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It has been proved by De Moivre’s , that the n-th roots on the unit circle AB are represented by
the vertices of the Regular n-sided Polygon inscribed in the circle .
It has been proved that the Resemblance Ratio of Areas , of the circumscribed to the inscribed
squares ( Regular quadrilateral ) which is equal to 2 , leads to the squaring of the circle .
It has been also proved that , Projecting the vertices of the Regular n-Polygon on any tangent of
the circle , then the Sum of the heights yn is equal to n ∗ R .
This property on the circle yields to the Geometrical construction ( As Resemblance Ratio of Areas
is now controlled ) , and the Algebraic measuring of the Regular Polygons as follows :
yB = [ 2 . R ]
y1 = [ 4.R ² - a ² ] / (2.R)
4 2 2 4
y2 = [ 4.R – 4.R . a + a ] / ( 2.R ³ ) _________________________
6 4 2 2 4 6 2 / 8 6 2 4 4 2 6 8
y3 = [ 8.R–10.R.a +6.R .a –a ] – a.√ 64.R-96.R.a+52.R.a–12.R. a+ a
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 2.R⁵¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
yn = [ …………….. ] / 2.R ⁿ
1
(b) REGULAR QUADRILATERAL ۞ ( SQUARE ) :
2 2 4 4 4 2 2 4
5.R = 2.R + [ 4.R - a ] + [ 4.R – 4.R². a² + a ] >>> a – 5. R . a + 5. R = 0
¯¯¯R¯¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯R³¯¯¯¯¯¯
_ | R | -------------_-
a ² = { R² } . [ 10 – 2 √ 5 ] >>> The side a5 = | ------ | . √ 10 – 2 .√ 5
¯¯4¯¯ | 2 |
…..(3)
4 4 4 2 2 4
6.R = 2.R + [ 4.R² - a² ] + [ 4.R - 4.R.².a ² + a ] >> a – 5. R. a + 4. R = 0
¯¯¯R¯¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯R³¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
____________
2 2 / 4 4
a = 5. R - √ 25. R - 16. R = [ 5 – 3 ] . R² = R² The side a6 = R
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯2¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯¯2¯¯ …..(4)
4 4 6 4 2 2 4 6
7. R = 2. R + [ 4. R² - a² ] + [ 4. R – 4. R² . a² + a ] + [ 8. R – 10. R. a + 6. R. a – a ] _
R R³ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯2. R⁵¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
_____________________________________
a² / 8 6 2 4 4 2 6 8
- [ ----- ] . √ 64 . R – 96. R. a + 52 .R. a – 12. R. a + a
2.R⁵
2
Rearranging the terms and solving the equation in the quantity a , obtaining :
2 10 4 8 6 6 8 4 10 2 12 2
R . a - 13 . R . a + 63 . R . a – 140 . R . a + 140 , R . a – 49 . R = 0 for a = x
5 2 4 4 3 6 2 8 1 10
x - 13 . R . x + 63 . R . x - 140 . R . x + 140 . R . x - 49 . R = 0 ……..(7)
Solving the 5nth degree equation the Real roots are the following two :
__ __
x 1 = R² . [ 3 - √ 2 ] , x 2 = R² . [ 3 + √ 2 ] which satisfy equation (7)
Having the two roots , the Sum of roots be equal to 13 , their combination taken 2 ,3, 4 at time
be equal to 63 , - 140 , 140 , the product of roots be equal to – 49 , then equation (7) is reduced
to the third degree equation as :
z ³ - 7. z ² + 14. z – 7 = 0 …..(7a)
be setting ψ = z – (-7/3 ) into (7a) , then gives ψ ³+ρ .ψ +q =0 .... (7b) where ,
3
The Determinant D 0 therefore the two quadratic complex roots are as follows :
___________________ ________________________
Z1 = [ -7/27 - √ 49/27.27 – 4. 343/729 ] / 2 = [ -7/27 - √ 49/27.27.4 – 49 .7. 4/27.27.4 ] / 2
__________________ ____
= [ -7/27 –√( 49 -49.28 )/ 27.27.4 ] / 2 = [ - 7 – 7 .√ - 27 ] / 27 . 2
___ __ __
= [ - 7 – 21 .√ - 3 ] / 3 ³ . 2 = [ - 7 ] . ( 1 – 3 . i .√ 3 ) / 27 = ( -7 / 54 ).[ 1 - 3.i.√ 3 ]
__ 2 __
Z2 = [ -7/2 . ( 1 - 3 . i √ 3 ] / 27 = ( - 7 / 54 ) . [ 1 + 3.i.√ 3 ]
The Process is beginning from the last denoting quantities to the first ones :
³ __ 1 ______________ 1 __________________
Root W1 ,2 = √ Z = --- ³ / - 7 21 . i .√ 3¯ = ---- ³ / - ( 7 ) . [ 1 3.i .√3¯ ] …..(1)
3 √ ¯¯¯¯¯2¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 3 √ ¯2¯
| -------------------- 3 / 2 --------------------- |
1 | 7. / -7 21 . i .√ 3¯ + / - 7 21 . i .√3¯ + 7 | ……… (3)
X = --- | √2 √2 | . R²
3 | −−−−−−−−−−__− |
| ³ / - 7 ± 21 . i . √ 3 |
√
__
The root a7 of equation ( 7 ) equal to the side of the regular Heptagon is a7 =√X
_________________________________________________
² / | ----------------_-- 3/2 -----------------_-- |
a7 = / 1 | ³ / -7 21. i .√ 3 + / -7 21 . i .√ 3 + 7 |
/ --- | 7. √ 2 √ 2 | . R ….…. (4)
/ 3 | −−−−−−−−−_− |
/ | ³ / -7 21 . i .√ 3 |
√ | √ |
4
complex roots as follows :
7 __ 1 __
z 1 , 2 = ---- . [ -1 ± 3 . i . √ 3 ] = ---- . [ ( -7 ± 21 . i . √ 3 ) / 2 ] and the side a7 is as :
54 27
² ---------------------------------------------
a7 = / ³ ------ + 7 / ³ ------ / + _7_ and by substituting Z1 , Z2 into ( 7b ) becomes
√ √ z1 / √ z2 / 3 the same formula as in (4) .
