Sensor

types
Automatic Control System
Automatic Control
System
Construction

Material or Power
Object
Output Signal
Sensor
Disturbances
Converter
Measuring Device
Controller
Industry Controller
Executive Device
Graphic Symbols- Sensors and
Detectors

PROXIMITY SENSOR

PROXIMITY DEVICE
(FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL)
 CAPACITIVE CRYSTAL SET

TACTILE SENSOR -

TACTILE SENSOR WITH NORMAL

CLOSED CONTACT
 PROXIMITY SENSOR WITH
NORMAL OPEN CONTACT

CONTACTRON

IRON SENSOR
 SENSORS
SELECTION
(CLASSIFICATION)
 1. Contact versus Non-contact

Contact sensor : There is physical contact

betwen the sensor an the parametr it
measures
Non-contact sensor : Also called
proximity sensors. Proximity indicates that
the object is near, but contact is not
required.
Contact Sensor
Non- Contact Sensor
2. Digital (binary) versus Analog
Digital sensors
Have two states: on or off
Detect presence/absence of object
Counting such as used in a rotary encoder
Analog sensors
They sense continuous variables (temp,
pressure) and provide a continuous (usually
linear) voltage or current according to an
input/output transfer function.
More complex than digital and can provide
more information.
 3. Principles and Designs
Sensor principles
Inductive
Capacitive
Resistive
Sensor designs
Extrinsic
Intrinsic
 4. Digital Sensors
Switches
Optical (photoelectric) sensors
Encoders
Ultrasonic sensors
Inductive sensors
Capacitive sensors
 5. Industrial sensors
Proximity
Mechanical
Optical
Inductive/Capacitive
Position/Velocity
Potentiometr
LVDT
Encoders
Tachogenerator
Force/Pressure
Vibration/Acceleration
 Inductive
sensors
Types of inductive sensors

proximity

movement
 Proximity sensors
I. Schematic diagram

liminal output output

metal generator construction amplifier signal
with hysteresis
 Proximity sensors
II. Principle of working

liminal output output

metal generator construction amplifier signal
with hysteresis
 Proximity sensors
III. Parameters

Nominal zone of working

Trip - out
Switches on Hysteresis

Metal plate Zone of working

Inductive sensor

Frequency of jumpering

Sensor

Measuring plate St37

Traffic trend

Real zone of working

Working zone of action


Hysteresis of jumpering

Corrective coeficiences

Repeatability

Temperature of working

Admission

Residual voltage

Residual current
 Movement sensors
I. Schematic diagram
 Movement sensors
II. Principle of working
 Movement sensors
III. Parameters

Zone of working

Trip - out
Switches on Hysteresis

Metal plate Zone of working

Inductive sensor

Corrective coeficiences

Hysteresis of frequency

Out

Increase speed

lowering
speed

Liminal frequencies

Maximum frequency of jumpering

Time of deceleration
IV. Symbol of inductive sensors
V. Examples of inductive sensor
VI. Inductive sensor in use

Quantity control

Detection unevenness
on packaging
VI. Inductive sensor in use

Control of screw tight the screws

 Capacitive
sensors
 Capacitive sensors
I. Schematic diagram

object
periphery of oscillator comparator amplifier

active surface
screen
 Capacitive sensors
II. Principle of working

O
b
j
e
c
t

periphery of comparator amplifier

oscillator
III. Symbol of capacitive sensors
IV. Capacitive sensor in use

Silicon Wafer deposition & etching

Silicon Wafer proximity

Wafer cutting/processing

Robot arm control

Computer hard disc drive

Printing Press/Photocopiers

Tooling parallelism/alignment
IV. Capacitive sensor in use

Detection of movement

Detection of position
IV. Capacitive sensor in use

Counting of
Steering mechanical
rotational speed
process
 Optical
sensors
 Optical (Photoelectric) Sensors
All optical sensors use light to sense
objects.
Operation method:
- Lasers, Incandescend bulbs, or Light emitting diodes
(LEDs) are used as light source
- The light source is turned off and on (modulation) at a
high frequency (could be as hight as several kHz)
- A photodetector senses the pulsed light
- The light emitter and receiver are turned to the
modulation frequency.
Example of Sensor using LED as a
light source
 Types of Optical Sensors

Reflective (Diffuse) Sensors

Retroreflective Sensors
Thru-beam Sensors
Polarizing Photo Sensors
Convergent Photo Sensors
Fiber Optic Sensors
Laser Sensors
Reflective (Diffuse) Sensors
 T - Transmitter
R - Receiver

Transmitter and receiver are

combined into one casing
 OBJECT

Work relies on the reflective surface on the target to

reflect the light from the transmitter to the receiver
 Advantages

Singular casing (Transmitter +

Receiver)

Objects detection with high reflect

parameter (0,6 - 0,9)
 Disadvantages

Low detecting distance

Sensitive to colour and quality

Sensitive to background

Dead zone
Retroreflective Sensors
Transmitter and receiver are combined into one
casing
Make use of a reflector to reflect the light from
the transmitter to the receiver
 OBJECT

REFLECTOR

R
 Advantages

Easy instalation

Singular casing ( Transmitter + Receiver)

Good working zone

 Disadvantages

Sensitive to lights objects

Use reflector

Dead zone
Thru-beam Sensors
System has a separate transmitter and receiver
 OBJECT

T R

Its capable of sensing very small

object by narrowing the light
beam
 Advantages

Detection for long distance

Lack of dead zone
Detection light objects
Detection in several environment
 Disadvantages

Large separate casings

Problems with instalation ( set- up

Transmitter and Receiver)
 Typical Application
Detecting the presence or absence of an object
Positioning and counting
Detection the end of travel of an object
Packaging machinery
Sorting and labelling machinery
Textile machinery
Pharmaceutical
Small part detection
High speed detection
Door controls
 Parameters

- Operating Temperature (10C - +50C)

- Vibration
- Supply Voltage (10 30 VDC or 230 VAC)
- Detecting Distance
- Output Current
- Max. Switching Frequency
- Degree of Protection
- Hysteresis
 Encoders

An encoder is a device that senses a

modification of speed and position and
converts it to a digital value
 There are two main types of rotary
encoders:

- Incremental

- Absolute
 Principle of working
The light from Light Source shines through the lines on disk
and Grid Assembly and is then sensed by photo detector
Construction of encoders disk:
 Incremental encoders:

An incremental encoder generates a series of

square waves

Encoders transform rotary movement into a sequence of

electrical pulses
 There are two main types of incremental
encoders:

-Tachometer

- Quadrature
 Absolute encoder

An absolute encoder provides a word of output with a

qunique pattern that represents each position.

The output is proportional to the angle of the shaft

Principle of working