resumptive repetition. This is confirmed
when the remaining text, after suspected editorial additions are excluded,
reads as a simple unit (6). A reference to material further on in the sugya
seems editorial (7). Vocabulary is a significant criterion (8). When the Con-
cordance indicates that a word or phrase is used overwhelmingly by the late
Amoraim or in anonymous passages, its presence within the borders of a
 statement by an early Amora is suspect, as are (9) grammatical forms fre-
quent in Geonic Aramaic, but rare in Babylonian Aramaic. (10) Conflicting
)vides a
word order in the testimonia can indicate that the "wandering"'unit was a
have in-
marginal gloss. (11) A clustering of variant readings characterizes a later
Tosafot,
insertion, as does the absence of the phrase in MSS or parallel passages
ontradic-
(12). Medieval exegesis may reflect a shorter text (13). The above
lining the
phenomena suggest that generally, the shorter text is authentic, and
,ut added
preference is to be given to the shortest of proposed Amoraitic reconstruc-
ntially in
tions (14).
ion of the
The sugya as a whole, like the individual mimra, is a literary unit of
:onsidera-
precise structure, often based on numerical harmony.
ifying late
Yevamot X
le 1930's,
lonymous The chapter is studied in the light of the above. In the Mishna, a wife is
!lance than subjected to many penalties when a second marriage is undertaken on the
~al under- basis ofJalse testimony to the first husband's death. The Talmud states that
of B, thus the penalties are justly deserved, in that the wife was negligent in not verify-
r B. This is ing the testimony. It is shown that this position is found in material belong-
swering an ing to B only, whereas in A, the Amoraim sympathized with her fate; and
~inal state- complained that it was unjust.
esent ques- In this work, the chapter is divided into individual sugyas (S), with a
study on each. Among the conclusions: SI has the "correct" answer defer-
I, historical red for last, while two intentionally incorrect answers are proposed and re-
d B. Some jected. In S2 R. Ashi's statement per se reflects a simple interpretation of the
mghout the Mishna, and not the intricate one assigned to him by B. The many diffi-
culties in S3 all stem from the fact that the entire S, which purports to
ite difficult, interpret Samuel's statement, was transferred from fol. 117b. The reworking
he Amora's of Palestinian material is studied in S4 and S6' Seven proofs to the authority
of the Sages to set aside scriptural laws are adduced, and challenged in Ss,
ting A. The with another set of 7 alluded to. S7 is central to the chapter. R. Sheshet is to
:se indepen- be construed as challenging Rav's endorsement of the first part of the
ltion of an Mishnah (the penalties) and not the second. Rava's original proof in Ss was
short and simple. An Aramaic form is clarified in S9 (2nd per. pI. with 1st
raitic mimra per. sing. objective suffix). A gloss by B in a baraita in SIO is recognized by
use is usual- Aramaic preserved in MSS only, thereby reorienting the entire S. The law
indicates an codified by Alfasi and Maimonides is rejected by later authorities because it
is confirmed is contradicted by the editorial glosses of S II' The anonymous comments
re excluded, introduced great complications into S12' where the simpler basic S is still
in the sugya mirrored in medieval exegesis. In S13' R. yoses protagonist was merely
len the Con- postulated by B, whereas in the Tan. sources there is no challenger. S14: use
ly by the late
borders of a
Of'1llK. The Pesaro ed. preserves a unique tradition in SIS; perhaps the ag-
gadic section was originallyth~ end of the chapter, S16 being transferred
from Nid.

THE NOVELLAE OF SEFER MEHAREREI NEMEIRIM ON

CHAPTER HAZZAHA V
by Daniel Boyarin

Pilpul, or more properly "the special pilpuf', is a movement in Talmudic

exegesis which flourished from the early fifteenth through the eighteenth
centuries in nearly every corner of the Jewish world. In contrast to other
schools of Talmudic exegesis which perceive in each sugya an ad hoc struc-
ture, for the school of pi/pul, each sugya of the Talmud is constructed in ac-
cordance with a set logical and formal structure. In their works of an
introductory nature, the pilpulists set forth these structures, and their ex-
egetical works are attempts to show how the individual sugyot are consis-
tent therewith. The fundamental assumption is that no change whatsoever
could be made in the Talmud without disturbing the economy and semantic-
logical structure of the argument.
Very few early documents of this school have been preserved. One of the
earliest and most precious is Meharerei Nemeirim, part of which is edited
and published here for the first time in a modern edition. This work
preserves what is apparently a student's notes of the lectures and discus-
sions in the Yeshiva of R. Isaac Aboab (flor. late fifteenth century) in
Castile, Spain. Since the text of the editio princeps (Venice : 1609) is ex-
tremely corrupt, and no MSS have been preserved, conjecture has been
largely employed in emending the text here. A diplomatic edition of e.p. is
presented, with all emendation reserved for the apparatus. Fortunately, one
short portion of the text was printed twice in M.N. (by mistake) and once
more in Shitta Mequbbetzet. This portion serves as a control for the emen-
dation of the rest of the work as well as the key to its attribution. Accor-
dingly the chapter containing this passage is presented here as a first instal-
ment.
Because of its terminological peculiarities and special methodology, the
text is difficult even when emended. Accordingly an extensive interpretation
of the text is included as well in the notes. The new edition will be completed
in two further instalments of the present series.


.T.n

"