³ _____________________ ³ _____________________
It is easy to see that / - ( 7/2 ) . [ 1 – 3 . i .√3 ] * / - ( 7/2 ) . [ 1 + 3 . i . √3 ] = 7
√ √
Analytically is :
[ ────────────────]⅓
b 2 ⅓ .(- b² + 3.c ) [-2b³+9bc-27d+√4(-b²+3c)³+(-2b³+9bc-27d)²]
x = - ─ - ───────────────────────── + ──────────────────────────
3 [ ──────────────── ] ⅓ 32 ⅓
3[-2b³+9bc-27d+√4(-b²+3c)³+(-2b³+9bc–27d)² ] .
__ ─────────
7 ³√ 2 .( -7 ) ³√ -7 + 21. i .√3
X = ── - ——————— + —————————
3 ³ —————— ³ __
3 .√ -7 + 21. i .√3 2 .√ 4
__________________________________________
/ __ _____________ The Side of the
__ / 7 7 . ³√2 ³ √ -7 + 21 . i . √3
a7 = √ X = / ── + ─────────── + ─────────── Regular Heptagon
/ 3 ³ ──────── ³ __
√ 3 .√ -7 + 21.i.√ 3 2.√4 ( 4.a )
5
(f) REGULAR OCTAGON ۞ :
______________________________
4 4 2 2 4 6 / 8 6 2 4 4 2 6 8
8.R = 2.R + ( a ² ) + ( 4.R². a² - a ) + 10.R.a -6.R .a +a + a ².√ 64.R – 96.R a + 52. R . a –12.R .a + a
¯R¯ ¯¯¯¯¯R³¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯2. R⁵¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
Rearranging the terms and solving the equation in the quantity a , is a 10th degree equation , and
by reduction ( x = a ² ) is find the 5th degree equation as follows :
10 2 8 4 6 6 4 8 2 10
a – 13.R . a + 62.R . a – 132.R . a + 120.R . a – 36. R = 0
5 2 4 4 3 6 2 8 1 10
x - 13.R . x + 62 .R . x – 132.R . x + 120.R . x – 36 .R = 0 …. (a)
Solving the 5th degree equation is find the known algebraic root of Octagon of side a as :
__ __
The roots are >>>>>>>>>> x 1 = R ² . [ 2 - √ 2 ] , x 2 = R² . [ 3 - √ 3 ]
__ /−−−−_−
a8 = √ x = R . √ 2 - √ 2 …...… (b)
Verification :
__ 2 4 __ 3 6 __
x= a²=R²(2-√2) x = R.(6–4√2 ) x = R . ( 20 – 14.√ 2 )
4 8 ___ 5 10 ___
x = R . ( 68 – 48 √ 2 ) x = R . ( 232 – 164 √ 2 ) …………(c)
by substitution (c ) in ( a ) becomes :
10 __ 10 __
R . [ 232 – 164 .√ 2 ] = R . [ 232 – 164 .√ 2 ]
10 __ 10 __
- R . [ 884 – 624 .√ 2 ] = R . [ -884 + 624 .√ 2 ]
10 __ 10 __
R . [ 1240 – 868 .√ 2 ] = R . [ 1240 – 868 .√ 2 ]
10 __ 10 __
- R . [ 792 – 528 .√ 2 ] = R . [ -792 + 528 .√2 ]
10 __ 10 __
R . [ 240 – 120 .√ 2 ] = R . [ 240 – 120 .√ 2 ]
10 10
- R . [ 36 ] = R . [ - 36 ]
---------------------------------
10 __
R . [ 1712 –1712 + ( 1152 – 1152 ) . √ 2 ] = 0 ________
10 / __
R . [ 0+0 ] = 0 therefore Side a8 = R . √ 2 - √ 2 …… (b)
6
(g) CONCLUTION :
By summation the heights y on any tangent in a circle ,which hold for every Regular n-sided
Polygon inscribed in the circle as the next is :
the sides an of all these Regular n-sided Polygons are Algebraically expressed .
This happens because is shown that , for the solution of the corresponding nth degree equation
of the n-polygon , all coefficients are integers .
Further study of the method ( The Plane Procedure Method ), and because the Resemblance Ratio
of Areas of the circumscribed to the inscribed Regular n –Polygons is now controlled ,then is true
that the unsolved Greek problems are Geometrically solved . ( the settled age-old question for all
these problems is not valid ) .